ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืคืŸ, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” Antwerp, Belgium
ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื“

ืืกืคืงืช ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื

ืฉืืœื”
ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืคืฉ. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื "ืœ ืงื•ื ื” ืื• ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื™ ืžืฉื ื”. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจ ื‘' ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจ ื‘' ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจ ื‘' ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ื”.
ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ื‘', ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืœื ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื• ืืช ืื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืชืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื•.
ืœืžืจ ื‘' ื™ืฉ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืฉืชื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืขืกืง ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”:
ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ื‘'.
ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืขืกืง ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง.
ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื ืžื›ืจืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื™ื”.
ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง.
ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืกืคืง ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืงืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื›ืจื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ื•ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื โ€“ ืืฃ ืื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื™ืขืœื• ื’ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—, ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” "ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช" 1 .
ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช; ืื• ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ 2 .
ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื”, ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช 3 .
ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื "ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช 4 . ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช (ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™) ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืงื‘ืœืช, ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืงื‘ืœืช.
ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช 5 .



^ 1. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื™ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืชืขืกืง ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ืื—ื“ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ "ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช", ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืง (ื•ื’ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช), ืฉืื– ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืคื™ืง ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืจืžื“; ืกื™' ืจืžื–). ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืกืงื™ื• ืœื’ื•ื™, ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืกื™' ืจืžื’).
ืื ื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืฉื›ืจื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืคืง ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื ืฉืืชื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืจืง ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช). ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืกื™' ืจืžื“ ืกืข' ื•) ืžื•ื‘ื ืžืงืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืจืž"ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื (ืกื™' ืจืžื” ืกืข' ื”).
^ 2. ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื "ืœ (ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•), ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ื—ื• (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืกื™' ืจืžื’ ืกืข' ื), ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงืœ, ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื:
ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืกื™' ืจืžื“ ืกืข' ื•) ื ืคืกืง ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ื•ืืžื ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืคืกื“ ื›ื™ ืื ืžื ื™ืขืช ืจื•ื•ื—, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืฉื) ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืจื•ื•ื—, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืฉื ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื, ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืคืกื“ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืค ืกืข' ื•).
ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื (ืกื™' ืจืžื’) ืฉื›ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช (ืื• ืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื•) ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืชืœื• ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืคื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช. ื•ืื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”" (ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกื™' ืจืžื’) ืฉื ื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ืืš "ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ("ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช" ืื•ืช ืœื“) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืœื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืžืฆื“ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ืื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื (ืื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื) ืืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ.
ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ โ€“ ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ืคื™ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ืโ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืกื™' ืจื ื‘ ืก"ืง ื›ื”; ืกื™' ืจืžื’ ืกืข' ื).
^ 3. "ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืกื™' ืจืžื” ืก"ืง ื›ื). ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ" ื•ืฉื•"ืข (ืกื™' ืฉื– ืกืข' ื’) ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ืžื ื—ืช ื›ื”ืŸ" ("ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช" ืฉ"ื ืคืจืง ื“), ืืš ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ. ืืš ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื”, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืกื™' ืฉื– ืก"ืง ื˜ื•), ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœืขื™ืœ โ€“ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืืช ืขืกืงื™ื• ืœืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื "