ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช
  • ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”' ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
14 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืืกืชืจ ื‘ืช ืจื—ืœ

"... ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื..." ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจื™ืืชืŸ-ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™. ื"ื› ืžืชื™ ื ื‘ืจืื•?
ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื: ืจ' ืคื ื—ืก ืžืจ' ืœื•ื™:"ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื”ืŸ". ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง:"ืฉื ืžื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžื™ื". ื•ืขืœ ืฉืืœืชื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘:"ืœื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืงืจืฉื•". (ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื“' ืื•ืช ื–', ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืคืจ' ื' ืจืžื– ื”' ื“"ื” "ื›ืชื™ื‘" ื•ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™"ื‘.)
ื"ื› ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืžื™ื:"ืฉื ืžื™ื", ืื• "ืฉื ืžื™ื") ืœื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™: ื ืคืจื“ื• ื”"ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื" ื•ืงืจืฉื•.
ื•ืžืขืชื”:
ื. ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืžื™ื" ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืฉืžื™ื" ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”(ื˜ืจื ื”ื‘ื“ืœืชื) ื•ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื - ื›ื”"ืžื™ื"? ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: "ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื... ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื...ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื": ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื: "ืขืฉืจื” ื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ... ืฉืžื™ื...ื•ืžื™ื".
ื‘. ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืฉืžืฉ, ื"ื› ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื. ื›ืฉื˜ืžืค' ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืž ืžื™ื ื•ืก 273 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก (0 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืงืœื•ื™ืŸ) ?
ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ื™ื“ืœื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืค' ื”ื–ื•?

ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืื›ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” (ื‘ื—ืœืœ)
ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืจ"ืข, ืฉืžื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืฉืจืื” ืžื™ื - ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื "ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจื™ื-ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืŸ" (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™"ื“:) ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชืœื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื (ืฉื’ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื:"ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื" ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืž"ื— ื“')
ื’ื ื”ืจ"ืž (ื”ื ื™ื–' ืžื•"ื  ื—"ื‘ ืค"ืœ) ื”ืœืš ืื—ืจ ืจ"ืข, ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื”, (ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื’ืžืจื ื”ื "ืœ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉื™'ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื“' ืื•ืช ื‘' ื’' ื“' ื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืจืžื– ื”' ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ.)ื•ืœื ื›ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœ' (ืฉื) ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื‘ื’ืž'.
ืืš ืžืžืฆืื™ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ (Astronomy The Cambridge Atlas of ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘' ืงื™'ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’', ืขืž' 212-219, ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ืจื' ื‘ืจื 32) ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื. ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ 109 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืจื—. ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ: 1012 , ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืจื—, ื‘ืงืฆื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืฆื•ื™'ื™ื 1012 ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื•. (ื™ืืŸ ืื•ืจื˜. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืฉื)

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืชื™ื, ื ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื—ืฆื™'ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืื•ืชื ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ื“ืื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ื (D) ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ืžื™ืžืŸ: 1H2 ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜. ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ ืฉืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื. (ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘"ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ" ื›"ื‘ ืขืž' 544)
ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื: ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžื”ืขื ื ื™ื-ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. (ืขืค"ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื' ื™ื'. ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื™ื’' ืื•ืช ื™' ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืคืจ' ื‘' ืจืžื– ื›' ื•ืชืขื ื™ืช ื˜:)

ื ืžืฆื: ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”, ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ืชื” ืžืžื ื•-ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉื•ืชื” ืžืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื . ื•ืข"ืค ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื‘ืื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ื›ื”ื’ืžืจื ื•ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื. (ื™ืฉืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ: ืœืฉื ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื™ื ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื?
-ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข. ืœื ื‘ื“ืงืชื™. ืจืง ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื ื- ื›ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ-ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›- ืื™ื ื.)

ื”ืขืจื”: ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื” (ืฉื) ื‘"ืฉืžื™ื"-"ืืฉ ื•ืžื™ื". ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ืœื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”.

ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™'ื”: ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™'ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ (ื”ื’ื ืฉืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืžืงื•ืจื•. ื•ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืงื•ืจ ืื•ืจ ืœืœื ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื’' ืื•ืช ื“' ื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜
ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืจืžื– ืฉืค"ื‘. ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืจืžื– ืชืชืก"ื‘: ืฉืืœื• ืžื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ื‘"ืจ ืฉื ืื•ืช ื•'
ื•ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืจืžื– ื”' ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ ื›ื”ืฉืžืฉ) ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื' ื”': "ื•ื™ืงืจื ื-ืœืงื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื "
ืฉื›ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื•ื™ืงืจื" ื›ืžื•"ื•ื™ืงืจื ื-ืœืงื™ื ืœืจืงื™ืข ืฉืžื™ื"-ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื. ื•ืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื
ืฉืžื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™'ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืžื™ื- ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืืŸ: ืื•ืจ ืฉืงืจืื• "ื™ื•ื" ื–ื”ื• "ื™ื•ื" ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ "ื™ื•ื"
ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ื•ื"ื› ื–ื” ื”ื™'ื” ื”ืื•ืจ. ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”: ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื™ื•ื
ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™-ืœืžื” ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• "ืžืื•ืจ" ื›ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ , ืืœื ืจืง ื›ืฉืœ ืœืคื™ื“ ืื• ืืฉ, ื•ืื–
ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื ืกืชื
"ืื•ืจ"! ืืœื ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ: ืฉื”ื™'ื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื—ืกืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื•"ืจ ืคืจ' ืœื”' ืื•ืช ื': ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื”ืคืก' "ื•ื™ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘" ืฉื”ื™'ื” ื”ืื•ืจ ื ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ืืš ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ื›ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™'ื” ืื•ืจ ืงืจ ืจืง ืฉืœื ื”ื™'ื” ืžื–ื™ืง. ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžื•"ื  ื—"ื‘ ืค"ืœ ื“"ื” "ื•ื›ื‘ืจ": ืฉื ืกืคื— ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™'ื” ื”ื—ื.[ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”- ืœืžื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื. ืขื™'ื™ืŸ ืกื ื”ื“ืจ' ืฆื': ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื’ืฉืžื™. ื•ื‘ื ืกืคื—] ) ื•ื›ืš ื—ื™ืžื ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ -ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช. (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื' ื˜ื–'. ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื’' ืื•ืช ื•' ื•ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืจืžื– ื”') ื•ืื– ื ื’ื ื–. (ื‘"ืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”. ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื™ื' ืื•ืช ื‘', ืคืจ' ื™ื‘' ืื•ืช ื•' ืคืจ' ืžื‘ ืื•ืช ื’', ืฉืžื•"ืจ ืคืจ' ืœ"ื” ืื•ืช ื', ื‘ืžื“"ืจ ืคืจ' ื™"ื’ ืื•ืช ื”', ืคืชื™ื—ืชื ื“ืืกืชืจ ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืช ื™"ื, ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืื™ื•ื‘ ืชืชืงื›"ื“ ื•ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ ืค"ื”-ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืช"ืฉ ืค"ื ืื•ืช ืฉ"ื , ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื”"ืง. ื’ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื”"ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืคืก' ื’')
ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™-ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืคื•ื, ื•ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื”ื.

