ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ
  • ืžื˜ื•ืช
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17 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”

ืื‘ ื”ืชืฉืค"ื”
ืžืคื˜ื™ืจ ืฉึดืืžึฐืขื•ึผ ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื‘)
ืคืจืฉืช ืžื˜ื•ืช ืžืกืขื™
ืขืœื•ืŸ ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืž ื' ื•ืขื“ ืช' ืขืœ ืค ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉ ื‘ื•ืข ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ื•ืžื ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื-ื‘
ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžื˜ื•ืช 112 ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™ 132 ืคืกื•ืงื™ื. ืกื”"ื› 244 ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœ , ื›ึธึผืœ ื™ึนืฆึตื ืฆึธื‘ึธื , ืžึดื›ึทึผืฃ ืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธืŸ
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืขืฉื” (ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš)
ืขืฉื” : ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืช ื ื“ืจื™ื โ€ข ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืช ืขืจื™ื ืœืœื•ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช โ€ข ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืžื›ื” ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ืžืขื™ืจื• ืœืขืจื™ ืžืงืœื˜ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื. ืœื ืชืขืฉื” : ืฉืœื ื ื—ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื โ€ข ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ โ€ข ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืจื” ืขื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช โ€ข ืฉืœื ืœื™ืงื— ื›ื•ืคืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื— โ€ข ืฉืœื ื ืงื— ื›ื•ืคืจ ืžืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืคื•ื˜ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช.
ืคืจืฉืช ืžื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™ . ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืคืจืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘.

ืžึดืฉึผืึถื ึผึดื›ึฐื ึธืก ืึธื‘ ืžึฐืžึทืขึฒื˜ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” . ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืจึตื™ื”ึผ ื“ึผึฐืจึทื‘ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืึตืœ ื‘ึผึทืจ ืฉืึดื™ืœึทืช ืžึดืฉึผืึฐืžึตื™ื”ึผ ื“ึผึฐืจึทื‘: ื›ึผึฐืฉืึตื ืฉืึถืžึผึดืฉึผืึถื ึผึดื›ึฐื ึทืก ืึธื‘ ืžึฐืžึทืขึฒื˜ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” - ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืžึดืฉึผืึถื ึผึดื›ึฐื ึทืก ืึฒื“ึธืจ ืžึทืจึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื”. ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ืคึผึธืคึผึธื: ื”ึดืœึฐื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื‘ึผึทืจ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื“ึผึฐืึดื™ืช ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ื“ึผึดื™ื ึธื ื‘ึผึทื”ึฒื“ึตื™ ื ื‡ื›ึฐืจึดื™, ืœึดื™ืฉืึฐืชึผึฐืžึดื™ื˜ ืžึดื™ื ึผึตื™ื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึธื‘ - ื“ึผึฐืจึดื™ืขึท ืžึทื–ึผึธืœึตื™ื”ึผ [ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื ื ื›ืจื™, ื™ืฉืชืžื˜ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจืข ืžื–ืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื”], ื•ึฐืœึทื™ืžึฐืฆึตื™ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึตื™ื”ึผ ื‘ึผึทืึฒื“ึธืจ - ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืžึทื–ึผึธืœึตื™ื”ึผ [ื•ื™ืžืฆื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ืœื•]. ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืก' โ€“ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืืžืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘. (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื˜ ื‘)

ืึฒื“ึธืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื 205 - ืื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื 3 - ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื 202 ื›ืžื ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ . ืœืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืื‘ ืžืžืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื“ืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึธึผืื” ื“ึฐึผื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืจึฐืขื•ึผ ืึถืช ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื‘ึฐึผืชึทืžึผื•ึผื–, ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึดืฉึธึผืื” ื‘ึฐึผืชึดืฉึฐืืขึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืึธื‘ (ืžืฉื ื” ืชืขื ื™ืช ื“ ื•). ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืžืžืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืคืš ืืชื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื” . ื•ื‘ืื“ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื ืก ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉื’ื–ืจ ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ืืจื‘ืข ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืชื” ื•ื’ื ืฉืœืœื ืœื‘ื•ื– ื•ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื• ื›ื•ืœื, ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉื” ื•ืœื›ืš ืชื™ืงื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื—ืžืฉื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืœื”. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื˜ ื‘)

ื‘ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืื‘, ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ ืึถืœ ื”ึนืจ ื”ึธื”ึธืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ ืœื—, ื”ื ื” ื‘ื• ื ืจื"ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื”ืจ"ืŸ ืจึธืืฉึตืื™ ื”ึถื”ึธืจึดื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึฐืื•ึผ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึธื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื› ื›ื˜ ืืœ ืชืงืจื™ 'ื•ื™ืจืื•' ืืœื 'ื•ื™ื™ืจืื•' ืฉื ืกืชืœืงื• ืขื ื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื˜ ื, ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึทืข ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืขึฒืจึธื“ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื , ืขืจ"ื“ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื (ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื”) ืœื"ื” ืจื—"ืœ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. (274) [ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึทืข ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื•ื›ื•', ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื’ืžื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ )ืื•ืช ื’' .( ืขื•ื“ ืื”ืจ"ืŸ ื—"ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขืจ"ื“ (274) ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืžืœืš ืขืจื“; ืืš ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ื›ื™ ืž"ืช ืื”ืจ"ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืชืจืฆ"ื• ื•ืงืกื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืœื—ื ื•ื›ื•' ืชืขื ื™ืช ื˜ ื, ืชืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ืชื“ืข, ืชืจืฆ"ื• ื”ื ื‘' ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืงืฉ"ื” ื•ืจืค"ื” (696), ืกื•ื“ ื‘' ื™ืžื™ื ื“ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœื"ื” ืจื—"ืœ ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ืขืจ"ื“ , ื”ื‘ืŸ. (ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ื—)
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื›ื•ืฉืœื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ืžืคืœืื•ืช ืชืžื™ื ื“ืขื™ื, ื“ืื”ืจืŸ ื›ื”ื ื ื“ื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืชืชื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘, ื“ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฆื“ืงื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื”ืžืชืขื ื” ืชืขื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืชืขื ื™ืช ืœืชืขื ื™ืชื™ื”. (ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™)

