ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
  • ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื–ืžื ื™ื
  • ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ
undefined
32 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื—ื ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื

ื - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืชืฉ"ื— ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื–ื›ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™, ื‘): "ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื“ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืœ ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื-ืœื•ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื-ืœื•ื”". ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’, ื ื’): "ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืจึทืฉืึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึดื™ืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึธื›ึถื ื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึธืจึถืฉืึถืช ืึนืชึธื”ึผ". 'ื”ื•ืจืฉืชื' ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, 'ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื' ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืžื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ืœื): "ื•ึดื™ืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึถื ืึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึดื™ืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ". ื•ื›ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”: "ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื-ืœ ื™ืชืขืœื” ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืœื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ืœื ื ืขื–ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื–ื•ืœืชื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืœืฉืžืžื”" (ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื“).
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฆื‘ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืจืฆื ื• ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”' ืขืœ ืขืžื•, ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ืœืืจืฅ, ื ื˜ืขื• ื‘ื” ืขืฆื™ื, ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืชื”, ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื›ื— ืžื’ืŸ, ื ืื‘ืงื• ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืื– ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืืžื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช. ืฉื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืขืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื™ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืกื“, ื˜): "ืขึธืจึตื™ ืงึธื“ึฐืฉืึฐืšึธ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืžึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธืจ" ื•ื™ืงืจืข ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชืŸ. ื•ืื ื”ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชืŸ (ื‘"ื™ ื•ื‘"ื— ืื•"ื— ืชืงืกื, ืž"ื ื, ืž"ื‘ ื‘).
ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืกืคืจื™ ืจืื” ื ื’). 1

ื‘ - ืืชื—ืœืชื ื“ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื
ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืกืจื” ื—ืจืคืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช. ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื“ื“ื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื•ืช, ืฉื•ื“ ื•ืจืฆื—. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืœืขื’ ื•ืงืœืก ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื›ืฆืืŸ ืœื˜ื‘ื— ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืœืžื›ื” ื•ืœื—ืจืคื”. ื–ืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืจื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื–ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื (ืขื™' ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•).
ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื ื‘ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื”': "ื•ึฐืœึธืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ื•ึฐืงึดื‘ึผึทืฆึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืึฒืจึธืฆื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึตื‘ึตืืชึดื™ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ืึถืœ ืึทื“ึฐืžึทืชึฐื›ึถื" (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•, ื›ื“). "ื•ึผื‘ึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึธืชึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉืึธื‘ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึธื˜ึฐืขื•ึผ ื›ึฐืจึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืคึผึดืจึฐื™ึธื" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืกื”, ื›ื). "ืขื•ึนื“ ืชึผึดื˜ึผึฐืขึดื™ ื›ึฐืจึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื”ึธืจึตื™ ืฉืึนืžึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื ึธื˜ึฐืขื•ึผ ื ึนื˜ึฐืขึดื™ื ื•ึฐื—ึดืœึผึตืœื•ึผ" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœื, ื“). "ื•ึฐื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื ึผึฐืฉืึทืžึผึธื” ืชึผึตืขึธื‘ึตื“ ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืฉืึฐืžึธืžึธื” ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ืขื•ึนื‘ึตืจ. ื•ึฐืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทืœึผึตื–ื•ึผ ื”ึทื ึผึฐืฉืึทืžึผึธื” ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื›ึผึฐื’ึทืŸ ืขึตื“ึถืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึถืขึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึถื—ึณืจึตื‘ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึฐืฉืึทืžึผื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึผึถื”ึฑืจึธืกื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐืฆื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ื™ึธืฉืึธื‘ื•ึผ" (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•, ืœื“-ืœื”). "ื•ึฐืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผืช ืขึทืžึผึดื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ื•ึผ ืขึธืจึดื™ื ื ึฐืฉืึทืžึผื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉืึธื‘ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึธื˜ึฐืขื•ึผ ื›ึฐืจึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉืึธืชื•ึผ ืึถืช ื™ึตื™ื ึธื ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื’ึทื ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึถืช ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ื”ึถื. ื•ึผื ึฐื˜ึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึธื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดื ึผึธืชึฐืฉืื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ืžึตืขึทืœ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื™ ืœึธื”ึถื ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื•ื”ึถื™ืšึธ" (ืขืžื•ืก ื˜, ื™ื“-ื˜ื•).
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืฉื•ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ืžืจื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื›ื™ ืื‘ื“ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•. ื•ืืฃ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ืก ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจื•: "ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ" (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืคื—, ื). ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืจืข ื”ื ืก, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ืงื. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ื•ืจื, ืฉื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชืขืฆื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืขืช ืฉื—ืจืจื ื• ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ.
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืžื”, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื—, ื): "ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืงืฅ ืžื’ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•, ื—): ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึถื ื”ึธืจึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืขึทื ึฐืคึผึฐื›ึถื ืชึผึดืชึผึตื ื•ึผ ื•ึผืคึถืจึฐื™ึฐื›ึถื ืชึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืื•ึผ ืœึฐืขึทืžึผึดื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื›ึผึดื™ ืงึตืจึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืœึธื‘ื•ึนื". ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™: "ื›ืฉืชื™ืชืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืื– ื™ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงืฅ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืงืฅ ืžื’ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ".
ื•ืืžื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ, ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื•ืœืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืžื“ื•ื ื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื—, ื) ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉืœ 'ืื—ื™ืฉื ื”' ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉืœ 'ื‘ืขื™ืชื”' ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืงืฅ, ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ืชืงื“ื ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘ ืขื“ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื”. ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ื ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื›ืš ื™ืชืžืชืงื• ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื™ื (ืขืค"ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจ). ื•ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื ื”"ื): "ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื’ืื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงืžืขื ืงืžืขื, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช, ื”ื™ื ืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช".
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืฉืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ืš ื”ื•ื: ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืชืงื‘ืฅ ืœืืจืฆื• ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื—ืœ ืœืชืช ืืช ืคืจื™ื”, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ืขืจื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”' ืจื•ื— ืžืžืจื•ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”. 2