ื•ื"ื›, ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ? ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”"ืฉืžืฉื™ื". (ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื ืจื’ื™'ื” ื›ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.) ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื™'ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืคืฅ (ืก. ื’'. ื”ื•ื’ืืŸ, ืžืจืก 1990, Nature ื›ืจืš 334 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 108-107, ืžื•ื‘ื "ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื" ืข'ืž 23.) ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช:
ื. ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงื™'ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื-ืื™ื ื” ืžืื™ืจื” , ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื”:"ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ" ืงื™'ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” .
ื‘. ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื™'ื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ื-the big bang ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ"-ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ืกื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืข"ืค, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ืคื ื™ 13.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื. ื•ื™ืขื•ื™'ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ื' ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจ. ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–"ืœ ื•ื”"ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš-ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ Homo Sapience Sapience ืงื™'ื™ื 40,000 ืฉื ื”. ื™ืขื•ื™'ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ื”' ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™. ื ืžืฆื ืฉืืช ืงื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขื–ื‘ื• ื•ืœืงื• ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•. ืžืขื ื™'ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™'ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ "ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ" ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ืคืŸ ื–"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื ืฉื‘ืžื“ืข-ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื–ื”ืฉ"ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืœื ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข: "ืืœ ืชื ื— ื™ื“ืš" ืžืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืจืช ื”' ื‘ืืžืช. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื ืคืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ืฉื˜ื™'ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืื‘ื™ืขื–ืจ "ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื". ืฉื ืชื™ืืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื“ืžื ื“ื ื, ื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื, ืฉื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ืืœื: ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ืฉ"ืก. ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™'ื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืกื“ืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™'ื” ืœื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืคื•:
ื’. ื”ืชืื•ืจื™'ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื”ื™'ื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืื ืจื’ื™'ื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ "ืคืœืกืžื”" (ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืœื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืจืง ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืœื›ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”.) ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืชื”-ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ (ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื• ืœื-ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืก' ื“' ื›ืืŸ.) ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, (ืžืืžืจ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืžื”ืกื™'ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืง ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘"ื”ื™ื“ืขืŸ" ื‘19 ืžืจืฅ 2007, ื‘ืฉื: "ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืคืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื") ืืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช-ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 5 ื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื. (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘"ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื" ืขืž' 33) ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. (ื’ื ืœืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืคืจื˜ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ืขืœื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ-ืœื ืคืจืฉื• ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœืžืขื™'ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•-ื™ืจืื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™'ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืื• ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืื• ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ืขื›"ืค, ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™'ื™ื-ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ: ื™ืขื•ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืขื•ืจ ื'.)
ื“. ื’ื ืื ื ื ื™ื— (ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื—ื™'ื”, ื•ืœื ืฉื—"ื• ื ื ื™ื— ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจื’ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”) ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ื™'ื” ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื•ืจืข ืฉืœ ืžืคืฅ-ืจืง ืฉื›ืขืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœื•ืฉ ื•ืฉืข"ื› ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืขืž' 22) ืจืง ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืชื•, (ืก'.ื’' ื”ื•ื’ืืŸ, ืžืจืก 1990,Nature ื›ืจืš 344, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 108-107) ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœืชืœื•ืช ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื”ืชื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืื‘ื™ืขื–ืจ (ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืž' 25 ืก' ื‘' "ื”ืื•ืจ") ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฆืจืฃ ืœื–ื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื™ื‘' ืื•ืช ื•', ื•ื‘ืช"ืฉ ืค"ื ืื•ืช ืช"ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื• ืž"ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”" ื‘' ืืš ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ื• ืฉื- ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืืฆืœื™) "ืืจ"ื™ ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืื•ืจื” ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื..." (ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื–ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜, ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื”"ืง ื•ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืžื”.) ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืืžืจ "ืขืฉืจื” ืžืืžืจื•ืช" (ื™ืขื•ื™'ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืจ ื‘') ืฉื‘ื• ืžืืžืจ "ื™ื”ื™ ืื•ืจ" ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, (ื”ื’ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™, ืฉื.) ื•ืืช ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ืขืœื ืžืจืฉื‘"ื™, ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™'ื™ื, ืจื‘ื™, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ "ื›ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื ื‘ืจื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. (ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™'ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืกื•ื“.) ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฆืจืฃ ื“ืขื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื‘ืคื“ืจ"ื ืค' ืฉืœื™ืฉื™) ืฉืœื ื›ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื”ืฉ"ืก, (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื‘'. ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื ื’ื ื–) ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืœื ื ื’ื ื–, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ. ื•ืฉืืจื™ืชื• ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ, ืืœื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื™ืช (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืฉื, ื•ืžืืžืจ ืžื”ืกื™'ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืง ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉื).
ื”. ืืžื ื ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืฉื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ื ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื™'ื” ืื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื "ืœ ืž"ืกื™'ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืง ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ "-ื”ื™'ื” ื—ื•ืฉืš, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื” ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, 400,000 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืฅ. ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘"ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื". ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”"ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช" ื”ื—ืœื” ืขื ืื•ืจ.
ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื-ืœื ื”ื™'ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™'ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื”. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืฉื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงื™'ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”. ื”ืงืจื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ื—ืœืœ-ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช-ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืชืŸ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื ื•. (ืค, ื’', ื“ื™'ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1971Scientific American ื›ืจืš 225 ืขืž' 57 ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘"ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื" 123)

