ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืืžืจื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื
  • ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™
ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื‘ืœื™: ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื, ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช (ืคืจืงื™ ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืขืžื•ื“ 555, ื—ื•ืžืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื’).
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:
ื) ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืžืขื˜ ื‘ืคืœืคื•ืœื™ื (ืชืงืœื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืชื™ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืค"ื• ื”"ื’ ื“"ื” ื”"ื’). ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ืžืงืฉื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื•ืœื˜ืขืžื™ืš" ื•"ื•ื“ืงืืจื™ ืœื” ืžืื™ ืงืืจื™ ืœื”" (ื—ื•ืžืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื• ื“"ื” ื•ื™ืฉื ื) - ืฉืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืคืœืคืœื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช.
ื‘) ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช - ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจืง ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกืจ, ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'), ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืื’ื“ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื•ืžื›ื™ืœืชื (ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจืš ืชืœืžื•ื“).
ื’) ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืงืฉื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืชืจืฅ ืื•ืชื” ืืข"ืค ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืจืฆื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื—ืฉ ืœื–ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื ืจืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ (ื™ืคื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืช ืข:).
ื“) ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ืžืงืฆืชื” (ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ื ื:] ื“"ื” ื›ืžื”). ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ืืœื ืฉื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืงื™ืฆืจื• ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช (ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ืกืคื— ื).
ื”) ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ื ืžืงืฆืจ ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื˜ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื” (ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืค"ื– ื”"ื• [ืœื–.]).
ื•) ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืคืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื™ืคื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืช ื˜:).
ื–) ืจืžื– ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”: ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช "ืžืชื ื™ืชื™ืŸ" - ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืง "ืžืชื ื™ืชื™ืŸ"), ืืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชืŸ "ื”ืœื›ื”" - ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉืœ "ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ ืžืชื ื™ืชื™ืŸ", ื•ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืง "ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘", ื•ื‘ื›ืช"ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘" ื•ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืžืชื ื™ืชื™ืŸ", "ืคื™ืกืงื" ืื• ืฉื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“) 1 .

ืœืฉื•ื ื•
ื›ืฉื ืฉืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื’ื ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ 2 . ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื (ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื• ื•"ืงืฆืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™" ืฉื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™):
ื) ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืœ"ืฃ ื•ื”"ื, ืœืžืฉืœ: "ื“ืžืจ" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื“ืืžืจ, "ืœืขื–ืจ" - ืืœืขื–ืจ, "ื—ื•ืžืจ" - ื—ื•ืžืจื, "ื™ื•ื“ื”" - ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.
ื‘) ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืžื˜ืช ื”ืื•ืช ื’ื ืื•ื—ื“ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืจื‘ืžื™" - ืจื‘ื™ ืืžื™, "ื›ื™ื™" - ื›ื™ ื”ืื™.
ื’) ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืืžืจ", ืœืžืฉืœ: "ืจื‘ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื™ืจืžื™ื” (ืืžืจ): ืกืคืง ื‘ื™ืจืš ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื• ืกืคืง ืœื ื‘ื™ืจืš - ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš".
ื“) ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ื”"ืข), ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืื™ื›ืŸ" - ื”ื™ื›ืŸ, "ื›ืฆื•ืฆื˜ืจื”" - ื’ื–ื•ื–ื˜ืจื”, "ืื‘ื™ืจ" - ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
ื”) ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืช ืืœ"ืฃ, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืช ื”"ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืขืงื™ื‘ื”" - ืขืงื™ื‘ื, "ื—ื ื™ื ื”" - ื—ื ื™ื ื.
ื•) ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืช ื™ื•"ื“ ื ื•ืกืคื” ืื• ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ื™ืŸ" - ื”ืŸ, "ืชื ื™ื™" - ืชื ืื™, "ืฉื™ื ื™" - ืฉื ื™.
ื–) ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื•ื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ "ืžื’ืœื’ืœ" - ืžืœื’ืœื’.

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜, ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžืฉื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื’ืข (ืžืจืื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืค"ื’ ื”"ื• [ื›ื:]).

ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•
ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื:
ื) ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืคื‘:) ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจืกื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืจืžื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆื—ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื•:, ืข"ืค ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืก ืฉื) ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื‘) ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืืฃ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ืžื™ืžืจื ืขืฆืžื” ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช (ืื’ืจื•ืช ืจืื™"ื” ื—"ื“ ืื’ืจืช ื'ืค"ื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื”).
ื’) ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืคืจืกื™ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช (ื—ื•ืžืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื•). ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื - ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ (ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช ืกืž"ืš) ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืจืžื™ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืื™ืฆื˜ื’ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื•ืก-ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื, ืงืœื ื“ืก-ืงืœื ื“ื, ื–ื™ืชื•ืก-ื–ื™ืชื•ื, ืืจื“ื‘ืœื™ืก-ื”ืจื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืื•ื•ืชื™ืื•ืก-ืื•ืชื™ื•ื, ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืก-ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื (ืืžื ื ื’ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืงื˜ "ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื" ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ "ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืก", ืืš ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื "ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื"), ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืกื™ื˜ื™ื-ืคืกื™ื (ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืืจืžื™ืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ื‘ื™ ืืจืžื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื•ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื "ืš. ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ื™ ืืจืžื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื (ื“ื™ืงื ื ืžื™ - ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืขืžื•ื“ 29)).
ื“) ื’ื ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื”, ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืขืชื™ื“. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืœื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื•ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’.) ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื’ืœื™ืœ ืœื ื“ืงื“ืงื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื. ืืš ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืฉืชืจื‘ื‘ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื (ืื”ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื•).
ื”) ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืจื’ืœื• ื›"ื› ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืข"ืค, ื•ืจืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื—ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืจืื• ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื›ืชื‘ (ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืจื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคืจืง "ื›ืœืœ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืชื•ืก'" (ืืžื ื ืฉื ื“ื—ื” ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื”ื’ืžืจื•ืช ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืืœื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”)). ื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื• ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืชืจื—ืงื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื (ื–ื”ืจื™ ื™ืขื‘ืฅ (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืขืžื“ื™ืŸ) ืขืžื•ื“ ืงื›ื’).

ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”
ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืืœื• ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื˜ืžื ืœื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืคืกื•ืœ (ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™" ืคื™ืจื˜ื ื•ืžื ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื). ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื•ืก' (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘: ื“"ื” ืชื™ืจื•ื) ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื.
ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื ื”, ืืœื ืฉื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช (ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื”, ื•ื”ื’ื™ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ืขืชื, ื•ื˜ืขื• ื•ืงืœืงืœื•), ื•ืืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืœื•ืช ื›ืš, ืืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื (ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื) ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื”ืฉืงืœื ื•ื”ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืืฆืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื ื”.
ื•ืื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืชืžื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื—ืชื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื“ืงื“ืงื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ืชื™ืจืฆื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืœื ื ื‘ืขื• ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืžืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื. ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื–ื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืžื“., ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื ื‘:, ื ื“ืจื™ื ืžื., ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืค"ื” ืž"ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืžื‘ื•ื, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 38-17, ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื).

ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช
ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืคืจืง ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืกื™ื“ืจื• ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื’ืื•ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืœืžืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ื“ืจื• ื–ืืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื (ืžื“ืคื•ืก ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืžื™ืจ ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื‘ื›ืช"ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ (ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™) ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชืŸ, ืืœื ืจืง ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•), ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ืขื• ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ืžืจื ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื” ืื• ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื” (ื›ืœืœื™ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื•ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืจ"ืฉ ืกื™ืจื™ืœื™ืื•, ื ื“ืคืกื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™).
ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืงืฉื” ืžืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืฉื ื” ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื ื” ื ืฉื ื™ืช ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช (ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ืกืคื— ื). ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืฃ (ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœ. ื•ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื.), ืืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืขืชื™ืง ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืขืชื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื›ื" (ื›ืืŸ) ื•"ืชืžืŸ" (ืฉื) ืžืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• "ืชืžืŸ" ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชื ื• ื•"ื›ื" ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ - ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืงืœื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื• ื ืฉื ืชื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ (ืฉื‘ื• "ื›ื" ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ ื•"ืชืžืŸ" ื”ื•ื ืฉื), ื•ื”ื•ืขืชืงื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื’. ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืชื‘).
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืงื™ืฆืจื• ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื•ื›ื•'" (ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืขืžื•ื“ 523). ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชืŸ (ืฉื ืขืžื•ื“ 238 ื‘ื”ืขืจื”).
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื’ื ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืืœื ื”ืคื ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื (ืฉืœื ื›ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืžืคืจืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ).




^ 1.ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืœื”โ€Ž.
^ 2.ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืคืจืง "ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™", ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™.

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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