ื’ - ื”ืฆืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื ื™ืฆืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื’ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืžืžื™ืชื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืขื“ ืื– ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉืจื“ืคื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ืžืื– ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”' ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื’ื•ื ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื. ื•ืืžื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”' ืฆื‘ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื— ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืฆื—. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื, ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืื™ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ.
ื•ืืฃ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื, ื•ืืฃ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืžืขื ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืฃ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื’ืžืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื” ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช. ืœื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ึดืจื‘ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”. ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืขืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืืฆืื™ื. ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืขืœืžื•ืช. ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื“ื™ืœื”, ื•ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื’ื ื”ืฆืœื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืึดืคืฉืจื” ืืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืืช ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช.
ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ื ืชืขื˜ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื.

ื“ - ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
ื ืืžืจ (ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘, ื–): "ื”ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึนืช ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ื‘ึผึดืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืึทื™ึฐืœื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืึดื ืชึผึธืขึดื™ืจื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึดื ืชึผึฐืขื•ึนืจึฐืจื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืชึผึถื—ึฐืคึผึธืฅ". ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื, ื), ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ื™ืžืจื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื - ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™. ืื—"ื› ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: "ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงืฅ, ื•ืฉืœื ื™ืจื—ืงื• ืืช ื”ืงืฅ, ื•ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื• ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœื ื•ื›ืจื™ื". ืขื•ื“ "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ: ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืื ืืชื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืื ืœืื• ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืจื›ื ื›ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื•ื›ืื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”".
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื™ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ 'ืžื’ื™ืœืช-ืืกืชืจ', ืœืžื“ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช "ืฉืœื ื ืžืจื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ืงื”", ื•ื–ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžื”. ื•ืžื›ืš ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื“ ื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื— (ื”ืฉื’ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื“).
ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื”"ืข ืขื”, ื’-ื”), ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ืื”"ืข ืขื”, ื•). ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืื’ื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฅ ื•ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืœื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื. ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ืขืงืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื”, ื™ืขืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื” ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื–ื™ ื”ื”ืขืคืœื” ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื•, ืืœื ื ืขืœื” ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืชื•ืš ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืœืช 'ืื—ื™ืฉื ื”'.
ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื’ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฆื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื•ื›ืš ืื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืื—ืจ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืŸ ืจืžื•, ื›ื™ "ืกืจ ืคื—ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช". 3

ื” - ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืœื”' ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฉื•ืขื”, ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ - ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื—ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืกื— ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื”, ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื ื• ืžืžื™ืชื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื (ืขืค"ื™ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื“, ื). ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื–ื” ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื). ื•ื‘ืืจ ื”'ื—ืชื-ืกื•ืคืจ' (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื•"ืก ืจืœื’, ื•ืื•"ื— ืจื—), ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืืœื ืฉืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืœืชืฉื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื–ื›ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื”ื. ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืจืื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื—ื’ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ 'ืคื•ืจื™ื-ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜', 'ืคื•ืจื™ื-ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”'. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ืจ"ื ืืœืฉืงืจ (ืกื™' ืžื˜), ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืงืฃ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืจืขื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ืžื ื’ื ืื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ืž"ื ืชืจืคื•, ื”, ื•ื"ืจ ืฉื). 4
ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื ืจืื˜ื”: "ื”ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื [ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ], ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช [ืฉื”ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ] ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืœื—ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ืก ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืขืชื ื• ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื ื•, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ" (ืฉื•"ืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื—"ื ื›ื). 5