ื•ื›ืขืช ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœืชื ื•: ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ? - ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืฉื) ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืื ื• ื–ื” (ื‘ืกื™' ื–ื” ื‘ื“"ื” "ื•ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™'ื”") ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื. (ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ: "ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื”ื” ื’ืœื’ืœ ื—ืžื”... ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื" ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื’' ืื•ืช ื•' ื•ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืจืžื– ื”')
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื: ืฉื ื’ื ื– (ืžื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ืžื™ื“ ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”)

ื”ืขืจื”: ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช: ืฉื”ืื•ืจ-ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช. (ืชืจื•ืฅ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ืžืจื,ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ.) ื•ืื™ื ื• ืงืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื. (ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ "ืื•ืจ" ื•ื™ืฉ "ืžืื•ืจื•ืช" ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืืžืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื™'ื”ื™", ื•ื”"ืื•ืจ" ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช "ืžืื•ืจื•ืช" ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืื•ืจื•ืช-ืคืกื•' ื™ื“' ื˜ื•') ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ื”ืฉ"ื™ ื™ืžืฆื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•.

ืœืฉืืœืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•-ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื ื’ื ื– ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื. ืืš ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื–ื”?
ื‘ื‘"ืจ ื’', ื•' ื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”' ื”ื•ื‘ื ืคืก' ืžื™ืฉืขื™'ื” ืœ' ืคืก' ื›ื•': "ื•ื”ื™'ื” ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื›ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื” ื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืชื™'ื™ื ื›ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื". ื‘ืฉืžื•"ืจ ืœื”', ื' ืœืžื“ื• ืžืื™ื•ื‘ ืœื—', ื™ื“' "ื•ื™ืžื ืข ืžืจืฉืขื™ื ืื•ืจื" ื•ื’ื ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื', ื“') "ื•ื™ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘". ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืฉ"ื˜ื•ื‘" ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœ"ืฆื“ื™ืง" ืžื™ืฉืขื™'ื” ื’' ืคืก' ื™' "ืืžืจื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘". ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื™ื' ื‘' ื•ืคืจ' ื™ื‘' ื•'. ื‘ื‘ืžื“"ืจ ื™ื’', ื”'-ื’ื ืœืžื“ื• ื›ืŸ ืจืง ืฉื”ืคืก' ืœื”ืชืงื ืชื• ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืžืฉืœื™ ื“', ื™ื—' "ื•ืื•ืจื— ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืื•ืจ ื ื’ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืื•ืจ ืขื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื". ื‘ืฉืžื•"ืจ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืชื ื“ืืกืชืจ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื' ืœืžื“ื• ืฉื’ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืžืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืฆื–, ื™ื' "ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ืœืฆื“ื™ืง". ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืื™ื•ื‘ ืจืžื– ืชืชืงื›"ื“.

ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช:
ื. ื”ืคืก' "ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš" ืงืฉื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืื•ืจ" ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™'ื” (ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื) ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื (ื›ื "ืœ) ืœื—ื•ืฉืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื“ืจ?
ื‘. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”: "ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš"? (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื' ื™ื—') ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™'ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื”-ื”ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉ"ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื" ื”ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• "ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืœืจืงื™ืข ืฉืžื™ื"-ืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืขืชื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ-ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžืขืชื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™'ื™ืงื ื• ืžื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™'ื” ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ- ื”ื™'ื” ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืœื ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ. ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ืžืกืงื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘"ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื...": ื‘ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื’' ืื•ืช ื•' ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืจืžื– ื”' ื“"ื” "ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ" ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ: ืœืžื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื”' ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ. ื•ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ(ืฉื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืื™ื•ื‘ ืชืชืงื›"ื“) ืฉ"ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ"-ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื•ื›ื”ืžืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื’ื™ืŸ.(ื‘ืขืจื•ืš, ืขืจืš: "ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื’ื™" ืคื™' "ื ืฆื™ื‘". ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”"ืžืœืื›ื™ื" ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื•"ื  ื—"ื‘ ืค"ื• ื•ื‘ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื”"ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื›', ื’' ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืข"ื– ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•" ื•ื‘ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืงืจื ืค' ื˜ื–' ืคืก' ื—' ืฉืื™ืœื• ืฉืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื™'ื™ื ื’ื "ืืœื”ื™ื", ื•ื–ื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ื• ื’ื ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื“ื™'ื™ื ื™ื .ื™ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ืฉ ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืค"ื‘ ื™ืกื•ื”"ืช ื”"ื–.ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื‘"ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ืขืœื" ืœืจืฉื‘"ื™. ื•ื‘ืžื•"ื  ืฉื- ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ื "ืฉื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื" ื›ื›ื ื•ื™'ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.) ืฉืœื”ื ืงื‘ืข ื”' ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื”ื. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื, (ืืš ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืจืžื– ื”' ื–ื” ืœื ื ืžืฆื) ืฉืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘"ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉืš ืงืจื ืœื™ืœื”".
ื"ื› ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”' ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ"? ื•ืžื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘: "ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ
ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš",(ืคืก' ื™ื—') ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืง ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘"ื•ื™ืงืจื..."! ื•ืžื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืฉืชื• "ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ
ืžืžืฉ"?
ื’. ืžื” ืคืฉื˜ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื•ื™ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘"? ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”' ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ-ืจืง ืื–ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘. (ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉืžื•"ืจ ืœื”' ื‘ื‘"ืจ ื™ื' ื•-ื™ื‘' ื‘ื‘ืžื“"ืจ ื™"ื’ ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืชืชืงื›"ื“ ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื, [ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื›ืœื ื‘"ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™'ื”"] ืคืจืฉื• ืžื” ืฉื”' ืจืื” ื–ื” ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉืขื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื’ื ื™ื–ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉืขื™'ื” ืœ', ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื” ื™ื”ื™'ื” ืฉื‘ืขืชื™'ื™ื ื›ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘"ืจ ื’' ื•ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”' ื”ื ื–ื›', ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ืžืจื:" ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ..." ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื ื ื’ื ื–. ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ืจืฉืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืค' ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขื•ื”"ื‘ ืขืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื? ืืœื ืฉืœื“ืจืฉืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”' ืจืื” ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื•ื’ื ื– ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื"ื› ืืคืฉืจื™ ื’ื, ืฉื”ืคืจื“ืจ"ื-ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื›ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.)
ื“. ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™. ืœื ืžืœืื›ื™ื (ื›ื‘ื‘"ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจ' ื’') ื•ืœื ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™'ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืจื”, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ (ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื”"ื‘) ื’ื”ื ื•ื, ื›ืกื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืง ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืขื•ืœื. (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืกื•ืฃ ืจืžื– ื›') ื"ื› ื’ื ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™'ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื•. ื”ื™'ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืขื“ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื“ืขื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ-ื ื’ื ื–(ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื)-ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ.
ื”. ื’ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืกืงื ื• ืฉื”ื™'ื” ืœื•-ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื—-ื–ื” ืื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ืžืฉืœ ืœืžืœืš ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขืจื•ืš, ื‘ืขืจืš: ืคืœื˜ ืคื™' ืืจืžื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื›ืœ) ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืฉื ื”ืื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜. ื"ื› ืื™ื ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ืงื ื•: ืฉื™ื”ื™'ื” ื—ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ืœืฆืžื—ื™'ื”- ืฉืœื ื™ืงืคืื•. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื ืžืฉืžืข ื›ื“ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืฉื”' ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื”- ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืœืš ืฉืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช-ืชืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื ืกื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื™ืžืœื™ื•ืกื™ื.(ื‘ืขืจื•ืš ืคื™': ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช) ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ื’ื ืžื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื: ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™'ื” "ื•ื—ืฉืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื”ื•ื"(ืคืก'ื‘') ื•ืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ:"ื•ื™ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘"(ืคืก'ื“') ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื”' ื”ื™'ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื—"ื•.

ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื™'ื™ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”,ืžืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื”-ืžื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™, ื•ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ืฉื”:
ืžืงื•ื“ื: "...ื•ื—ืฉืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื”ื•ื" (ืคืก' ื‘')
ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”: "ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœืงื™ื ื™ื”ื™ ืื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ ืื•ืจ" (ืคืก' ื’')
ื•ืžื™ื“: "ื•ื™ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘" (ืคืก' ื“')
ื•ืžื™ื“: "ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืš" (ืฉื)
ื•ืžื™ื“: "ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื—ืฉืš ืงืจื ืœื™ืœื”" (ืคืก' ื”')
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ: "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“." (ืฉื)
ื‘ืขืฆื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ืจืื™'ื™ืชื•: "ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘", ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื”' ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš, ื”ืงืจื•ื™'ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”. (ื›ืžื• ื‘"ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืœืจืงื™ืข ืฉืžื™ื" ืฉื”ืฉื "ืฉืžื™ื" ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื”ื• ื”ืจืงื™ืข- ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืš ื ืงืจื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืื™ืจ "ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•", ืื• ืฉื™'ื”ื™'ื” ื ื™ืชื—ื ืข"ื™ ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช,ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™'ื” ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉืื“ื ื”ื™'ื” ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื• ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•. ื›ื ื–ื›' ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื“ืœืขื™ืœ)
ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื”' ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ "ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืœื”"-ืœืžืื•ืจื•ืช. (ืคืก' ื™ื“') ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช "ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš"-ื ืชืŸ ื”' ืœืžืื•ืจื•ืช (ืคืก' ื™ื—) ื›ืš ืฉืžื”ื‘ื“ืœืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ-ืœื ื ืฉืืจ. ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™'ื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืื• ื—ื•ืฉืš ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื-ื"ื› ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ- ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืžืื– ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช. ื•ื"ื› ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื™'ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื”, ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืกืชืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” (ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžืื•ืจื•ืช) ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื"ื› ื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ืžืขืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžืฉ. ืจืง ืฉื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจืคื™ื (ืžืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืข"ืค ื”ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœื ื•) ืžื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืืช ื™ืขื•ื“ ื’ื ื™ื–ืชื• ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•-ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื”"ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื".

ื‘ื–ื” ื ืขื ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื' ื‘' ื•- ื“' , ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืœื™ืœื”. (ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืŸ)
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘"ื•ื™ืงืจื...ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื..."
ื•ื”ืขื ื™'ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•: ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื:"ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš", ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื‘"ืจ ืคืจ' ื’' ืื•ืช ื•') ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ ื—ื™ืœืงื: ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘"ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ: ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื• ืœื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื-ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื (ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื‘ืจื ื•ื ื’ื ื– ื”ืื•ืจ) ื•ืœืจ' ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ: ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืœื•.
ืื‘ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืงืฉืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ืœื’ื ื™ื–ืชื• ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื,ื”ื ื–ื›',(ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ"ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ", ืงืฉืจื” ืฉื,ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื‘'.- ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ื ื’ื ื™ื–ืชื•) ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™'ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืžื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช:
ื. ื’ื ื™ื–ืชื• ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืžื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
ื‘. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘"ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื“ืจืฉืชื• ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื ื’ื ื– ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื(ื‘"ืจ ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื', ื™ื‘', ืžื‘', ืฉืžื•"ืจ ืคืจ' ืœื”', ื‘ืžื“"ืจ ืคืจ' ื™ื’') ื™ื—ืœื•ืง ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•?
ืืœื ื•ื“ืื™, ืฉื”"ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ" ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”' ื ืชืŸ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ืืขืค"ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื-ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ื—ื™. ื•ื"ื› ืœื ื”ื™'ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืœืงื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘"ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื” ื”ื™'ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืฉืš, ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืขืช.
ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื“ืจ"ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื“ืจืฉืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืื• ืจืง ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืช ื™ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ืœื™ืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื”ื™"ื ืฉื, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘"ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืžืข ืžืฉืžื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• (ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื•"ื  ื—"ื‘ ืคื›"ื• ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืจืžื– ื’' ืžืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘"ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืค"ืœ "ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ืŸ"-ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืคื“ืจ"ื ื‘' ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ) ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื–ื• ืœืฉื ื”' ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื”ื–ื•- ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ื”ื™'ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“...ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™...ื•ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.

