ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื–ืžื ื™ื
  • ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ
undefined
15 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“

ื - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืžืœื™ืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืชืฉืขื” ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ืœื™ืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืœ ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ืงื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืขื–ืจื”, ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื•ื—, ื•ื‘ื•ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืคืกื•ืœืช, ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืฉ, ื•ื˜ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืžื— ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืื™ืคื”, ื•ืžื ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื ืคื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืžืŸ, ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืงื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘ื•ื ื”. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื ื™ืคื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืžืžื ื• ืงื•ืžืฅ ื•ืžืงื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ืžืฅ ื”ื•ืงื˜ืจ, ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืืจื™ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™. ืื•ืœื ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืฉืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืข ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–, ื˜-ื™): "ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืฉืึธื‘ึปืขึนืช ืชึผึดืกึฐืคึผึธืจ ืœึธืšึฐ, ืžึตื”ึธื—ึตืœ ื—ึถืจึฐืžึตืฉื ื‘ึผึทืงึผึธืžึธื” ืชึผึธื—ึตืœ ืœึดืกึฐืคึผึนืจ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืฉืึธื‘ึปืขื•ึนืช. ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึธ ื—ึทื’ ืฉืึธื‘ึปืขื•ึนืช ืœึทื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ". ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–): "ื•ึผืกึฐืคึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืœึธื›ึถื ืžึดืžึผึธื—ึณืจึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืžึดื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึฒื‘ึดื™ืึฒื›ึถื ืึถืช ืขึนืžึถืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐื ื•ึผืคึธื” ืฉืึถื‘ึทืข ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืช ืชึผึฐืžึดื™ืžึนืช ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื™ื ึธื”. ืขึทื“ ืžึดืžึผึธื—ึณืจึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดืช ืชึผึดืกึฐืคึผึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึผืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนื ื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ืžึดื ึฐื—ึธื” ื—ึฒื“ึธืฉืึธื” ืœึทื”'".
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœืœ - 'ืฉื•ืžืข ื›ืขื•ื ื”', ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืขืžืœืง ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ; ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึผืกึฐืคึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืœึธื›ึถื", ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคื™ื• (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื—ื•ืง ื™ืขืงื‘). ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• (ืคืจ"ื—, ื‘ืจื›"ื™). ืืœื ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• (ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ืชืคื˜, ื”, ื•ื‘ืื•"ื” 'ื•ืžืฆื•ื”').
ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื. ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืž"ื˜ ืฉืขืจื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื”ืจื• ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืขืค"ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืืžื•ืจ ืฆื–). ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืื—ืจ ืฆืืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”' ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉืืœื•ื”ื•: ืื™ืžืชื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•? ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื. ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื”ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื‘ืชื ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ืชื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš (ืฉื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜ ืจืœื•).
ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื™ื•ื ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืž"ื˜ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ื›ืœื•ืœ ืžื”ืŸ. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื ืงื™ ืžื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื” ื’).

ื‘ - ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืงื• ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืžืคืกื— ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืชื’ืœืชื” ืกื’ื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืž"ื˜ ืฉืขืจื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ื•ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืื– ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืคืกื’ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื•ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช (ืื‘ื•ืช ื•, ื‘).
ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืฉื’ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื ืฉืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชืขืœื™ื ืืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ื— ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืชืงื ื. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื, ืœืืžื•ื ื”.
ื ืžืฆื ืืคื•ื ืฉื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช: ืžื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื•ืžื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”: "ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื" ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš "ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื•". ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืฉื ืงืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฉื›ืœ - ื‘ืœื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ืืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืกื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. 1