ื• - ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืœ
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื”ืœืœ' ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœืœ ืœื”' ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืžื ื•. ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืกื—, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ื”' ืขืžื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื (ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืคืจืง ื˜): "ื•ืžื” ืจืื• ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœืœ? ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืขื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืขื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื—, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขื–ืจื (ื’, ื™ื) ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึฒื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทืœึผึตืœ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื”ื•ึนื“ึนืช ืœื”' ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื•ื’ื•'".
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™ื–, ื), ืฉืื—ืจ ื ืก ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, "ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ื•ืคืจืง ื•ื›ืœ ืฆืจื” ื•ืฆืจื” ืฉืœื ืชื‘ื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืฉื ื’ืืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœืชืŸ". ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”.
ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ืก ืฉืขืฉื” ื”' ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืฆืœื ื• ืžื”ืฆืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืฆืจืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื–ืจื™ื, ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”. 6
ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื‘"ื”, ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื ืก ืื—ืจ. ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ืื ืœื ื ื•ื“ื”, ื ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื—"ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื‘ืื• ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืฉืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืžืœืš ืืฉื•ืจ ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฆื‘ื ืขืฆื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื ืคืœ ืœืžืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืื ื•ืฉื”. ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื”', ื•ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืจืคืื• ืžืžื—ืœืชื• ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืืช ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืœื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ืืš ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืœื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืœืœ, ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœืชื•. ืืžืจื” ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: "ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžื” ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืืžืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ืš ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื• ืžืฉื™ื—, ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืชืขืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื™ื—?! ืœื›ืš ื ืกืชืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ". ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืจืฆืชื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืกื ื’ืจ ืขืœื™ื•, ืืš ืœื ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืื‘ื“ื” ื”ืฉืขื”. ืืžืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื: "ืื•ื™ ืœื™ ืื•ื™ ืœื™ ืขื“ ืžืชื™?" (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื“, ื).
ื•ืืฃ ืื ื•, ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืœืœื ื•: "ืฉื ื ืก ืœืงื‘ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•", "ื•ืชื•ืœื™ื›ื ื• ืžื”ืจื” ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ืœืืจืฆื ื•", ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชืคื™ืœืชื ื• ืœื ื ื•ื“ื”?! ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื•, ืžื–): "ื”ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ืขึตื ื•ึผ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื•ื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืงึทื‘ึผึฐืฆึตื ื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืœึฐื”ึนื“ื•ึนืช ืœึฐืฉืึตื ืงึธื“ึฐืฉืึถืšึธ ืœึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื‘ึผึตื—ึท ื‘ึผึดืชึฐื”ึดืœึผึธืชึถืšึธ". ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืฅ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ื ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื ืงื•ื“ืฉื• ื•ื ืฉื‘ื— ืืช ืชื”ื™ืœืชื•?!

ื– - ื”ืื ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืœืœ ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื—ืžืฉื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื: ื) ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืœืœ ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื ืก ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืžืงืฆืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘) ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
ื’) ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื”. ื“) ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ืืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื ืก ื’ืœื•ื™ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื ืก ืคืš ื”ืฉืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื”) ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™"ื– ื‘ื›ืกืœื• (ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ).
ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื• ืžืงืฆืชื, ื”ื•ืจืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื ืชื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฆืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืคื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืžืกืคืจื ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื ืชื›ื ืกื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ื‘ื›"ื” ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืœ"ื“, ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืขื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘', ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•.
ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ืืœื ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ืืจื• ืฉื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื’). ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื•ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื”. 7

ื— - ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื ืจืื˜ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ืชืฉื•ืขื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืžื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื”ื ื” ื•ืฉืžื— ืžืชืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ. ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืจื ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'.
ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ืจ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื, ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื•ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœืžื—ืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืœืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฆืื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื. 8
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื• ืชืฉื•ืขื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืคืกื— ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”. 9

ื˜ - ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื ื“ื—ื”
ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื: ืฉื ื™, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฉื‘ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืื• ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ืกื™ื• ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื™ื—ื’ื’ื• ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ (ื’' ืื™ื™ืจ ืื• ื“' ืื™ื™ืจ). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ื“ื—ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•' ืื™ื™ืจ. ื™ื•ืฆื ืื™ืคื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•.
ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื—ืฉืฉ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ืœื•ืœื‘. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ืื•ืœื ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืื• ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื•ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื', ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžื ื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจืคื—, ื•, ืž"ื‘ ื™ื—, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื–, ื”). ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื•ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืงื ื, ื“; ืชืงื ื“, ื™ื˜).
ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืงื ื”, ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื—ื•ื’ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืขื”. 10
ืื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืงื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ ืคืงื™ืขืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืฉืจืืฉื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื - ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ.