ืึทืจึฐื™ึตื” ืฉึธืืึธื’ ืžึดื™ ืœึนื ื™ึดื™ืจึธื ืึฒ-ื“ึนื ึธื™ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึดื” ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ ืžึดื™ ืœึนื ื™ึดื ึธึผื‘ึตื . (ืขืžื•ืก ื’ ื—) ืึทืจึฐื™ึตื” ืฉึธืืึธื’ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืœ ืืจื™ื” ืฉืื’ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉื•, ืฉ' ื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื' ืฉ ื’' ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื"ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉ' ื›ื‘ื” ื' ื•ืจ ื’' ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืžื™ ืœื ื™ื™ืจื ืžืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื” ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืฉื ืคื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื ืคื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ืื“ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืึฒ-ื“ึนื ึธื™ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึดื” ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืคื” ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื– ื“ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื– ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžึดื™ ืœึนื ื™ึดื ึธึผื‘ึตื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื™ ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืขื–ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืžื ื”, ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืฉื ืคื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื•, (ืกื•ืคื™ ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœ"ื)
ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ - ืจืžื– ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื' ื“ื•ื ื‘' ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช. (ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ - ื‘ืฉื ื”ืฉืœ"ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ)

ืœึนื ื™ึทื—ึตืœ ื“ึฐึผื‘ึธืจื•ึน ื›ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึนึผืฆึตื ืžึดืคึดึผื™ื• ื™ึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” (ืœ ื’) ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ื—ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื• ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื ืจืข ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจื ืกื ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื• ืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื–"ืฉ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืคื™ื• ื™ืขืฉื” ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื ืจืข. (ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื ื•) ืฉืžื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ืžืœืืš, ืžื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ โ€“ ืžืœืืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืคืš ื—"ื•. ื›ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึนึผืฆึตื ืžึดืคึดึผื™ื• โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžืคื” ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื™ึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” . ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ื—"ื• ืœืจืข. (ืื”ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื™"ื’)
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืขืœ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉืึปืขึท ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืœึตื•ึดื™ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืฉืึธื›ึตื™ื‘, ืึฒืžึทืจื•ึผ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ืœึฐืžึทืœึฐืึทืšึฐ ื”ึทืžึผึธื•ึถืช: ื–ึดื™ืœ, ืขึฒื‘ึตื™ื“ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ืจึฐืขื•ึผืชึตื™ื”ึผ. ืึฒื–ึทืœ ืึดื™ืชึฐื—ึฒื–ึดื™ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ. ืึฒืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ: ืึทื—ึฐื•ึดื™ ืœึดื™ ื“ึผื•ึผื›ึฐืชึผึทืื™. ืึฒืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ: ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™. ืึฒืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ: ื”ึทื‘ ืœึดื™ ืกึทื›ึผึดื™ื ึธืšึฐ, ื“ึผึดืœึฐืžึธื ืžึฐื‘ึทืขึฒืชึทืชึผึฐ ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืจึฐื—ึธื. ื™ึทื”ึฒื‘ึทื”ึผ ื ึดื™ื”ึฒืœึตื™ื”ึผ. ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึฐื˜ึธื ืœึฐื”ึธืชึธื ื“ึผึทืœึฐื™ึทื™ื”ึผ, ืงึธื ืžึทื—ึฐื•ึตื™ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ. ืฉืึฐื•ึทื•ืจ ื ึฐืคึทืœ ืœึฐื”ึธื”ื•ึผื ื’ึผึดื™ืกึธื. ื ึทืงึฐื˜ึตื™ื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืงึทืจึฐื ึธื ื“ึดื’ึฐืœึดื™ืžึตื™ื”ึผ. ืึฒืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ: ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผืขึฒืชึธื ื“ึผึฐืœึธื ืึธืชึตื™ื ึธื. ืึฒืžึทืจ ืงื•ึผื“ึฐืฉืึธื ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื: ืึดื™ ืึดื™ืชึผึฐืฉืึดื™ืœ ืึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ื•ึผืขึฒืชึธื - ื ึถื™ื”ึฐื“ึผึทืจ . ืึดื™ ืœึธื -ืœึธื ื ึถื™ื”ึฐื“ึผึทืจ . (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื–:)

ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืœื ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื . (ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™)

ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืœ ืจึธืืฉึตืื™ ื”ึทืžึทึผื˜ึผื•ึนืช ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื–ึถื” ื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” . (ืœ ื‘) ืจึธืืฉึตืื™ ื”ึทืžึทึผื˜ึผื•ึนืช ืจ"ืช ืจ ื‘ ื ื• ืฉ ืœื•ืฉื” ื™ ืชื™ืจื• ื” ื ื“ืจ.
ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืจ"ืช ืž ื•ืžื—ื” ืฉ ืœื•ืฉื” ื” ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช. (ืขื˜ืจืช ื–ืงื ื™ื)
ืึตืœึถึผื” ืžึทืกึฐืขึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืœึฐืฆึดื‘ึฐืึนืชึธื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึทื“ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื•ึฐืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ . (ืœื’ ื“)
ื“' ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืœื” : ืคืจืฉืช ื ื— - ืึตืœึถึผื” ืชึผื•ึนืœึฐื“ึนืช ื ึนื—ึท , ืคืจืฉืช ืคืงื•ื“ื™ - ืึตืœึถึผื” ืคึฐืงื•ึผื“ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ , ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™ - ืึตืœึถึผื” ืžึทืกึฐืขึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ , ืคืจืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื - ืึตืœึผึถื” ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื . ื“' ืคืขืžื™ื ืึตืœึถึผื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืงืž"ื“ (144). ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืงืž"ื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช. (6*24) . ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงืž"ื“ ืืœืฃ ื™ื•ื. ื›ื™ืฆื“, ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ืœืš ืž' ื™ื•ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ืก' ื‘ื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื›ื•ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ืก' ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ ืงืž"ื“ ืืœืฃ ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืึตืœึถึผื” ื“' ืคืขืžื™ื. (ืขื˜ืจืช ื–ืงื ื™ื)
ืึตืœึถึผื” ืจืžื– ืขืœ ืœ"ื• ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช, ืœ"ื• ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ืœ"ื• ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช, ืœ"ื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื [ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™"ื— ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช], ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืงื‘ืข, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœืžื ืž- ืœ"ื• ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. (ืคืขื ื— ืจื–ื โ€“ ืจื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื)
ืึตืœึถึผื” ืžึทืกึฐืขึตื™ - ื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืงืจืื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกื™ืขื™"ืŸ ืžืกื•ืขื•"ืช ื•ืžื‘ืจืจื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื™ื™ืชื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืœ ื“ืขื•ืช. ื•ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืึตืœึถึผื” ืžึทืกึฐืขึตื™ ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” (216) ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื. ื•ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ื ืž"ื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื ืž"ื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ืž"ื‘ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื›ืชื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืคื™' ื“ืื™ืชื ืืœื” ืžืกืขื™ ื›ืืŸ ืจืžื–ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืœื›ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืชื ืื ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืข"ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื–"ืฉ ืืœื” ืžืกืขื™ ืจืžื– ืฉื™ืœื›ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึทื“ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื•ึฐืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ . ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืข"ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืœื•ืช.