ื’ - ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื•ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ". ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื ืืžืจื™ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืื ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ืฆื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืคื˜, ื). 2
ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื: ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–): "ื•ึผืกึฐืคึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืœึธื›ึถื ืžึดืžึผึธื—ึณืจึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืžึดื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึฒื‘ึดื™ืึฒื›ึถื ืึถืช ืขึนืžึถืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐื ื•ึผืคึธื” ืฉืึถื‘ึทืข ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืช ืชึผึฐืžึดื™ืžึนืช ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื™ื ึธื”. ืขึทื“ ืžึดืžึผึธื—ึณืจึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดืช ืชึผึดืกึฐืคึผึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึผืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนื ".
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืกื•, ื). ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“". ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ: "ื”ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช". ื•ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื". 3
ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ: ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืœืขื•ืžืจ' ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ'. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื”ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืœืขื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช", ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื”ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืจ". ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืžื™ืจืช 'ืœืฉื ื™ื—ื•ื“' ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”.
ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืจื•ืžื– ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืฉืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื - ืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื•. ื’ื ื‘ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืžืื” ืœื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื“ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื”ืจื”. ื›ืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ืœื‘ืขืœื”.
ืื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช, ืฉืžืขืœืชื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื›ืžื™ื”ืชื• ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื“ - ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
ืฉืืœื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื˜ื•): "ื•ึผืกึฐืคึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืœึธื›ึถื ืžึดืžึผึธื—ึณืจึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืžึดื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึฒื‘ึดื™ืึฒื›ึถื ืึถืช ืขึนืžึถืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐื ื•ึผืคึธื” ืฉืึถื‘ึทืข ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืช ืชึผึฐืžึดื™ืžึนืช ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื™ื ึธื”". ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืคื”, ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืชื™ืงื ื•ื” ื›ื–ื›ืจ ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืื—ืจ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืฆื“ ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืื‘ื™"ื”, ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ.
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืง. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื™ ืฉืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืœืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืคืง ื™ื•ื ืกืคืง ืœื™ืœื”, ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ืื ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื - ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœื™ืœื” - ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš' (ืชืคื˜, ื‘), ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื. ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื"ืจ, ืž"ื‘ ืชืคื˜, ื˜ื•, ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืคื˜, ื, 'ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ').

ื” - ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–, ื˜): "ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืฉืึธื‘ึปืขึนืช ืชึผึดืกึฐืคึผึธืจ ืœึธืšึฐ ืžึตื”ึธื—ึตืœ ื—ึถืจึฐืžึตืฉื ื‘ึผึทืงึผึธืžึธื” ืชึผึธื—ึตืœ ืœึดืกึฐืคึผึนืจ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืฉืึธื‘ึปืขื•ึนืช". ืžึตื”ึธื—ึตืœ ื—ึถืจึฐืžึตืฉื ื‘ึผึทืงึผึธืžึธื” ื”ื•ื ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืื—ืจ ื—ื’ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ื‘ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ. ื•ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื˜ื•): "ืฉืึถื‘ึทืข ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืช ืชึผึฐืžึดื™ืžึนืช ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื™ื ึธื”", ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืžืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ื, ื•ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืกื•, ื). ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืžืžื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื•ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื“ืจ ื•ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ื•ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืžืœื ื”ื™ืžืžื”.
ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื•ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” (ื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืคื˜, ื, 'ืื—ืจ'). 4

ื• - ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจ
ืžื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืกืคื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื• ืฉื›ื—ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืคื ื™ ื˜ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืื—"ื› ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ืจื– ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ. 5
ืžื™ ืฉืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืกืคื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–, ื˜): "ืžึตื”ึธื—ึตืœ ื—ึถืจึฐืžึตืฉื ื‘ึผึทืงึผึธืžึธื” ืชึผึธื—ึตืœ ืœึดืกึฐืคึผึนืจ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืฉืึธื‘ึปืขื•ึนืช". ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช (ืขื, ื), ืฉืื ืœื ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืžื—ืจืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉืื ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื ื• ืชื, ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื›, ื‘; ื›ื, ื), ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืกืคืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืืœื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืคื˜, ื–). ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ, ืž"ื‘ ืชืคื˜, ืœื“).

ื– - ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื•ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ. ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื˜ื•): "ืฉืึถื‘ึทืข ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืช ืชึผึฐืžึดื™ืžึนืช ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื™ื ึธื”", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืชื•ืก', ืจื"ืฉ, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืขื•ื“).
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื ืื“ื ืฉืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื“ืขื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื›ื— ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืคื˜, ื—).
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืฉื›ื—ื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ. 6
ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื— ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื ืชืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช - ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืงื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื ืชื•ืจื”.