ื™ - ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื›ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”' ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื” ืขื•ื–ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืจืกื™ืกื™ื ื•ื ื—ืœื• ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืขื™ืžื ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื ื›ื•ื—ื”, ืื ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•, ืจืื” ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจืชื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’, ื˜ื•): "ื›ึผึดื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื•ื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึผึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืงึถืจึถื‘ ืžึทื—ึฒื ึถืšึธ ืœึฐื”ึทืฆึผึดื™ืœึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืœึธืชึตืช ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืคึธื ึถื™ืšึธ". ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ืก ื’ืœื•ื™.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ื•ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื ืก, ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื ื˜ืจืžืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื™ืกื™ื, ืืช ื™ื•ื ื›"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืชืงื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื•ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื” ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. 11

ื™ื - ื’ื™ืœื•ื—, ืชืกืคื•ืจืช, ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื•ืกื›ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื’ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชื ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื—, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื—ื• ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื—ื’ ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืกืคื•ืจืช, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืขืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉืื– ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื”. 12
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ื ื˜ืจืžืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื ื™ืกื™ื, ืฉื’ื ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ืคืกืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ (ืขื™' ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื‘-ื“). ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืชื” ืฉื›"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืก ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ื (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ื, ื–, ื•ืขื™"ืฉ ื›ื, ื‘, 1).

ื™ื‘ - ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ
ืžืฆื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืจื•ืš ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื ืคื˜ืจ, ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื• (ื™ื•ืจืฆื™ื™ื˜) ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื•, ื•ื‘ื ื• ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืชื•. ื•ื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื–ื›ืจื” ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืชื•.
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืคืœื™ื. ืื ื ื™ืฆื—ื• - ื—ื’ื’ื•, ื•ืื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• - ื”ืชืื‘ืœื• ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืชืงื ื• ืฆื•ืžื•ืช. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืขืžื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื’ืœื•ืช. ื’ื ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืœื ื ืชืงืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืจืง ืขืœื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ, ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื• ื›ื‘ื” ื ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื•ื”ื ืื—ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘. ื•ื”ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืื™ืš ื ืงื‘ืข ื™ื•ื ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืฉืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ?
ืืœื ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืขืจืš ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื›ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืจืืฉื ื‘ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืชืืจื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืงื•ื“ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืขืœ ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืš ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืคืœื™ื - ืฉื”ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื. ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื ืฆืจืคื• ื•ื ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ. ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ: ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช - ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื , ื). ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ - ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ. ื”ื ืžืชื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืืจื•ืš - ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืืชื ื•. ื”ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื‘, ื): "ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื".
ื‘ืžื•ืชื ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”ื ื”ืชืขืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืžืกืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืชื•. ื•ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืชืชื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื.
ืœื“ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•, ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ื›ืจืช ืขื‘ืจื• ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื ืœื—ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืขืฉื” ืืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื ื•ืช. ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืชืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉื, ื”ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืชื ื›ืžื•ื•ืช ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœื•ืงืœ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• - ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœืœ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœืžืขื ื• ืžืกืจื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื ืคืฉื.
ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื. ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืœื ื• ืฉื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืืจืฆื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขื ื•. ื•ืžื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ื•ืœืื•ืจื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื - ืžื›ื•ื—ื. ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื™ืžื™ื - ืžื›ื•ื—ื. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื - ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื›ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื - ืฉืœื”ื. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžืจืฅ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื, ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืจืงื™ืข ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื.
ื›ืš ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ื ืฆืžื—ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• - ืืœ ืชื™ื›ื ืขื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื—ื. ืืœ ืชืจื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ืจืืฉื›ื, ืืœื ื–ืงืคื• ืืช ืงื•ืžืชื›ื ืžืื•ื“, ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื. ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื›ื ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืคืง ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ื’ื ืื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื“ืžืขื•ืช, ืืœื• ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ึผืœื”.

ื™ื’ - ืฆืคื™ืจื” ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ
ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” "ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฆื‘ื-ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืชื ื• ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืคืœื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืงื•ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื›ืจื ื•ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื". "ื™ืงื•ื™ืžื• ืื–ื›ืจื•ืช, ืขืฆืจื•ืช ืขื, ื•ื˜ื›ืกื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš; ื”ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืชื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชื™ืคืกืง ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื". ืœืงื™ื•ื ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ืฆืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ืฆืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืช ื“ืงื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืฆืคื™ืจืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช. ื”ื˜ื›ืกื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”.
ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ื”ื•ืขืชืง ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•, ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื—, ื’): "ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึปืงึผึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื ืœึนื ืชึตืœึตื›ื•ึผ". ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ืขืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื›ื•ืœื, ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื: ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื•ืขืœืช, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื•ื ืืžื•ื ื” ืชืคืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื (ืžื”ืจื™"ืง ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืคื—, ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ ืงื ื—). ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• ื•ื”ืจืž"ื (ื‘"ื™ ื•ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืขื—, ื). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื‘ืžื ื”ื’, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. 13
ื•ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœ ืœื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”. ืื•ืœื ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื›ืชื‘: "ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืจื” ืœื—ืœืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื". ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืฉื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืขื ื•ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจื” (ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘, ื“): "ืืœ ืชืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ". 14