ืึต ืœึถึผื” ืžึท ืกึฐืขึตื™ ื‘ึฐ ื ึตื™ ื™ึด ืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืจ"ืช ื“' ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื•ื ืž ื“ื™ ื‘ ื‘ืœ ื™ ื•ืŸ. ืžึท ืกึฐืขึตื™ ื‘ึฐ ื ึตื™ ื™ึด ืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืจ"ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ . ื•ื›ืŸ ืจ"ืช ื ื“ื•ื ืž ื“ื™ ื‘ ื‘ืœ ื™ ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ. ืฉื ื "ื‘ ืจืžื– ื“ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืžื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืฉื ื‘"ืŸ ืจื•ืžื– ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข. (ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื)
ืฉืืœื•ืช


ื. ืฉึธื‚ื ืึตืช ืจึนืืฉื ืžึทืœึฐืงื•ึนื—ึท ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืื‘ึดื™ ื‘ึธึผืึธื“ึธื ื•ึผื‘ึทื‘ึฐึผื”ึตืžึธื” ืึทืชึธึผื” ื•ึฐืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ ื•ึฐืจึธืืฉึตืื™ ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขึตื“ึธื” . (ืœื ื›ื•) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื ืžืฉื” (ืœื ื™ื–) ื•ึฐืขึทืชึธึผื” ื”ึดืจึฐื’ื•ึผ
ื›ึธืœ ื–ึธื›ึธืจ ื‘ึทึผื˜ึธึผืฃ , ืžืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ืžืœืงื•ื— ืฉื™ื—ืœืงื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
ื‘. ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืช ื”ึทื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“ ืœึฐืžึธื›ึดื™ืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื” ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ . (ืœื‘ ืž) ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื (ื ื‘ ื›ื ื›ื‘) ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืืžื• ื‘ืช ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืžื ืฉื”.
ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืœืขื“ ืœื ื—ืœื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžื ืฉื”.
ื‘. ื•ึฐืึดื ื”ึธืคึตืจ ื™ึธืคึตืจ ืึนืชึธื ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืฉึธืืžึฐืขื•ึน ื•ึฐื ึธืฉึธื‚ื ืึถืช ืขึฒื•ึบื ึธื”ึผ . (ืœ ื˜ื–) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ึฐื ึธืฉึธื‚ื ืึถืช ืขึฒื•ึบื ึธื”ึผ ืจืง ื‘ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืื‘ ืื• ื”ืืจื•ืก.
ื’. ืึถืœึถืฃ ืœึทืžึทึผื˜ึถึผื” ืึถืœึถืฃ ืœึทืžึทึผื˜ึถึผื” ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึทื˜ึผื•ึนืช ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืœึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึทืฆึธึผื‘ึธื . (ืœื ื“) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืœึฐืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช ืฉึตืื‘ึถื˜ ืœึตื•ึดื™ (ืกืคืจื™). ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ืœืš
ืขืžื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฆื™ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• (ืœื ื‘) ื ึฐืงึนื ื ึดืงึฐืžึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึตืช ื”ึทืžึดึผื“ึฐื™ึธื ึดื™ื ืึทื—ึทืจ ืชึตึผืึธืกึตืฃ ืึถืœ ืขึทืžึถึผื™ืšึธ .
ื“. ื•ึฐืึดื ื”ึธืคึตืจ ื™ึธืคึตืจ ืึนืชึธื ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืฉึธืืžึฐืขื•ึน ื•ึฐื ึธืฉึธื‚ื ืึถืช ืขึฒื•ึบื ึธื”ึผ . (ืœ ื˜ื–) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ื”ื•ึผื ื ึดื›ึฐื ึธืก ืชึทึผื—ึฐืชึถึผื™ื”ึธ. ืœึธืžึทื“ึฐื ื•ึผ ืžึดื›ึธึผืืŸ ืฉึถืื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนืจึตื ืชึทึผืงึธึผืœึธื” ืœึทื—ึฒื‘ึตืจื•ึน, ื”ื•ึผื ื ึดื›ึฐื ึธืก ืชึทึผื—ึฐืชึธึผื™ื• ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืขึณื ึธืฉึดืื™ืŸ
(ืกืคืจื™). ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื›ื ืก ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ืงื™"ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื›ืืŸ ื’ืจืข ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื™ื—.
ื”. ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื’ ืœื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ื›ืœื™ื.
ื•. ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”? ืžื›ืœ ืชืจื™"ื’ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื™ื•ื?
ื•. ืจืžื– ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
ื–. ืขึฒื˜ึธืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื“ึดื™ื‘ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื™ึทืขึฐื–ึตืจ ื•ึฐื ึดืžึฐืจึธื” ื•ึฐื—ึถืฉึฐืื‘ึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืœึฐืขึธืœึตื” ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ื‘ึธื ื•ึผื ึฐื‘ื•ึน ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึนืŸ . (ืœื‘ ื’) ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ึธื ื‘ึผึทืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึทืžึผึตื™: ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื™ึทืฉืึฐืœึดื™ื ืึธื“ึธื ืคึผึธืจึธืฉืึดื™ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืขึดื ื”ึทืฆึผึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจ.
ืฉืึฐื ึทื™ึดื ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืชึผึทืจึฐื’ึผื•ึผื. ื•ึทืึฒืคึดื™ืœึผื•ึผ'ืขึฒื˜ึธืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื“ึดื™ื‘ึนืŸ' . ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐืœึดื™ื ืคึผึธืจึธืฉืึดื™ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืขึดื ื”ึทืฆึผึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจ ืžึตืึฒืจึดื™ื›ึดื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ื™ึธืžึธื™ื• ื•ึผืฉืึฐื ื•ึนืชึธื™ื•. ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
ืœืงืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืขืžื™ื. (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื— ื) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืงื˜ื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืขึฒื˜ึธืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื“ึดื™ื‘ึนืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื”
ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื‘) ืจึฐืื•ึผื‘ึตืŸ ืฉึดืืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ืœึตื•ึดื™ ื•ึดื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื›ืœืœ.