ื— - ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”
ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื• ืกืคืง ืฉืžื ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื›ื™ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื“ืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ื•ืกืคืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืืข"ืค ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. 7
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง. ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื” ืฉืกืคืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืจืฆืฃ ืื—ื“ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื™ืกืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ึตืขืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืกืคื™ืจืชื• ืชืžื™ืžื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—. 8
ืื‘ืœ ื’ืจ ืฉื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ื•ืจื•, ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”.

ื˜ - ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ (ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื ืคืจืง ื’' ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ).
ืื‘ืœ ืืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืฆื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืœื•ืœื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”. ืืœื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“, ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžืŸ, ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืื•"ื— ืชืงืคื˜, ื•; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘, ื—).
ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืคื•ืกืงื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืฉื”ื•ืจื•, ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœืืฉื” ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืชืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืชืคื˜, ื’). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ (ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ื—"ื ืกื•"ื™ ื™ื‘). ืžื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืคืจื•ืช (ืž"ื ืชืคื˜, ื).
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืื ืชืฉื›ื— ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืชื“ืข ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”.

ื™ - ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
ืžื™ ืฉืฉืืœื• ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืขื•ืžืจ, ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืœื ื™ืขื ื” ืœื• "ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืจ", ืฉืื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืกืคื•ืจ. ืืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ืœืขื•ืžืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืคื˜, ื“).
ื•ืื ื™ืขื ื” ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืขื•ืžืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืœื ื™ืฆื, ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืื—"ื› ืœื‘ืจืš ื•ืœืกืคื•ืจ. ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื™ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืขื ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขืœ ืกืคื™ืจืชื•, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืกืคืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” (ืž"ื‘ ืชืคื˜, ื›ื‘).
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืกืคื™ืจื” (ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ืชืคื˜, ื•, ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืœื–). ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื™ื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ืžื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ. ื™ืืžืจ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืกืคืง. ืื•ืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืขืœ ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืขืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ืกืคืง ื™ื‘ืจืš, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ (ืขื™' ืคืก"ืช ืชืคื˜, ื™ื–). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืกืคืง ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš.