ื™ื“ - ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื”
ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื›ื™ ื‘ื›"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื "ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื”", "ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื”ืžื™ื˜ื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืขื ื–ื›ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืžืจื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื". "ืชื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชื™ืคืกืง ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื; ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ืžื• ืื–ื›ืจื•ืช, ืขืฆืจื•ืช ืขื, ื•ื˜ื›ืกื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš; ื”ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ; ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื™ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื". ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ืกื™ื.
ืื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื›"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœื”ืœื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชื›ื˜, ื‘) ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืกืคื“ื™ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื ืฉืžื•ืช (ืž"ื‘ ืชื›ื˜, ื—). ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืขื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื”. ืืœื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ืฆื•ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื.
ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื• ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— 'ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช'. ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฉืืœืชื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื ื• ื•ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื”, ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ. ืฉื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืขืžื ื• ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื™ืง. ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื, ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช. ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง: "ื•ึฐื›ึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึฐืขึทื ึผื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ื›ึผึตืŸ ื™ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื™ึดืคึฐืจึนืฅ" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื, ื™ื‘). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื˜ื›ืกื• ืขืฆื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื•, ืขื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื‘ - ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”. ืื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ืจื, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืœื ื™ืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”' ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ืžืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื.




