ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
  • ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 41 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืื•ื“ื˜ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื‘ืช ืชื•ืจืงื™ื”



ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืก ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ

ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ

ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ

ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ







"ื•ืœืงื—ืชื ืœื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจ ื›ืคื•ืช ืชืžืจื™ื ืขื ืฃ ืขืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืœ ื•ืฉืžื—ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ื“' ืืœื•ืงื™ื›ื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื". ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื˜ืœื• ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืŸ - ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื"ื™ - ื ื˜ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” 1 . ื™ื•ืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ.

ืืชืจื•ื’
ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’
ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”:
ื”ืžืฉื "ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื’"ื: ืคืกืœื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืืชืจื•ื’ 2 . ืœื‘ื•ืฉ: ืคืกืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ืžื”ืจ"ื ืืœืฉืงืจ: ืคืกืœ ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืกืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืกืœื• ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื•ืœื‘.
ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื—ืฉ ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™:
ื. ืคื™ื˜ื: ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ - ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืฉื ืชื (ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ) ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืข"ื™ ื“ื“ (ืžืงืœ ืงื˜ืŸ) ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ื.
ื‘. ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช: ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ - ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉื—ืฉ - ื—ืœืงื™ื.
ื’. ืขื•ืงืฅ: ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœืขืฅ, ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’: ืฉืงื•ืข ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื—ืฉ, ืืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ:ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื™.
ืคื ื™ืžื™:
ื“. ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™: ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ - ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื: ืงืœื™ืคื” ื“ืงื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื’ืœื“ ืื• ืฉืขื•ื•ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื, ืงืœื™ืคื” ืขื‘ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”/ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื–ืจืข. ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’: ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืขื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืฅ ืžื•ืขื˜. ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ: ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื“ืง ื•ื”ืžื™ืฅ ืžืจื•ื‘ื”.
ื”. ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื: ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ - ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ (ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื) ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ (ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื).
ื•. ืฆื•ืจื”: ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืื—"ื› ืžืชืงืฆืจ (ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื“ืœ).
ื”ืžืฉื "ื‘2 ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ืช"ืก ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื• ืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. (ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืฉืจ ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš).

ืืชืจื•ื’ ืชื™ืžื ื™: ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืคื™ื˜ื. ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื™ืฅ - ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื—ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฅ (ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืžื™ืฅ ื’ื ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ืชื™ืžื ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืžืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื). ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื”, ื•ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœ ื’ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจื’ื™ืœ, ืชื‘ื•ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ื”.

ืคืกื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจ
ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจ ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• "ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจ".
ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ืคืกื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื 3 .
ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื:
ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืชืขืฉื” ืžืžืจื—ืง ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืขืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื“, ืฉื–ื” ื›-30 ืก"ืž 4 . ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคื’ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื“ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
ื‘. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ื˜ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’:
ืจืฉ"ื™ - ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžืžื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœื”ืชืงืฆืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”. ืจื"ืฉ - ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืขื“ ืœืžืขืœื”. ืจ"ืŸ - ืจืง ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคื™ื˜ื. ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืคื™ื˜ื. ืœื“ื™ื ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช 5 .
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ: ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจืื” ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื (ื›ื "ืœ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืจืื”). ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื™, ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ 'ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืš' ืื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ืกืœื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ื ืงื™.
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ: ืžื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืคืกื•ืœ ืžืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืืœื• ื”ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืชืคืจืกื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ (ืืฃ ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืงื˜ืŸ).
ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืชืคืจืกื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืงื• ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืชืจื•ื’.
ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื - ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ืคื•ืกืœ 6 . ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ - ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืจืš (ื’ื•ื‘ื”) ืคื•ืกืœ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืงืฆืจ.
ื’. ืžืจืื” ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืข"ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉืจ 7 .
ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืœื‘ืŸ, ื—ื•ื ื›ื”ื” ืื• ืื“ื•ื ื›ื”ื” (ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช) ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’. ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” - ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืจื™ืกื•ืก ืื• ืžืงื•ืฅ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืœื‘ืŸ - ืžื—ืžืช ืจื™ืกื•ืก. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืชืจื•ื’.
ื—ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ.
ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช, ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžื•ื’ืœืชื™ืช ืคื•ืกืœืช 8 . ื—ื–ื™ื–ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ื™ื ื ืžื ืขืช ืข"ื™ ืจื™ืกื•ืก (ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง).
ื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืคืกื•ืœ ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืชืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืจืื” ื›ืฉืจ ืืš ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืจืื” ืฉืืจ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจ) ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืœื™ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ.
"ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืš" - ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื›ืš ืฉืขืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื” ืฉื”ืชืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ. ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจ ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืš ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืš ืื ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืกืœืช ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’: ืชื”"ื“ - ื”ืงืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ ื›ืฉืืจ ืคืกื•ืœื™ ืžืจืื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžืจืื” ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื• ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืจืื” ื”ืืชืจื•ื’.
ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ - ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืš ื ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืกืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืœื™ ืžืจืื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื” - ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืš ืืš ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืš ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืžื•ืฉ -ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคืกืง ื”ืจืž"ื 9 ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืœ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง.