^ 1.. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกืคื•ืจ "ืžึดื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึฒื‘ึดื™ืึฒื›ึถื ืึถืช ืขึนืžึถืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐื ื•ึผืคึธื”" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื˜ื•). ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืขืช ืืœืงื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื“ืขืช. ื•ื›ืฉื ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœ"ื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ืžึดื ึฐื—ึธื” ื—ึฒื“ึธืฉืึธื” ืœึทื”'" (ืฉื ื˜ื–). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื ืขื•ื ื™, ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื—ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ื•ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื ืžื—ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฅ, ืžืคื•ืชื— ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ, ื”ืจื•ืžื– ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ื‘ืคืกื— ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืชื•ืš ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. (ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—, ื).
ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืื• ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื“). ืื ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืืžื•ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื–ื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื. ื•ืื ื”ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื•ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ (ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืคืกื— ื, ื”-ื•) ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื”"ื– ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืื•ืชื™ื•, ืื–ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืžื ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืœื—ื, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
^ 2.. ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืกืžื›ืชื ืœื–ื”, ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: "ืžึตื”ึธื—ึตืœ ื—ึถืจึฐืžึตืฉื ื‘ึผึทืงึผึธืžึธื”", ืืœ ืชืงืจื™ ื‘ืงืžื” ืืœื ื‘ืงื•ืžื”. ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (ื”ืœ' ืคืกื— ืงื ื˜, ื), ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ' ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ' ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื•ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ื›ืชื‘, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื•ื›ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื“, ืจื ื•, ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื, ืจื™ื’, ื•ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ื’, ืื•"ื— ืœื‘. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืš ื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ื‘ื›ืœื‘ื• ืกื™' ืงืžื”, ื‘ืืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื, ืงื›ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื”ื ืื”, ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื‘ ื ื™ื˜ืœ ืœืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืจืง ื”ื›ื ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื›"ื› ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื–"ื”.
^ 3.. ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“". ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื–"ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ "ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื". ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืžืจ "ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“". ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจื"ืฉ, ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืคื˜, ื. โ†
ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ื - ืœื ื™ืฆื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืื ืฉื›ื— ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืื ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื›ื— ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช - ื™"ื ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื™"ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื. ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ืื ืืžืจ ืจืง "ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื" - ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. ื•ืื ืืžืจ ืจืง "ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“", ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆื. ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืื ืฉื›ื— ื•ืœื ืชื™ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืขืค"ื™ ืž"ื‘ ืชืคื˜, ื–, ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื˜, ื™ื˜, ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื—).
^ 4.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื”. ืืžื ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืžืจื• ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืชื•ืก' ื•ืจื"ืฉ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื›ืš ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื™ืžื”. ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืคื˜, ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ื‘, ื•ื›ื”"ื— ื™ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืง"ืฉ ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘). ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจ ื•ืงืฆื™ืขื” ืกื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ืžื ื” ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืง"ืฉ ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืคื˜, ื), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืืœื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืกืคืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืง"ืฉ ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ 'ืชืชืงื‘ืœ' ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืœืคื ื™ 'ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื—', ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืคื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืชืคื˜, ื‘, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืืžื ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืชืคืœืœื™ ื ื•ืกื— ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ 'ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื—', ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
^ 5.. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืื—"ื› ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ, ื•ื™ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ืฉื›ื— ืฉืกืคืจ ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉืœ"ื”.
ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืืจื™ืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ื”, ื˜, ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื’ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ.
^ 6.. ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื”: ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื”"ื’, ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืื ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื”ืชื•ืก' ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืกื•, ื, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื”"ื’ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื”ื”, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจ"ื™, ืจื"ืฉ, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื™"ืฅ ื’ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช ืืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืกื™ืจ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื”"ื’, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืคื˜, ื—, ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืค"ื™ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืงื›, ื–.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื”"ื’, ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ืืœื ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ืœื‘ื”"ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช, ืืœื ืฉืื ืฉื›ื— ื™ื•ื, ืคื’ืข ื‘ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื ื•ืก ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคื•ืจ, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื (ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™' ื–, ืจื™ื–), ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื‘ื”"ื’ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค, ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื”"ื’ (ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื“ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœื™ื•) ื”ืžื“ืœื’ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื‘ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” (ืงื ืืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ืื•"ื— ื’, ืœื‘). ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื–ื‘ื”, ืฉื‘ืืจ ื”ืชื•ืก' (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘, ื) ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ื™ ืื ืชืกืชื•ืจ ืกืคื™ืจืชื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ืื ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ, ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืจื™ ื ืžืฉื›ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืข ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ, ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืจืš ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื™ืœื’ ื™ื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ, ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื”"ื’ ืกืคื™ืจืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืชืžื™ืžื”.
ืžื™ ืฉืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉ"ืฅ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืจืฆื™ื™ื˜), ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื™ ื”ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ื•ืœืกืคื•ืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืจื•ื”"ืค ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื•.
^ 7.. ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ื, ืœื–, ืฉืืข"ืค ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื‘ื”"ื’, ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื›ื— ืœืกืคื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ืขื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื‘ืจืš. (ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชื”"ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืกื‘ืจื”, ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืืžื ื ื’ื ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืชืคื˜, ื—, ืคืกืง ื›ืชื”"ื“ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื™' ืจื˜ื•, ื“, ื ื˜ื” ืœื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื).
ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ื›ืคื•ืœ ืื ื™ืฆื, ืฉื™"ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื”"ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืกืคืง ื™ื•ื ืกืคืง ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื. ืž"ืž ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. (ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื”"ืฉ ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ"ืช, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจืกื, ื‘, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื•, ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืจืคื• ืœืกืคืง ืœืงื•ืœื). ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ืชืคื˜, ืคื’. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืจื•ื”"ืค ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื—"ื› ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—"ื“ ืื•"ื— ืžื’.
^ 8.. ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื›"ื› ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื™"ื ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื’, ื›ื—. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•"ืช ื›ืช"ืก ืฆื˜, ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืชืคื˜, ื˜ื•, ื›ื”"ื— ืฆื“, ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื—"ื‘ ืขื•, ืื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื, ืฆื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—. ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืš: ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืžื” ืฉืกืคืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื’ื ืื—"ื› ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื™ืฉ ืฉื ื“ืจื™ื• ื—ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœืกืคื•ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืงื‘ืœืช ื ื“ืจ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื. ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืกืคืจ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื• ื›ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘. ื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ื”ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื• ืžื” ืฉืกืคืจ ื›ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืง, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il