ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืืจืฅ ืื’ื“ื”
  • ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ - ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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1775
7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืช ื™ืงื•ื˜

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื (ื) ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืจืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
"ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืžื•ึนืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉืึปืขึท... ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื”' ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื™ึทืขึฒืœึถื”... ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึฐืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ืึธื—ึดื™ื• ืขึฒืœึตื” ืึดืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึฐื’ื•ึนืจึธืœึดื™... ื•ึทื™ึผึดืœึผึธื—ึฒืžื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื‘ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืœึฐื›ึผึฐื“ื•ึผ ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผึทื›ึผื•ึผื”ึธ ืœึฐืคึดื™ ื—ึธืจึถื‘ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึธืขึดื™ืจ ืฉืึดืœึผึฐื—ื•ึผ ื‘ึธืึตืฉื: ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ื™ึธืจึฐื“ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึฐื”ึดืœึผึธื—ึตื ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึฐื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืฉืึตื‘ ื”ึธื”ึธืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึผึถื’ึถื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืคึตืœึธื”: ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืึถืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฉืึตื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ... ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™ ื™ึนืฉืึตื‘ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ืœึนื ื”ื•ึนืจึดื™ืฉืื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึดื ึฐื™ึธืžึดืŸ ื•ึทื™ึผึตืฉืึถื‘ ื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึดื ึฐื™ึธืžึดืŸ ื‘ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”:"

ื. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืงื“ื™ื, ืฉ"ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชืžื•ื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉ"ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ" ืœื ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื• ืืช "ื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™ ื™ึนืฉืึตื‘ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื"? ื•ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื• "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื?

ื‘. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.
ืœืคื™ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื”ืชืจืฉืœื• ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื• ืืช "ื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™ ื™ึนืฉืึตื‘ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื". ืืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ื˜ื•, ืกื’) ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: "ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ืœึนื (ื™ื•ื›ืœื•) ื™ึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืจึดื™ืฉืึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึตืฉืึถื‘ ื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื‘ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”". ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื• ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉื”ืชืจืฉืœ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™. ืžื” ืคืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช?
ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืคื ื—ืก ื‘ืŸ ื™ืื™ืจ (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื“ืฉื, ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืขืž' 486) ื ืืžืจ, ืฉื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช; ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืืš ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” ืžื•ื›ืจื—ืช; ืจื•ื— ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื ื•ืชืจื” ืงืฉื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• (ืฉืงืจื•ืื™ื "ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื") ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื.
ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื (ืฉื”ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื). ื›ืžื•, ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื (ืฉื”ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื). ื•ืื ื›ืš, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืืฉืžืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืžืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”?
ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืจ! ืžื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ "ืœึนื ื™ื•ื›ืœื•" ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืงื•ื‘ืข ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ - ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™! ืžื” ืคืฉืจ ื”"ื”ืืฉืžื”" ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• โ€“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”?!

ื’. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ืฉ"ืึทื—ึทืจ" ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ืืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ื™; ื™ื; ื™ื“; ื˜ื•); ื•ื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื - "ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข! ื•ืื ื›ืš ืงืฉื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• "ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืžื•ึนืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉืึปืขึท"?!

ื“ื™ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื
ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืจืžื– ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื "ืš ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืชืจื’ื "ื“ึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”"; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, "(ื”ืื ืฉื™ื) ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”". ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื”ืจื’ืœื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึฐืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ืึธื—ึดื™ื• ืขึฒืœึตื” ืึดืชึผึดื™" โ€“ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื: "ื•ืืžืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื—ื•ื”ื™ ืกืง ืขืžื™". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืกืžื•ืš: "ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดืชึผึตืŸ ื”' ืึถืช ื”ึทื›ึผึฐื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึดื–ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ึธื" โ€“ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ: "ื•ืกืœื™ืงื• ื“ึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ืžืกืจ ื”' ื™ืช ื›ื ืขื ืื” ื•ืคืจื™ื–ืื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื•ืŸ".

ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืชืžื•ืจื” (ื“ืฃ ื˜ื–, ื) ืžืจืžื–ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื:
"ืชื ื, ื”ื•ื ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ืฅ, ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื• - ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื—ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•".

ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืจืžื–ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ - ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืขืชื ื™ืืœ. ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ, ืฉืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืฉืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื” ืœืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื; ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ืคืจืฉื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”.

ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ื‘ืžืืžืจ "ื”ืื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื" ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืจืžื– ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชื•ืจื”; ืฉืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’ ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ - ื”ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืกืžืœื™ืช, ืฉืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• "ืชืื•ื•ื”" ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื "ื›ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื" - ื•ืœื”ื™ื’ืืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื’ืฉืžื™ืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจืฆื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืฆื—ื• ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื’ื•ื’ ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื™ืžื• - ื‘ืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื. ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช; ืืœื ืฉื’ื•ื’ ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื "ื‘ืื™ื" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื! ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื; ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื "ื‘ืขืœื•ืช" ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื”.

ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ 1 , ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ; ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื - ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข; ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืขืชื ื™ืืœ, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ื•ืขื™ื, ื•"ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ืช" ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื•, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื’ื•ื™ื™ื" ื•ื›ืžื• "ืžืชื™ื". ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ื‘ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ โ€“ ืœืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืงืช. ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข โ€“ ืืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœ"ืžืช" ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืœืื—ืจ "ืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข". ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ.

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืกืžืœ ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ("ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึฐืงึธื“ึฐืฉืื•ึน"); ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืงื™ืจื• ืืช ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื•ืืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” 2 , ื‘ืžืืžืจ "ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ" ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื’ื ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืกืžืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”; ื•ืืœื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกืžืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืฉื ื›ื ืข ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืขื•ืกืง ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื - ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื‘ื ืชื• ื–ื”ื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื!
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” - ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช - "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”". ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืืœื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื˜ื•ืจื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™; ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”"ืžื–ื‘ื—" ื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘"ื—ืœืงื•".

ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”" - ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืช "ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ"
ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”" ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืช "ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ"; ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื’ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื "ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื". ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืขืœื”" ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉ"ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ื‘ึถื–ึถืง" ืฉื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืชื—ืชื™ื• "ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ื ืžึฐืœึธื›ึดื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื’ึผื•ึนื’" ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ "ืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื". ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ืžืจืžื–, ืฉ"ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ื‘ึถื–ึถืง" ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืืช "ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืจื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช"; ื•ืžืžื™ืœื, ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ืชืœื• ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืžืœ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื "ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ". ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™-ื‘ึถื–ึถืง ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ื’ื ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื’ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื; ืืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (=ืขืชื ื™ืืœ) ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื—ื™ื• ื ืฆื—ื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื ืงืฆืฆื• ืืช ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื• โ€“ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืฉืœืžื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืกืžืœ, ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™. ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ืช ื‘"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”" ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืœืš ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข.

ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™-ื‘ึถื–ึถืง ืœ"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" โ€“ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ"ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ืจืง ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”" 3 . ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืจื›ื• ืขืชื ื™ืืœ (=ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”) ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ - ืฉืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื. ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืจื›ื• "ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ืฉื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“; ืืš ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืชื ื™ืืœ (=ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”), ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ื’ื ื”ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”" ื•ื’ืจืฉื• ืžืฉื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ" ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”; ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืž"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”" - ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ("ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™") ื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื. 4

ื”ืžืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœ"ืกืคืจ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ"
ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืขืจืš ืืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ. ืืš ืกืคืจ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข; ื•ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื‘"ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข" ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืชื‘ื• 5 . ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ - ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ (ื˜ื•, ืกื’): "ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ืœึนื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื™ึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืจึดื™ืฉืึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึตืฉืึถื‘ ื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื‘ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”". ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืคืœื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื”, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืจืžื–, ืฉ"ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - "ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื•" ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”" 6 .
ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชื, ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœ"ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™" โ€“ ื’ื ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืž"ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื•ื™ื™ืช"; ื’ื ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ! (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื 7 ).
ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉ"ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืื™ื ื ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. "ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ (ืฉืžืกืžืœื™ื ืืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”) ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ืฉ"ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ืž"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”".
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘"ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ" ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืกืง ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”.

ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจ ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข - ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœ"ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™", ืžืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื”ื ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืžื™ ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื•, ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื "ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™" ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื.

ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืืœื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจ "ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ืžื™ื“ื™ "ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™", ื•ื‘ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืืจื•ื ื” "ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™". ื•ื‘ืขื–ื”ืฉื™"ืช ื ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.