ื—. ื•ึฐืึดืฉึธึผืื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึดื“ึนึผืจ ื ึถื“ึถืจ ืœึทื™-ื”ื•ึธื” (ืœ ื“) ื•ึฐื”ึตืคึตืจ ืึถืช ื ึดื“ึฐืจึธื”ึผ (ืœ ื˜) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืชืจืช ื—ื›ื ืฉื ืงืจืืช 'ื”ืชืจื”' ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื ืงืจืืช 'ื”ืคืจื”'.
ื—. ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื” ืžื‘ื—ืœืช [ ืžึฐื‘ึนื”ึถืœึถืช ] ื‘ึธึผืจึดืืฉึนืื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืชึธื”ึผ ืœึนื ืชึฐื‘ึนืจึธืšึฐ . (ืžืฉืœื™ ื› ื›ื) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ืœืช ื•ืงืจื™ ืžึฐื‘ึนื”ึถืœึถืช . (ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉื”)
ื˜. ื•ึฐืึทืชึถึผื ื—ึฒื ื•ึผ ืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ ืœึทืžึทึผื—ึฒื ึถื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื›ึนึผืœ ื”ึนืจึตื’ ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ื ึนื’ึตืขึท ื‘ึถึผื—ึธืœึธืœ ืชึดึผืชึฐื—ึทื˜ึฐึผืื•ึผ ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดื™ืฉึดืื™ ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืึทืชึถึผื ื•ึผืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ื›ึถื . (ืœื ื™ื˜) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ
ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืžืžื™ื.
ื™. ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื’ึธื“ ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืจึฐืื•ึผื‘ึตืŸ ื•ึฐืœึทื—ึฒืฆึดื™ ืฉึตืื‘ึถื˜ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื” (ืœื‘ ืœื’) ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจื™
ื”ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื–ืืช, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืœื‘ ื›ื”) ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื’ึธื“ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืจึฐืื•ึผื‘ึตืŸ ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืœึตืืžึนืจ .
ื›. ื•ึทื ึทึผืงึฐืจึตื‘ ืึถืช ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึทึผืŸ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืžึธืฆึธื ื›ึฐืœึดื™ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ืึถืฆึฐืขึธื“ึธื” ื•ึฐืฆึธืžึดื™ื“ ื˜ึทื‘ึทึผืขึทืช ืขึธื’ึดื™ืœ ื•ึฐื›ื•ึผืžึธื– ืœึฐื›ึทืคึตึผืจ ืขึทืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉึนืืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” . (ืœื ื ) ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”
ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื™ื“ ื•ึทื ึทึผืงึฐืจึตื‘ ืึถืช ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึทึผืŸ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” . (ืฉื‘ืช ืกื“.) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืจื™ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืืฉืช ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ
ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
ื›. ื•ึฐืึตืช ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืขื•ึนืจ ื”ึธืจึฐื’ื•ึผ ื‘ึถึผื—ึธืจึถื‘ . (ืœื ื—) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืฉึถืื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื ืขึดืžึธึผื”ึถื, ื•ึผืžึทืคึฐืจึดื™ื—ึท ืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™ ืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื‘ึดึผื›ึฐืฉึธืืคึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ืคึผื•ึนืจึตื—ึท ืขึดืžึธึผื”ึถื. ื”ึถืจึฐืึธื” ืœึธื”ึถื ืึถืช ื”ึทืฆึดึผื™ืฅ
ืฉึถืื”ึทืฉึตึผืื ื—ึธืงื•ึผืง ื‘ึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐื”ึตื ื ื•ึนืคึฐืœึดื™ื. ืœึฐื›ึธืšึฐ ื ึถืึฑืžึทืจ: 'ืขึทืœ ื—ึทืœึฐืœึตื™ื”ึถื' (ืœื ื•). ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืคื ื—ืก ื”ืจื’ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
ืœ. ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒื ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื’ึธื“ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืจึฐืื•ึผื‘ึตืŸ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืึตืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืœ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึถื™ืšึธ ื›ึตึผืŸ ื ึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” . (ืœื‘ ืœื) ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื‘ื— ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื’ื“ ื‘ืืžืจื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ ื›ื) ืฆึดื“ึฐืงึทืช ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื”
ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ึธื™ื• ืขึดื ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ . ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืฉึถืื”ึถืึฑืžึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื“ึดึผื‘ึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐืฉึธืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื”ึทื‘ึฐื˜ึธื—ึธืชึธื ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผืŸ ืขึทื“ ืฉึถืื›ึดึผื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผ ื•ึฐื—ึดืœึฐึผืงื•ึผ. ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืฆื“ืงื”' ืœ'ืžืฉืคื˜'.
ืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฆื“ืงื” ืื• ืžืฉืคื˜.
ืž. ื”ึถืชึผึตืจ ื ึฐื“ึธืจึดื™ื ืคึผื•ึนืจึฐื—ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึธืึฒื•ึดื™ืจ, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื ืขึทืœ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถื™ึผึดืกึฐืžึนื›ื•ึผ. (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™.) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ืคึผื•ึนืจึฐื—ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึธืึฒื•ึดื™ืจ'.
ืž. ื•ึฐืึทืชึถึผื ื—ึฒื ื•ึผ ืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ ืœึทืžึทึผื—ึฒื ึถื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื›ึนึผืœ ื”ึนืจึตื’ ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ื ึนื’ึตืขึท ื‘ึถึผื—ึธืœึธืœ ืชึดึผืชึฐื—ึทื˜ึฐึผืื•ึผ ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดื™ืฉึดืื™ ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืึทืชึถึผื ื•ึผืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ื›ึถื . (ืœื ื™ื˜) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื™ื•
ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื–ืื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ืงื™"ืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื˜ืžืื™ื.
ื . ื–ึนืืช ื—ึปืงึทึผืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืช ืžึนืฉึถืื” . (ืœื ื›ื) ื›ึธึผืœ ื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธื‘ึนื ื‘ึธืึตืฉื ืชึทึผืขึฒื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผ ื‘ึธืึตืฉื ื•ึฐื˜ึธื”ึตืจ ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผืžึตื™ ื ึดื“ึธึผื” ื™ึดืชึฐื—ึทื˜ึธึผื ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึนื ื™ึธื‘ึนื ื‘ึธึผืึตืฉื
ืชึทึผืขึฒื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผ ื‘ึทืžึธึผื™ึดื . (ืœื ื›ื’) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืงื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ึปืงึทึผืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืขืœืช ื›ืœื™ื.