ืคืกื•ืœ ื—ืกืจ
ืคืกื•ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืชืจื•ื’ ื™ืคื” ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื”ื ืžื’ืจื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ 10 .
ืขืฅ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืฆื ื™ ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื—ืกืจ.
ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ - ืื ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื ืคืฆืข ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืžืžื ื• ื—ืœืง, ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ 11 .
ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืฅ ืคื•ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื ื™ืงื‘ ื‘ื ืงื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืกืจ ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ, ื”ืจืž"ื 11 , ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืž"ื‘ ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื™ืงื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืงืจื•ื ืžืชื•ื›ื• - ื›ืฉืจ. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืืชืจื•ื’ ืคื™ื˜ื (ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ) ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื”ื’ืœื“ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื’ืœื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ - ืฉื›ืฉืจ.
ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ืชื™ืžื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ื ืืœื ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ืžื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ืงื‘. ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื ืงื‘ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื ืงื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ืฉืจ 12 .
ืžื™ืงื•ื - ืคืกื•ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’. ื›ื "ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ืงืœื™ืคื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืงื” ื›ื’ืœื“ ืื• ืฉืขื•ื•ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืื ื ื—ืกืจื” ืงืœื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ืฉืจ. ืื ื ื—ืกืจ ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’. ื ืงืœืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืคืกื•ืœ 13 .
ืื ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื ืคืœ ืื• ื ืฉืจื˜ ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืœืฉื•ื˜ืคื• ื›ื™ ืžื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื“ืงื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื™ืฅ ื•ื–ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
ื–ืžืŸ - ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื•ื”ืจืž"ื 14 ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ื™ ืคืกื•ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืกืœ ืžื“ื™ืŸ "ื•ืœืงื—ืชื" - ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื—ื” ืชืžื”. ื”ืจืž"ื 14 ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืžืจืื” ืคืกื•ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืชืจื•ื’ ืคืกื•ืœ ื•ื–ื” ืคื•ืกืœ 15 .
ืจืื™ื” - ืคืกื•ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืœื ื ืžื“ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื‘ืคืกื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื ื™ืžืฆื ื”ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืคืกื•ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ืžื—ืžืช ืžืจืื” ื”ืืชืจื•ื’.

ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ - ืื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ื•ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืžื ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ 16 , ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ืื ื ืคืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ืืš ืœื ื ื—ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ื•ืžื ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ. ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื“"ื› ื›ืฉื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื’.
ืคื™ื˜ื - ืœื›ืœ ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื˜ื, ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื˜ื ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ืื– ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื•. ืื™ืš ื ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ื ืคืœ? ืื ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ืœื“ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืงืจื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื˜ื, ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืคื™ื˜ื ื ืคืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ 17 .
ื‘ืžื“ื” ื•ื ืคืœื” ื”ืฉื•ืฉื ืชื (ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื“) - ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ืฉืจ.
ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื“ ืืš ื ืฉืืจ ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ - ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจ ืœื™ืงื— ืื—ืจ ืื ื™ืฉ.
ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื“ื“ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื ื—ืฉืคื” ื’ื•ืžื ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ - ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจ.

ืฆื‘ืข
ืืชืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื™ืจื•ืง ื›ื›ืจืชื™ (ื›ืขืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื“ื”) ืคืกื•ืœ 18 . ืžืจืื” ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืคืจื™, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืจื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ "ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืจ". ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ืชื™ืžื ื™ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื›ื™ ืงื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคื’ื.
ื™ืจื•ืง ื›ื”ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืง ืื“ื•ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืฉืืœืช ื—ื›ื ืื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืช"ื—.
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื 19 ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ื‘ - ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ืฉืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ. ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ืข ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ืฉืขื•ื•ื”, ื–ื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืœืžื•ืŸ. ื’ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืฉืจ.

ืฆื•ืจื”
ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจ - ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ - ื›ื•ืœื• ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืคื™ื˜ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข. ืืœื ืžืจืื” ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื’ื“ืœ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืื—"ื› ืžืชืงืฆืจ.
ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ - ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ืคื™ื˜ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื•. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืกื•ืœ ืืš ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจ ืืชืจื•ื’ ื›ื–ื”.

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื” 20 ื›57 ืกืž"ืง ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืกืคืจื“ 57 ื’ืจ'.
ื”ืฆืœ"ื— ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื (ื›ืžืื” ื’ืจื) ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœืงื˜ื™ืฃ ืžืชืžืขื˜ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.
ืคืกื•ืœื™ ืœื•ืœื‘ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ (ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื“ื™ื ื).




^ 1.. ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื, ื; ืชืจื "ื—,ื.
^ 2.. ืชืจืž"ื— ืก"ืง ืกื”.
^ 3.. ื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืจืข"ื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘"ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ื" ืœื”ืงืœ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™' ืชืจืžื˜ ืก"ืง ืœ ื‘ืž"ื‘, ื•ื‘ื‘ืื”"ืœ ื“"ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”.
^ 4.. ื”ืžื‘ื™"ื˜ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื ืื ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืขื™ืŸ ื ื™ืจืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืื• ืžืจืื” ืคืกื•ืœ, ืื ื‘ืกืชืžื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ืฉืจ. ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืชืจืž"ื— ืก"ืง ืžื•.
^ 5.. ืชืจืžื—, ื˜.
^ 6.. ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืชืจืžื— ืก"ืง ืœื–.
^ 7.. ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืฉื ืก"ืง ืž ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ื™"ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’.
^ 8.. ืชืจืžื—, ื˜.
^ 9.. ืฉื, ื™ื’.
^ 10. . ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคืฉืคื™ื ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉืžืŸ ืืชืจื™,ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืชื ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืžืจืื” ืคื•ืกืœ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืฉืคืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื.
^ 11.. ืฉื, ื‘.
^ 12.. ืฉื, ื’ ื•ืžืฉื "ื‘.
^ 13.. ืฉื, ื•.
^ 14.. ืชืจืžื˜, ื”.
^ 15.. ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื—, ื™ื“ ืžืชื™ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืจืื” ืคืกื•ืœ ืืš ืœื ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜.
^ 16.. ืฉื, ื—.
^ 17. . ื”ืขืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื• ืกืคืง ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืจืื”.
^ 18.. ืฉื, ื›ื.
^ 19.. ื—ื–ื•"ืข ืข"ืž ืจื "ื•.
^ 20.. ืชืจืžื—, ื›ื‘.


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