^ 1.ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ (ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 'ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื' ืžืก' 173): "ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื (ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื) ื›ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ - ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช (ืฉื”ื™ื) 'ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•'... ื”ื›ืจืช ื”'ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•' ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’. ืจืžื– ื•ืกืžืœ ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืืช ื’ื•ืืœ ืฆื“ืง...". ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชื•ืจืฆืช ื’ื ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”"ืคืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง" (ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžื™ื ื™ - ืื•ืช ื˜), ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืกืงื ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
^ 2.ื›ืš ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื’ื ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื "ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ืจ".

^ 3.ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืฉืœืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉืžื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื’) ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒืจึธื ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืื•ืชื: "ื•ึทืชึผึฐื”ึดื™ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”'ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึนื˜ ืึถืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึทื™ึผึตืฆึตื ืœึทืžึผึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดืชึผึตืŸ ื”' ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ื•ึน ืึถืช ื›ึผื•ึผืฉืึทืŸ ืจึดืฉืึฐืขึธืชึทื™ึดื ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒืจึธื...". ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื: "ื•ืฉืจืช ืขืœื•ื”ื™ ืจื•ื— ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžืŸ ืงื“ื ื”' ื•ื“ืŸ ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ...". ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืจืžื– ืฉื’ื ืฉื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื‘ื•ืื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉืžื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”' " ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื– - ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ "ืจื•ื— ื’ื‘ื•ืจื", ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื: "ื•ึทืชึผึฐื”ึดื™ ืขึทืœ ื™ึดืคึฐืชึผึธื— ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”'" (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื˜); "ื•ึทืชึผึดืฆึฐืœึทื— ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”'ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉืึทืกึผึฐืขึตื”ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึทืกึผึทืข ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™" (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื“, ื•); "ื•ึทืชึผึดืฆึฐืœึทื— ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”' ื•ึทื™ึผึตืจึถื“ ืึทืฉืึฐืงึฐืœื•ึนืŸ" (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื“, ื™ื˜); "ื•ึทืชึผึดืฆึฐืœึทื— ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”'ื•ึทืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื™ื ึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนืชึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึทืœ ื–ึฐืจื•ึนืขื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื›ึผึทืคึผึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื" (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•, ื™ื“); "ื•ึทื™ึฐืกึทืคึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืœื•ึน ืึถืช ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื™ ื™ึธื‘ึตื™ืฉื: ื•ึทืชึผึดืฆึฐืœึทื— ืจื•ึผื—ึท ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืฉืึธืื•ึผืœ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึฐืขื•ึน" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื, ื”-ื–). ืื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ืฉืŸ - ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ "ืจื•ื— ื ื‘ื•ืื”", ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจืžื– ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื‘ื•ืื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.
^ 4.ื˜ืขื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ื›ืœืคื™ "ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ", ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืจื•ืžื–ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื•ื– (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื, ื›ื‘-ื›ื•), ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ ืžืืžืจ "ืœื•ื– โ€“ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืžืช".
^ 5.ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจ"ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืขืœื”" ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืกืžืœ ืฉืœ "ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ"; ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ"ื”ืื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื" ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ "ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืชื ื™ืืœ.
^ 6.ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช (ื“ืฃ ืงื˜, ื‘): "ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืœื ืชื•ืจื” - ...ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื•".
^ 7.ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ (ืชืงื•ื ื ืชืœืชื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืขื’, ื‘): "ื›ืœ ื—ืกื“ ื“ืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืจืžื™ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื›ืœ ื—ืกื“ ื“ืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืจืžื™ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ"; ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ (ืชืงื•ื ื ืฉืชื™ืชืื”, ื“ืฃ ื›ื‘, ื): "ื•ื™ืชืขืจื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื ื•ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื... ื“ื›ืœ ื—ืกื“ ื“ืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืจืžื™ื™ื”ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ".
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ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ

ืขื•ืจืš ืžื“ื•ืจ ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”.
ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ - ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื
ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ - ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
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    ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื”

    ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ืชื ื•

    ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•" ื•ื”ื—ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื ื“ืจื™ ื”ื ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื” ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจ"ืŸ. ื“ืจืš ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืœืš" ื•ื”"ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื", ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื, ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื•ืื•ื ืก ื ืขืจื”, ื•ืžื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืœื ืชืขืฉื”" ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"

    ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื•ืฆืืช-ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช โ€“ ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ืืœื•ืงื™ื™ื

    ืžื” ืจืื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช? ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืคืจื”? ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื’ืœ?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื™ ื–ืื’ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    5 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื—ื•ืงืช - ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื™ื›ื˜ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”

    ืœื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    47 ื“ืง'
    ื ื“ืจื™ื

    ืžื™ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘"ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืœ" ื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ืื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืจ ?