[ ืื›ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื•ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: "ื•ื™ื‘ื“ืœ" ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™'ื™ืŸ-ื™ืžืฆืื” ื›ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ื‘ื” "ืœืžื™?". ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืกืงื ื•, ืฉื”ื™'ื” ื”ืื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื”-ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ื”ื™ืžื™ื-ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืฆืจื›ืช. ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ื–ื•, ืฉืืœื•:"ืœืžื™?" ื”ื™'ื™ื ื•: ืœืžื™ ื”ื™'ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื”ื–ื•. ื•ืžื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื.]
ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื.
(ืจืง ืฉืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขื ื™'ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื”"ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™?
- ื™ืขื•ื™'ื™ืŸ "ื ืกืคื—: ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ")
ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื, ืขืœ ืžืœืš ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื ื” ื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื•-ื ืฉืžืข ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื›ืืŸ ื›ืœืœ. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”- ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื”, ืืœื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš, ื›ืžืฉืœ ืœืžืœืš ืฉืžื™'ื™ืขื“ ืžื ื” ื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื•. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ืขื•ื“ ืื•ืจ (ืœืœื ื—ื•ืฉืš) ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื–ื”- ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.

ืœืฉืืœื” ื’' : ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื•ื™ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘" ื•ื›ืžื•: "ื•ื™ืจื— ืืช ืจื™ื— ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื—" ืฉื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื— (ืค' ื—' ืคืก' ื›ื') ื•ื›ืžื•: "ืืจื“ื” ื ื ื•ืืจืื” ื”ื›ืฆืขืงืชื”" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื—' ื›ื') ืฉื‘ืื™ืœื• "ื“ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื". ื™ืขื•ื™'ื™ืŸ ืžื•"ื  ื—"ื ืคืž"ื– ื•ื‘ืค' ื›ื•' ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ ืงืืคื— ื”ืขืจื” 1 ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉ"ืก.

ืœืฉืืœื” ื”': ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™'ื” ื—ื•ืฉืš ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœืชื. ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืืžืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”:"ื•ื™'ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™'ื”ื™ ื‘ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“". ื•ืžื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชืื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืžืจืช:"ื•ื™'ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™'ื”ื™ ื‘ืงืจ..."ื›ืœื•ืžืจ:ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”-ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื•ืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืœื™ื•ื, ืœื”ืคืš:ื“ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืื•ืจ, (ืกื•ืฃ ืคืก' ื“') ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื (ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืก' ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ "ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื...ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ" ื•ืžืชืื™ื ืจืง ืœืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“, ื›ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ืขืœื ื•ื‘ืคื“ืจ"ื, ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื ื‘ืจื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.) ื•ืžืกื™ืง ืฉื–ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื•ื’ื ื‘ืคืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืฉื ื™-ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘. ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘'.

ื™ืฉืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ: ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ืคืจืฉื• ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ืจืง ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื‘ ืขื“ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื"ื› ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื!
-ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ื–ื” ืงื™'ื™ื ื”ืคืก' (ื–ื›ืจื™'ื” ื™ื“' ื–') "ื•ื”ื™'ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”' ืœื ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื™'ื” ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘ ื™ื”ื™'ื” ืื•ืจ". ื”ื ื” ืฉื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื“ ืขืจื‘. ื•ื"ื›, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™'ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืืœ ื”ื‘ืงืจ.

ืขืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืืžืจ:"ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื ืชืœื• ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™":
ื”ื™'ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ื”ืจื™ ื›ืืŸ ื ืืžืจ "ื™ื”ื™ ืื•ืจ" ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ืืžืจ "ื™ื”ื™ ืžืื•ืจื•ืช" ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื!
ืืœื ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืžืื•ืจื•ืช,ื›ื“ื”ื•ืกืง, ื"ื› ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื ื‘ืจื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ.ืžืขืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืื•ืจื•ืช,ื‘ืฆื•ื•ื™ "ื™ื”ื™ ืžืื•ืจื•ืช...". [ ืืขืค"ื› ืžื•ืกื›ื,ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™'ื”. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื–ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื ื ืคืฅ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื›ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื‘ื’ืžืจื, ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ. (ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืงืฉื•ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืงืจืื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™'ื” ื‘ื‘"ืง ืค"ื’: ืฉื ื‘ื‘ืจื™'ื™ืชื ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื•ืื ื ืคืฉืš ืœืืžืจ..." ื•ืคื™' ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’"ืฉ-ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื, ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื. ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”: ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืคืจ' ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื', ื›ื‘' "ื ืชื™ื ื”" ืžืชืคืจืฉืช ื›ื›ืกืฃ: "ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื" ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘:"ืขื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืขื™ืŸ... ื›ืŸ ื™ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื•" ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื“, ื›'.)]
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il