ื . ื•ึฐื ึตื“ึถืจ ืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” ื•ึผื’ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืื” ื›ึนึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธืกึฐืจึธื” ืขึทืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉึธืื”ึผ ื™ึธืงื•ึผื ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ . (ืœ ื™) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืคืจ ืœื” ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจ.
ืก. ื–ึนืืช ืชึดึผื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ึปืœึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ . (ืœื“ ื™ื‘) ืชึผึธื ื•ึผ ืจึทื‘ึผึธื ึทืŸ: ื”ึธืจื•ึนืึถื” ื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ [ื•ื™"ื’ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช] ื‘ึผึฐื™ึดืฉึผืื•ึผื‘ึธืŸ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: 'ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ืžึทืฆึผึดื™ื‘ ื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื”'. ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืจึฐื‘ึผึธื ึธืŸ,
ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: 'ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื“ึผึทื™ึผึทื™ืŸ ื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช'. (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื—:) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฉื‘ื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™"ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื‘ืจืš 'ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ืžึทืฆึผึดื™ื‘
ื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื”'. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื”.
ืข. ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึฐืืžื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึตึผื” ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื›ึธึผืœึตื‘ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื™ึฐืคึปื ึถึผื” . ื•ึผืœึฐืžึทื˜ึตึผื” ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ืฉึดืืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ืฉึฐืืžื•ึผืึตืœ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืขึทืžึดึผื™ื”ื•ึผื“ . ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึตึผื” ื‘ึดื ึฐื™ึธืžึดืŸ ืึฑืœึดื™ื“ึธื“ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื›ึดึผืกึฐืœื•ึนืŸ . (ืœื“ ื™ื˜-ื›ื) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ
ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ึธืฉึดื‚ื™ื ื•ื‘ืืœื• ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ืฉื™ื.
ืค. ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืชึดึผื™ ื›ึธึผืœึตื‘ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื™ึฐืคึปื ึถึผื” ื”ึทืงึฐึผื ึดื–ึดึผื™ ื•ึดื™ื”ื•ึนืฉึปืืขึท ื‘ึดึผืŸ ื ื•ึผืŸ ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึดืœึฐืื•ึผ ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” . (ืœื‘ ื™ื‘) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื’ื ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื ื”ืจื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื™, ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื“.)
ื•ึทื™ึผึทื›ึผื•ึผ ืžึตื”ึถื ืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื™ ื”ึธืขึทื™ ื›ึผึดืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉืึดืฉึผืึธื” ืึดื™ืฉื (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื– ื”) ื–ึถื” ื™ึธืึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื” ืฉืึถืฉึผืึธืงื•ึผืœ ื›ึผึฐื ึถื’ึถื“ ืจื•ึผื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืฉืึถืœ ืกึทื ึฐื”ึถื“ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ.
ืฆ. ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึทืจ ื‘ึผึทืจ ื—ึธื ึธื”: ืึฒื–ึทืœึดื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื—ึฒื–ึทืื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ึผึฐื”ึธื“ึฐืจึธื ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ืขึทืงึฐืจึทื‘ึผึธื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ึฐืงึธื™ึฐื™ืžึธื ื›ึผึดื™ ื—ึฒืžึธืจึตื™ ื—ึดื•ื•ึนืจึธืชึดื™ ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืžืชื ื›ืžื• ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื
ืœื‘ื ื™ื. ืฉืึธืžึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึทืช ืงื•ึนืœ ืฉืึถืื•ึนืžึถืจึถืช: ' ืื•ึนื™ ืœึดื™ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ึฐืขึทื›ึฐืฉืึธื™ื• ืฉืึถื ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ โ€“ ืžึดื™ ืžึตืคึตืจ ืœึดื™ '? (ื‘ื‘"ื‘ ืขื“.) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžึตืคึตืจ
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื”ืคืจื”' ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ, ื•ืœื ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื”ืชืจื”' ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื›ื.
ืง. ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนืื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื’ึธื“ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืจึฐืื•ึผื‘ึตืŸ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืœ ื ึฐืฉึดื‚ื™ืึตื™ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึธื” ืœึตืืžึนืจ. (ืœื‘ ื‘) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ.
ืจ. ื•ึฐืึดื ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ืฉึฐืืžึนืขึท ืึดื™ืฉึธืื”ึผ ื™ึธื ึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึตืคึตืจ ืึถืช ื ึดื“ึฐืจึธื”ึผ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ (ืœ ื˜) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืืฃ ืื ืืžืจื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืื‘ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืขืœื”, ื”ืื‘ ืื•
ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจ ืœื” ืืช ื ื“ืจื”.
ืฉ. ื ึฐืงึนื ื ึดืงึฐืžึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึตืช ื”ึทืžึดึผื“ึฐื™ึธื ึดื™ื ืึทื—ึทืจ ืชึตึผืึธืกึตืฃ ืึถืœ ืขึทืžึถึผื™ืšึธ . (ืœื ื‘) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื›ืืŸ. ื”ื•ืœ"ืœ ื ึฐืงึนื ื ึดืงึฐืžึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึตืช
ื”ึทืžึดึผื“ึฐื™ึธื ึดื™ื .
ืฉ. ื•ึฐื ึธืกึทื‘ ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืœึตื” ืขึทืงึฐืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืฆึดื ึธื” ื•ื”ื™ื” [ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ] ืชึผื•ึนืฆึฐืึนืชึธื™ื• ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืงึธื“ึตืฉื ื‘ึทึผืจึฐื ึตืขึท ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื—ึฒืฆึทืจ ืึทื“ึธึผืจ ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืขึทืฆึฐืžึนื ึธื” . (ืœื“ ื“) ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืงื“ืฉ
ื‘ืจื ืข ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื , ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื— ื˜) ื‘ึฐึผืฉึธืืœึฐื—ึดื™ ืึนืชึธื ืžึดืงึธึผื“ึตืฉื ื‘ึทึผืจึฐื ึตืขึท ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช
ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ .
ืช. ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉ"ืก ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืง ืžืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื ื”ื›ืจืขื”, (ื‘ื‘"ืž ื’ ื“) ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ (ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช) ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื 'ื™ื”ื ืžื•ื ื— ืขื“ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื
ืืœื™ื”ื•'. ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.


ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ื. ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’. ื•ืžืื•ืชื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืื“ื. (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”ืื–ื•ื‘ื™)
ื‘. ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืžื ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืฉื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืงืŸ [ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”] ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืจ, ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื ื™ื•
ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ื–ืจื•. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™) ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืฉืชืชืขืจื‘ ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ืžื ืฉื”. (ืžืœื‘ื™"ื)*
ื‘. ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืœื ืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืื‘ ืื• ื”ืืจื•ืก ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ึฐื ึธืฉึธื‚ื ืึถืช ืขึฒื•ึบื ึธื”ึผ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืขื“
ื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืื‘ ื•ืืจื•ืก ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื ืขืจื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ื™"ื‘ ื•ืžื—ืฆื”. (ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื”) ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืื‘ ื™ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื
ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืช ืขืœื™ื” ืืฉื.
ื’. ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื”ืœืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขืžื. ื•ื‘ึผึตื™ืจึธื ื“ึผึดืฉืึฐืชึตื™ืช ืžึดื™ื ึผึตื™ื”ึผ - ืœึธื ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื“ึผึตื™ ื‘ึผึตื™ื”ึผ ืงึธืœึธื. (ื‘ื‘"ืง ืฆื‘ ื‘) ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืฉืชื™ืช ืžืžื ื• ืžื™ื ืืœ ืชื–ืจื•ืง ื‘ื•
ืื‘ืŸ. (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื)
ื“. ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื“ื. (ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช) ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื’ื’ืช ืืš ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ืขื•ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืœ ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื›ืฉืœ
ื”ื•ื™ ืžื–ื™ื“ (ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ)
ื”. ื”ืคืงื™ืจ ื’ื•ื™ ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœึนื ืชึฐื—ึทื™ึถึผื” ื›ึธึผืœ ื ึฐืฉึธืืžึธื”
ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืžื”ื ื›ืœื•ื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืคืงืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”. ืžืฉื"ื› ื‘ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื• ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ.(ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืž"ื‘)*
ื•. ื•ึดื”ึฐื™ึดื™ืชึถื ื ึฐืงึดื™ึดึผื™ื ืžึตื™-ึฐื”ื•ึธื” ื•ึผืžึดื™ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ (ืœื‘ ื›ื‘) ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื–ื•ื’ื ืฉืืœ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื•ึดื”ึฐื™ึดื™ืชึถื ื ึฐืงึดื™ึดึผื™ื ืžึตื™-ึฐื”ื•ึธื” ื•ึผืžึดื™ึดึผืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ
(ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืค"ื’ ื”"ื‘) ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื, ื•ึดื”ึฐื™ึดื™ืชึถื ื ึฐืงึดื™ึดึผื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”.
ื•. ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐืจึธื ืœึธื” ื ึนื‘ึทื— ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืืžื•ึน . (ืœื‘ ืžื‘) ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐืจึธื ืœึธื” ืจ"ืช ืœ ืฉื•ืŸ ื” ืจืข ื ึนื‘ึทื— . (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™) ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™ื—.) ื›ึผื‡ืœ ื”ึทืžึฐืกึทืคึผึตืจ ืœึธืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืจึธืข, ื•ึฐื›ื‡ืœ ื”ึทืžึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ ืœึธืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืจึธืข, ื•ึฐื›ื‡ืœ
ื”ึทืžึผึตืขึดื™ื“ ืขึตื“ื•ึผืช ืฉืึถืงึถืจ ื‘ึผึทื—ึฒื‘ึตื™ืจื•ึน - ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืœึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืœึดื™ื›ื•ึน ืœึดื›ึฐืœึธื‘ึดื™ื.
ื–. ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ืฉืœื ืชืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœืชืจื’ื ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื•.
(ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื”ึธืึฑืžื•ึนืจึดื™ึดึผื™ื ืงื•ึนืจึดื™ื ืขึธืจึตื™ื”ึถื ืขึทืœ ืฉึตืื ืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึทืช ืึฑืœึดื™ืœึดื™ื ืฉึถืืœึธึผื”ึถื; ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืจึฐืื•ึผื‘ึตืŸ ื”ึตืกึทื‘ึผื•ึผ ืึถืช ืฉึฐืืžึธื ืœึฐืฉึตืืžื•ึนืช ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื. ื•ึฐื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ืžื•ึผืกึทื‘ึนึผืช ืฉึตืื . (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ืœื— ืจืฉ"ื™)
ื—. ื—ืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชืจืช ื—ื›ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื” ืืœื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืคืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืคืจ ื ื“ืจื™ ืืฉืชื•.
(ืชื•ืก' ืจื™"ื“ โ€“ ื‘"ื‘ ) ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืขืงืจ ื•ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืœื ื˜ืขื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื›ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ืจ ืืœื ืข"ื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื ืœื• ื—ืจื˜ื” ื•ืขื•ืงืจ ื”ื ื“ืจ ืžืขื™ืงืจื•. (ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื)
ื—. ื—' ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ (ื“ื”"ื ื” ื›ื•) ื•ึทื™ึทึผื’ึฐืœึตื ืœึธืจืื•ึผื‘ึตื ึดื™ ื•ึฐืœึทื’ึธึผื“ึดื™ . ื—' ืฉื ื™ื ื’ืœื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธื” ืžื‘ื—ืœืช
[ ืžึฐื‘ึนื”ึถืœึถืช ] ื‘ึธึผืจึดืืฉึนืื ึธื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื’ื“ ื ื—ืœื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืชึธื”ึผ ืœึนื ืชึฐื‘ึนืจึธืšึฐ ืœืคื™ ืฉื’ืœื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื. (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”ืื–ื•ื‘ื™)
ื˜. ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืžืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืืฃ ื’ื™ืขื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืืกืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ืชืจื• ื›ืชืœื™ ื“ื—ื–ื™ืจื™, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘
(ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื™ื) ื•ึผื‘ึธืชึดึผื™ื ืžึฐืœึตืึดื™ื ื›ึธึผืœ ื˜ื•ึผื‘ . ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืžืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ืึถืœึถืฃ ืœึทืžึทึผื˜ึถึผื” ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื•
ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื˜ืžืื• ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื˜ืžืื• ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื›ื” ื’) ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฆึธึผืžึถื“ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื‘ึทืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผืขื•ึนืจ . (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™) *
ื™. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื’ืจื ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืงืจืขื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื• ื ื—ืœืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืžื“ื‘"ืจ ืคื“ ื™ื˜) *
ื›. ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืชืจื” ืืฉืช ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ื•ืœื ืงื•ื“ื. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™) ื"ื  ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืืฉื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืช ืžืคืขื ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš
ืืกื•ืจื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ. (ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื) *
ื›. ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคื ื—ืก โ€“ ื•ืื™ืš ื™ื˜ืžื ืœืžืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื–ืจืง ืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื”ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื’ืข ื‘ื”ืŸ. (ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื)
ืœ. ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื 'ืฆื“ืงื”' โ€“ 'ืžืฉืคื˜' ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืžืžืฉืคื˜. ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื”, ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ึธื™ื• ืขึดื ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•
ืœืฆืืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆึดื“ึฐืงึทืช ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”, ืฉืœื ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื›ืœืœ. (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื)
ืž. ืžืœืืš ื”ื ื‘ืจื ืžื ื“ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ืขื“ ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืœื ื”ื ื“ืจ, ืขื“ ืื– ืœื ื ืฉืœื ื”ืžืœืืš. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื ื‘ืจื ืžืœืืš. ('ืืœืฃ ื›ืชื‘' ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ
ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™) *
ืž. ืžืฉื•ืžื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ื”ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉื—ื˜ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื”ืจื’ื•, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื–ืื” ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™
ืžืกืคืง. (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื”)