^ 1.. ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืชื™ื• ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“, ื•ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ' (ื‘ื—"ื 'ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื ื•', ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืขืž' ืจืžื•-ืจื , ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขื™' ื‘ืขืž' ืงืก-ืงืกื‘, ื•ื‘ื—"ื‘ 'ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื™"ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ืขืž' ืฉื ื–-ืฉืกื—). ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืžืฆื™ืชื. ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ (ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“) ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ (ืฉืค"ื–), ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื›ื•ืคื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™, ื‘), ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื”"ืข ืขื”, ื’-ื”). ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื ื‘ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื“ืขืช ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื "ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”", ืื•ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืขื ื“ืขื” ื–ื•, ืืœื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ืขื” ื›ืชื‘ื” (ื›"ื› ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื™ื•"ื“ ื›ื—, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืขื™' ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื, ื•ื—ืช"ืก ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืœื“). ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ืžืœื›ื• ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื•, ื•ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืชื ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื ืœื‘, ื; ืฆื“ืงื” - ื‘"ื‘ ื˜, ื; ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช - ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื˜, ื; ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ - ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื’, ื‘; ืฉื‘ืช - ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื ืค"ื’ ื”"ื˜; ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืคืื”). ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื“ื•ื—ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช'. ืฉืื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ื‘ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš - ื™ืงื ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™', ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—, ื‘, ื•ื‘"ืง ืค, ื‘, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื™ื’ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจ"ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื˜ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืืกืžื›ืชื (ื•ืžื”ืกืž"ื’ ืืฃ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”).
ื•ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื›ื•ื‘ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื›ืŸ ื ืคืฉื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชื›ื”.
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื ืžื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื™"ื’, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืจื›ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืจืฉื™ื• ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืงื "ื’. ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืจืงื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืก' ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืจื‘ ื–ื™ืกื‘ืจื’ ื—"ื ืขืž' 201-249).
^ 2.. ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ 'ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”', ืœ'ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ื—"ื ืขืž' ืจืกื-ืจืขื‘, ื‘ืืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืงื•ื“ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืื—"ื› ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืœ ื”'. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืงืฆืชื. ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ืœ, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื›ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื” 'ืขื“ ื”'' ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืจืื” ื•ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ืื—"ื› ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื—"ื› ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” 'ืืœ ื”''. ื•ื‘ืืจ ืขืค"ื™ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืจืฅ (ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื–, ื‘, ืฉื“ืขืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืืœื ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ ืžืœืš ืงืฉื” ื›ื”ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื”. ื•ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉืชืง. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข. ื•ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•, ื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื”, ื›ื—. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืขืจื™ื (ืฉืขืจ ื•, ืคืจืง ื˜). ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขืž' ืจืขื’-ืจืขื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจืื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืชื—ืœืชื ื“ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืฉืกื”, ืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”' ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื–ื” ืžืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ืงื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืข"ืค. ื•ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื—, ื‘, ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืžื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื— ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจื• "ื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืื™ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื”". ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืื-ื”ื‘ื ื™ื-ืฉืžื—ื”', ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”-ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”' ืœืจื‘ ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ 'ืงื•ืœ-ื”ืชื•ืจ', ื•ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขื™' ื‘'ืื™ืœืช-ื”ืฉื—ืจ' ืœืจื‘ ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ, ื—ืœืง ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
^ 3.. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืž' ืงืขื”. ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืจืฉ"ื™ ืคื™ืจืฉ "ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžื” - ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื”". ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื‘ื "ื– ื™ื•"ื“ ืชื ื’, ืฉืื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื”. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืื-ื”ื‘ื ื™ื-ืฉืžื—ื”' ืขืž' ืงืžื–-ืงืžื—, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื•"ืœ ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ (ื•ืขื™"ืฉ ื‘ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช). ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื‘'ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืจืขื“-ืขืจื”. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ 'ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”-ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”' ืžืœื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืืชื—ืœืชื ื“ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืขื™"ืฉ ื‘ืขืž' ืงืขื”-ืงืขื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืขื’ ื•ื”ืœืื”.
ื’ื ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืจืฆื• ืœืคืจืฉ ืื—ืจืช ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื’ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื‘'ืื‘ื ื™-ื ื–ืจ' ื™ื•"ื“ ืชื ื“. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”ื. ื•ื‘'ืคื ื™-ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข' ืขืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื˜, ื‘, ืžืฉืžืข ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืฉืœื ื‘ืื” ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืœื ืขืœื• ื›ื—ื•ืžื”, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืœื›ื”. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืœืื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื), ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื‘ืœ. ื•ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื ื”ื•ืจืื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื‘'ื“ื‘ืจื™-ืกื•ืคืจื™ื' ื™ื“, ื’ื ื”'ืžื’ื™ืœืช-ืืกืชืจ' ื™ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื ื—ืœืช-ื™ืขืงื‘' ืœืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–ื™ืกื‘ืจื’ ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' 715-815.
^ 4.. ืืžื ื ื‘ืคืจ"ื— ืื•"ื— ืชืฆื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™"ื“, ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ืžื”ืจ"ื ืืœืฉืงืจ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื’ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ืช"ืก ืื•"ื— ืงืฆื, ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื’ื™ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื”ื—ืช"ืก ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื›' ืื“ืจ ('ืคื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜') ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืงื‘ืข ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื•ืœื–ืจืขื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืชื• ืžื”ืกืขืจื” ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื (ื›ืœืœ ืงื ื” ืื•ืช ืžื). ื•ื‘'ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ-ืขื‘ื“ื™' ื—"ื– ืื•"ื— ืžื“ (ื™ื‘) ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื–ื” ืคืกืง (ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื—"ื— ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช ื“) ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™, ื™, ืจ"ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจ"ื™ ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื—, ื).
^ 5.. ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื•ืœื ืจืื˜ื” (ืฉืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืช ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ), ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื•"ืช 'ืงื•ืœ-ืžื‘ืฉืจ' ื—"ื ื›ื (ื‘-ื’), ื‘ืจืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื•"ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื—ืฉืฉ 'ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ', ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•"ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืชื ื™ื•"ื˜ ืฉืœื ื ืชืงืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืชืงืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•"ื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”. ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื• ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ืจืฉื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื–, ื), ื”ื•ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื ืจืื˜ื”, ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื. (ืืžื ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื ื—ืœืงื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืฆื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื). ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ืช"ืก ืื•"ื— ืงืฆื, 'ืžื™ื”ื•', ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ 'ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ' ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ื•"ื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื—ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื•"ื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืข"ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื' ืœืจื‘ ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ื• ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ื•"ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. โ†
ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉืืœื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื ืชื™ืงืŸ ื—ื’ ืขืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš, ืฉื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื ืชืงืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ (ืคืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืขืœ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘) ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘ ื ืชืงืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืข"ืข ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืขืจื” 7.
^ 6.. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืค"ื™ ื”"ื•): "ื›ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื›ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ืชื”ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื”", ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ื”ืœืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” (ื›ื’, ื™ื‘) ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื: "ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœืืžืจ, ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื ืกื™ื". ื•ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื“, ื), ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช: ื) ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœ ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื‘) ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ: ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืœ. ื’) ืจื‘ ืืžืจ: ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืœ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื ื’ื ืžื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ. ื•ื ืก ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื ื• ื’ื ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืœืœ.
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืžื™ืจืชื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื”ืœืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ืกื— ืคืจื˜ื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืชืงื ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืคืจืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ื ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืœ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื”). ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืœืœ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ (ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ื›ื•, ื), ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื ืก, ื›ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ื•ืื—"ื› ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืžื”ื—ืช"ืก ืื•"ื— ืจื—, 'ื•ืž"ืž', ื•ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื•"ืก ืจืœื’, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื”.
^ 7.. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื ืจืื˜ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืœืœ ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ (ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื—"ื ื›ื): "ื•ื™ืคื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื ืก ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื•ืืœืžืœื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื•ื ืก ื–ื” ืžืฉืš ืื—ืจื™ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืžื•ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชื ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช". ื•ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืืจ, ืฉืจื•ื— ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื ืก (ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—"ื ืขืž' ืจืžื—-ืจืžื˜), ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืงื•, ื, ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื. โ†
ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ื“ืื™ื” (ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื—"ื• ืื•"ื— ื™), ืืฃ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืืœ ื‘, ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœื ืื™ืจืข ื ืก ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื”. ื•ื’ื ื”ืกืชืคืง ืขืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•"ื˜, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืื• ื‘ื™"ื– ื›ืกืœื• (ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ) ื‘ื• ืื™ืฉืจ ื”ืื•"ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืขืค"ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช, ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉืœ"ืฆ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ ื—"ื• ืื•"ื— ืžื) ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืก ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœื ื—ืœื”, ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืืฉ (ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืืœืฃ ืชืฉืกื˜), ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืžื•ืจ (ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”). ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืฉืืฉ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืจืข"ื™, ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืžื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœื‘ืจืš ื™ื‘ืจืš, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ ืœื‘ืจืš ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš (ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืžื’ืŸ ื—"ื’ ืกื’, ืกื•). ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœืœ. ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื•ื”ืจืืฉืœ"ืฆ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•. ืืœื ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืจืš ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื• - ืจืฉืื™ (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' 901-903).
ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžื‘ืืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืก ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื˜ื”. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื“"ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื'). ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื™"ื ืฉื ื’' ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ 'ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ื›ื”' ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก 'ื‘ื ืื•ืจืš' ืื•ืช ื‘' ืœืจื‘ ืฉืจืงื™, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘, ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื ื”ื’ื• ื™ื•"ื˜ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื•ืช (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื, ื’), ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื• ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื, ื), ื•ื›ืฉื’ืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื, ื“). ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื ืชืงืŸ ืจืง ืขืœ ื ืก ืคืš ื”ืฉืžืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื”ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื ืก. ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืืขืค"ื› ืงื‘ืขื• ื™ื•"ื˜. ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืžืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื ืฆืจ ืžื˜ืขื™ ืกื™' ืœื•. ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—"ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ 'ื“ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”' ืขืž' 82.
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' 841, ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 33, ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืฉืคื™ื–ืื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ ืฉื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ, ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืืœื ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžืกืจื” ืœื”ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉื, ืฉื–ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื ืคืกืงื• ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืฉื ืขืž' 890 ื”ืขืจื” 6). ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ, ืฉืกื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœื ื‘ืจืš, ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ: "ื—ืกืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”'ื•ืฆื•ื•ื ื•' ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช".
ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืžื“ืจืฉืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™"ื˜, ืžืขืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืจืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืฉื ื˜-ืฉืก): "ืคื ื” ืืœื™ ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืืœื ื™, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ืชื™ืจื• ืœื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช? ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ ืœื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืœื” ื•ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื”ื™ื. ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื•ืœื—ืจืคืชื ื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”' ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืžื—ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ืฉืžื— ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืžื‘ืจืš ื•ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉืžื— ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš. ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืขืžื• ื•ื ื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœื• ื™ืืžืจื• ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื - ืฆื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื ื”ื’ื ื• ื›ืคืกืง ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• 'ืงืœื•ื™ื–' ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ - ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืช ืขืชื”, ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื•ืœื‘ื•ืฉืชื ื•, ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื”... ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื ื”ื’ ืืฃ ืื ื• ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ืœื•".
ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืฉืœื ืงื‘ืขื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชืงืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืžื— ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘'. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืื– ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืž"ืž ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”.
^ 8.. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื ืจืื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื—"ื ื›ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืž"ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืจืฆื‘, 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื’ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื”. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืื˜ื”, ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœืœ, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื‘"ื— ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”, ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื—ืช"ืก ืื•"ื— ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ืื ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืชืœื™ืชืื” ืื•"ื— ื›ื’. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื•, ื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ื›ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืžืขืœื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคืงืคืง ื”ืื ื”ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—"ื• ืžื‘, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื”ื‘"ื™, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ื ืจื™ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
^ 9.. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืฅ 'ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช' ื“, ื”ืขืจื•ืช 7, 8, 17, 18. ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ' ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ืขื–ืจื ื”ื™"ื“, ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืžื”ืจื‘ ืฉืจืงื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ืง ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืžื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื•ื›"ื› ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืจื™ื” (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘'ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื'), ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืคืกื—, ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ืื“ืจื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก 'ืฉื—ืจ ืื”ืœืœืš'. ื•ื”ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœ ืคืกื— ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื ืก, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉืคืจืกื ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘' ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ. ืื•ืœื ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืŸ. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืœืจื‘ ืจืืฉื™, ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘' ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”.
^ 10.. ื›ืš ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”. ืืžื ื ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“). ืื•ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื’. ื•ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื• ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ (ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™), ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืขื™"ืฉ. ื•ืื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืืžืจื• 'ืื‘ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื' ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ื™ืจ, ืข"ื›. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืž"ืž ืœื ื™ืืžืจื• 'ืฆื“ืงืชืš' ืื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ืื ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื“. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืž' 898-899 ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•. ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 33 ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืืœืคืกื™, ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ 'ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื' ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืฉืžืขื• ืžื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืกื™ืงืชื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื ื“ื—ื”, ื‘ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืฉืืจ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื•.
ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจืื™ื” ืื•"ื— ืชืจืคื—, ื, ืฉืชืงื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื–ืžื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื“ื™ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื•ืขืคื™"ื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืš ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
^ 11.. ืขื™' ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช' ื—"ื‘, ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืฅ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืž' 974-5. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื' ืขืž' ืฉืค"ื– ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื‘ืขืž' ืงื›ื”, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ื ื˜ืจืžืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื ืก, ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื ืก. ื•ืฉื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืชืฉื•ืขื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ืงืคืœืŸ ืฉื ืขืž' ืจื“. ื•ืขื™"ืฉ ื‘ืขืž' ืกื ืžืืžืจ ืžื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ืœื™ืฆืงื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืœื ืฉื”ื ืก ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื›ืฉื›"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืœืœ.
^ 12.. ื”ืจืืฉืœ"ืฆ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืชื‘ (ืกืคืจ 'ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื' ืขืž' ืฉืœื“-ืฉืž), ืฉื›ืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• (ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืคืจ"ื—). ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ืจ"ื— (ืจื“ื‘"ื–, ื™ืขื‘"ืฅ), ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจ"ื— ืคืœืื’'ื™ (ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื•) ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื ืก ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ื‘ื”ื. ืข"ื› ืžื”ืจื‘ ื ื™ืกื™ื. ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื—, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืจืื” ืื‘ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื–. ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื•, ื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ื•ืœื™ืฉื ืืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื•ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ื•ื ืจืื• ืื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื: "ื”ึทื›ึผึธืจึทืช ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืขึธื ึฐืชึธื” ื‘ึผึธื", ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”'. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' 877-882.
ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ , ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืฉื ื‘ืขืž' 900 ื”ืขืจื” 37, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืœืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ืืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” - ื™ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•.
^ 13.. ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืœืžื ื”ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืขื ืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืฉื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืชื™ืคืœื•ืชื (ื—"ื ืงืœื, ื™ื’, ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืขื—, ื–). ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž"ื ืื•"ื— ืชืฆื“, ื’, ื•ืž"ื ืชืฆื“, ื”. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉืžืฅ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
^ 14.. ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื–ื•ื˜ืจืชื (ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘) ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘, ื™ื: "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืฆื... ื”ืœืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ืœื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืชื ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ืืœ ืชืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื™, ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืืฉืชื”, ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ ื ืคืฉื™, ืืœื ื™ื”ื ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•". ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื: "ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืชื ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ืืœ ืชืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื•ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืื›ืœ ื•ืฉืชื”, ืฉื ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืžืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ (ื’ื—ืœื™ื) ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืืœ ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื ื—ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืชื ื™ื ืื™ื“ืš: ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืขืจ ืืœ ื™ืืžืจ ืื“ื ืืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืืฉืชื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ ื ืคืฉื™, ื•ืื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื›ื‘, ื™ื’-ื™ื“): ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืฉื‚ึธืฉื‚ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื”ึธืจึนื’ ื‘ึผึธืงึธืจ ื•ึฐืฉืึธื—ึนื˜ ืฆึนืืŸ ืึธื›ึนืœ ื‘ึผึธืฉื‚ึธืจ ื•ึฐืฉืึธืชื•ึนืช ื™ึธื™ึดืŸ, ืึธื›ื•ึนืœ ื•ึฐืฉืึธืชื•ึน ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึธื—ึธืจ ื ึธืžื•ึผืช, ืžื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•: ื•ึฐื ึดื’ึฐืœึธื” ื‘ึฐืึธื–ึฐื ึธื™ ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ืึดื ื™ึฐื›ึปืคึผึทืจ ื”ึถืขึธื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืขึทื“ ืชึผึฐืžึปืชื•ึผืŸ".
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืจืš ื’' ืขืž' 388. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ื™ื•"ื“ ื›ื’. ื•ื‘ืขืฉื” ืœืš ืจื‘ ื“, ื“, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื• ืืœื ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืจืš ื“', ืขืž' 125. ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™, ืฉื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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