    ื ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ื˜"ื•.

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื ืชื— ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ (ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ื˜"ื•) ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืœ" ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžื ื›ืกื™ื•. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืคืœืจ), ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื’ื“ืจื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื ื“ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื ื” ืขืฆืžื•, ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื• ืœื ื™ืชื—ืœืœ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกื‘ืจื’ | ื›"ื– ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ืงืจื—

    ืงื•ืจื— - ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืงื•ืจื—, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉืชื• ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ | ื›"ื— ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    37 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”

    ืคืกืงื” ืœ' - ืœ"ื

    ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” | ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช | ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ | ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ | ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉืœืืจ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช |ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืช ืœืœืื•ื.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    51 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”

    ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื”''ื‘

    ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘''ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘''ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื”''ื‘. ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ, ื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ | ื›"ื˜ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค''ื•
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    ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ

    ืืœ ืชืขืฉ ืขืฆืžืš ื›ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื

    ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืชืคื“ื” - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

    ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช | ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ | ืžืชืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ ืœื• ืœื | ืžื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ | ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ื™ื“ื” | ืžืฆื™ืœ ืขืฉื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ืขืฉืงื• | ืคืชื— ืคื™ืš ืœืื™ืœื

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    38 ื“ืง'
    ืžืœื›ื™ื - ื”ืจื‘ ืขื™ื“ื• ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™

    ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

    ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ืคืจืง ื›"ื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื›"ื‘ - ืœ'

    ืœืžื” ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ? ื•ืžื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื? ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ - ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื•ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืื ื›ืŸ - ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื? ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื?

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื™ื“ื• ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

    ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื' , ืœ"ื— - ืœ"ื˜

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื”. ื”ืฉื’ืช ื ื—ืžื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื”.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื›"ื– ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ืคืœื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืœื. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืชืชื’ืœื” ืข"ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ- ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช- ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื” ืคืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื›"ื“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    29 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื— ื•ืขื“ืชื•

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืงื•ืจื— ื—ืœืง ื‘''

    ืงื•ืจื— ืคื’ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื ืฉืžืชื• ืขื“ ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•. ืงื•ืจื— ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื”ืจื•ืŸ. ืžืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื— ื•ืขื“ืชื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื—ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืœื ืžื™ื“, ืื• ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืฉืžืฉื” ืจืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืžืฉื” ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืงื•ืจื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื›"ื• ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจื— ื”ืขื– ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ?

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืงื•ืจื— ื—ืœืง ื'

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืงื•ืจื— ื—ืœืง ื'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื›"ื” ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ื•ึฐืœึนื ื”ึฒืจึตืขึนืชึดื™ ืึถืช ืึทื—ึทื“ ืžึตื”ึถื. ืขืœ ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ืงืจื—

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 605

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 605

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช: ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื˜ืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ - ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ืงืจื—

    ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื™"ื’ ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื ืžื’ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš | ืขึฒืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” ื“ึฐึผื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื ึดื‘ึฐืจึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืจึถื‘ ืฉึทืื‘ึธึผืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืžึธืฉืื•ึนืช ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืคึดึผื™ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ. ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื‘ืจื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื‘ืจืื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช | ื•ึทืชึดึผื‘ึฐืœึทืข ืึนืชึธื ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึธึผืชึตึผื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ׇึผืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึฐืงึนืจึทื— ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ׇึผืœ ื”ึธืจึฐื›ื•ึผืฉื. ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ׇึผืœ 'ืจื›ื•ืฉื'. ื”ืื ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— ืฉืขืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืžืชื• ื ื™ืฆืœ? | ื•ึทืึฒื›ึทืœึถึผื” ืึนืชึธื ื›ึฐึผืจึธื’ึทืข. ืœืžื” ื ืงื˜ ื›ึฐึผืจึธื’ึทืข. ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’'

    ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™- ืจื’ืฉื™., ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ - ืžืขืฉื™. ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืงืจื™ื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืื™ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื›"ื” ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il