ื . ื ื•ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืคื’ื ืžื•ืชืจ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืžื“ ื‘) - ื•ื’ืขื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืš ืืžืจ ื–ึนืืช ื—ึปืงึทึผืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” . (ื ื—ืœ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื)
ื . ื ืขืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืœืžื ื” ืงืž"ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืืœืžื ื” ืื• ื ืชื’ืจืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืขืฆืžื”. (ืจืœื‘"ื’) *
ืก. ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืกื•ืคื— ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื˜ ื) ืขึฒืชึดื™ื“ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ื›ึฐื ึตืกึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึธืชึผึตื™
ืžึดื“ึฐืจึธืฉืื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐื‘ึธื‘ึถืœ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืงึผึธื‘ึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืฆื•ืจืฃ ืงืจืงืข ืžืืจืฅ ื˜ืžืื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืจื™
ื”ืืจืฅ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืื– ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ืš ืฉืชืกื•ืคื— ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื–ื”ื• 'ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ืžึทืฆึผึดื™ื‘ ื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื”' ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ. (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื) *
ืข. ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืจื™ ืขื ื›ื–ื‘ื™ ื‘ืช ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ืœืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื›ืืŸ ื ืฉื™ื. ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื’ืœื•ื™
ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ื• ืžื” ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืึถืœึฐื“ึธึผื“ ื•ึผืžึตื™ื“ึธื“ ืžึดืชึฐื ึทื‘ึฐึผืึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผื—ึฒื ึถื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื ื›ื–) ื•ื”ื•ื ืืœื™ื“ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืกืœื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ
ื•ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื ืชื ื‘ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ืชื• ื ืฉื™ื, ื“ื ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื›ืœื‘ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื ื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื’ ื‘)
ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึตึผื” ืึฒื‘ึนืชึธื™ื• ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืœึธื—ื•ึผ ื›ึนึผืœ ื ึธืฉึดื‚ื™ื ื‘ึธื”ึถื , ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืœื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœืงืจื•ืชื• ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืช. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื)
ืค. ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืžืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™)
ืฆ. ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. (ืคืจื“ืก ื™ื•ืกืฃ)
ืง. ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื“ืข ื’ื“ ืฉืชื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืืจืฅ ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื’ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื–ื•. ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ ื›ื) ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ืจึตืืฉึดืื™ืช ืœื•ึน ื›ึดึผื™ ืฉึธืื ื—ึถืœึฐืงึทืช ืžึฐื—ึนืงึตืง
ืกึธืคื•ึผืŸ . ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึธื“ึทืข ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฉึธืื ื‘ึฐึผื ึทื—ึฒืœึธืชื•ึน ื—ึถืœึฐืงึทืช ืฉึฐื‚ื“ึตื” ืงึฐื‘ื•ึผืจึทืช ืžึฐื—ื•ึนืงึตืง, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืžึนืฉึถืื” (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื’ :). ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉื” ื™ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื’ื“ ืœืจืื•ื‘ืŸ
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืฉื” ืœื ืืžืจื• ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื˜ืขื ื–ื”. (ืคืจื“ืก ืฉืžืื™) *
ืจ. ืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ื“ืขืชืŸ ื›ืš ื•ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืจื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืžืจื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืื‘ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืขืœื” ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื” ืื•ืชื”
ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื• ื”ืื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคืจ ืœื”. (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื—"ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™)
ืฉ. ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ โ€“ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืชืœื” ืžื™ืชืชื• ื‘ื ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ, ืืขืค"ื› ืœื ืจืฆื” ืืœื ืœื ืงื•ื ืžื™ื“ ืฉื ืืžืจ [ืžื™ื“
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ืžืฉื”] (ืœื ื’) ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื”ึตื—ึธืœึฐืฆื•ึผ ืžึตืึดืชึฐึผื›ึถื . (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื) *
ืฉ. ืฉื ื™ ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข ื”ื โ€“ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ื˜ื• ื’) ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ืึถืœ ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืœึตื” ืขึทืงึฐืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืฆึดื ึธื” ื•ึฐืขึธืœึธื” ืžึดื ึถึผื’ึถื‘ ืœึฐืงึธื“ึตืฉื ื‘ึทึผืจึฐื ึตืขึท , ื•ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข
ืฉืžืฉื ื ืฉืชืœื—ื• ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื— ื˜) ื‘ึฐึผืฉึธืืœึฐื—ึดื™ ืึนืชึธื ืžึดืงึธึผื“ึตืฉื ื‘ึทึผืจึฐื ึตืขึท ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ . ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืฉืชืœื—ื• ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™
ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืงื“ืฉ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืจืฅ ืื“ื•ื. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™, ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ)
ืช. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืคื ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ืืœื™ื”ื• โ€“ ื™ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื™ื‘ืืจื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœื ืžืžืฉ ืชื•ืจื”
ืื—ืจืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื•ืจืง ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคื ื—ืก ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืžืฉื• ื›ืคื” ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืคืจืฉื” ื•ืœื‘ืืจื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื”ืจ (ื—"ื’ ื“ืฃ ื›ื– ื‘) ืคื ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ืืœื™ื”ื• โ€“ ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื” ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•. ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ืžืคืจืฉ
ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืš ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจ. (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื)

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช / ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ *

ื‘. ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืžื ืฉื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœื• ื”ื’ืœืขื“ ื•ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื’ืœืขื“ื” ื•ื™ืœื›ื“ื•ื” ื•ืœื›ืš ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืฉื” ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืืจื™ืš ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. (ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ)
ื”. ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ื“ืื™ืช ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’"ื› ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื’, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ื›ืœื™ื. (ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื–) ื"ื  ื“ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืžืืช ืขื›ื•"ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื"ืฆ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”. (ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืกื•ืคืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืกื–)
ื˜. ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืœื ืžื˜) ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ึดืคึฐืงึทื“ ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” , ื•ืžืกืคืง ื ืžื™ ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ื”ื–ืื”. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™)
ื™. ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื›ื— ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืขื˜, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืคื ื” ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืฉื™ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื ื—ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื“ืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. (ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ)
ื›. ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืกื“ ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื–ื ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ื”. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื)
ืž. ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืคื™ืจืฉ - ื”ืชืจืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื›ื ืžืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื“ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืจืžื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืกืžื•ืš ืืœื ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”.
(ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ ื)
ื . ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื ืžืกืจื” ืœืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื—ื•ืคื”, ื•ืžืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ. ื•ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”. (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื)
ื•ึฐื ึตื“ึถืจ ืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” ื•ึผื’ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืื” ื›ึนึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธืกึฐืจึธื” ืขึทืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉึธืื”ึผ ื™ึธืงื•ึผื ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ . (ืœ ื™) ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช ืืจื•ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช ื ืฉื•ืื”. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ืืŸ .
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืข"ืค ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ ื) ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ืฉืึถืžึผึธืกึทืจ ื”ึธืึธื‘ ืœึดืฉืึฐืœื•ึผื—ึตื™ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ, ืื•ึน ืฉืึถืžึผึธืกึฐืจื•ึผ ืฉืึฐืœื•ึผื—ึตื™ ื”ึธืึธื‘ ืœึดืฉืึฐืœื•ึผื—ึตื™ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ, ื•ึฐื ึดืชึฐืึทืจึฐืžึฐืœึธื” ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืื•ึน ื ึดืชึฐื’ึผึธืจึฐืฉืึธื” , ื”ึตื™ืึทืšึฐ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืงื•ึนืจึตื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ: ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืึธื‘ึดื™ื”ึธ ืฉืึถืœ ื–ื•ึน, ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื‘ึผึทืขึฐืœึธื”ึผ ืฉืึถืœ ื–ื•ึน? ืึถืœึผึธื ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืœึฐืšึธ: ื›ึผึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื™ึผึธืฆึฐืึธื” ืฉืึธืขึธื” ืึทื—ึทืช ืžึตืจึฐืฉืื•ึผืช ื”ึธืึธื‘ - ืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื™ึธื›ื•ึนืœ ืœึฐื”ึธืคึตืจ. ื"ื› ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. (ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื)
ืก. ืคื™ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขื›"ืœ. ื“ืงื“ืง ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืžืฉืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืœืžื ื” ื›ืž"ืฉ (ืื™ื›ื” ื ื) ืึตื™ื›ึธื” ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ึธื” ื‘ึธื“ึธื“ ื”ึธืขึดื™ืจ ืจึทื‘ึธึผืชึดื™ ืขึธื ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื›ึฐึผืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” . ื•ื›ืฉื ื’ืืœื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืœืžื ื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืž"ืง ื•ืœืืคื•ืงื™ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ื”ืž"ืง ื—ืจื‘ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืœืžื ื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื’ืื™ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ืฉื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืชื. (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื—:)
ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ 'ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืœืžื ื”', ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืชืŸ ืื•ืžืจ 'ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช', ื‘ืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื’ึตึผืึดื™ื ื™ึดืกึทึผื— ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ: ืึต-ืœ ื ึฐืงึธืžื•ึนืช ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” . (ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ โ€“ ืฉื)
ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื’ึตึผืึดื™ื ื™ึดืกึทึผื— ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึทืฆึตึผื‘ ื’ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœ ืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” . ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜ื• ื›ื”. ืึตืœ ื ึฐืงึธืžื•ึนืช ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึตืœ ื ึฐืงึธืžื•ึนืช ื”ื•ึนืคึดื™ึทืข . ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฆื“ ื.
ืง. ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ , ื•ืชื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืžืงื ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ืขืฆื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจ"ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืขืจืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฆืขืจืŸ ืงืคืฆื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ื™ ืื ืžืชื•ืš ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื‘ื ืงืคืฆื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืจื•ื ืœื‘ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ืงื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื™ืขื ื” ืขื–ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืœืฉื•ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื ื›ื™ ืข"ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื•ืžื. (ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ)
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขืฆื” ืชื—ืœื” ืœื›ืš ืงื“ืžื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ . ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’) ื•ื˜ืจืฃ ื–ืจื•ืข ื•ื’ื•', ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™)
ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงื ื” ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ ื˜ื–) ื•ืœืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื•ืœื’ื“ื™ ื ืชืชื™ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื—ืœื” ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ื ื—ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉื ืœื’ ื›) ื•ื˜ืจืฃ ื–ืจื•ืข ืืฃ ืงื“ืงื“ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืจืื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœื‘ื“ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. (ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ โ€“ ืœื‘ ื‘)
ืฉ. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืžืจ ืœืžืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžื ืš ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืจื‘ืฉ"ืข ื”ื ื™ื—ื ื™ ืขื“ ืฉืื ืงื•ื ื ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื” ื™ื–) ืฆึธืจื•ึนืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผื“ึฐื™ึธื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึดึผื™ืชึถื ืื•ึนืชึธื . ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืจื ืื ื™ ืฉืื ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื ื™ืงืœืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ืœ ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืืžืœื, ืžื™ื“ ืืžืจ ืœื• ื ึฐืงึนื ื ึดืงึฐืžึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึตืช ื”ึทืžึดึผื“ึฐื™ึธื ึดื™ื ืึทื—ึทืจ ืชึตึผืึธืกึตืฃ ืึถืœ ืขึทืžึถึผื™ืšึธ . ื•ื‘ื–ืืช ื”ื ืงืžื” ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืœืขื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ึฐืึตืช ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืขื•ึนืจ ื”ึธืจึฐื’ื•ึผ ื‘ึถึผื—ึธืจึถื‘ . (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื)


ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” , ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” , ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื•ืช ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”
ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช [email protected]



ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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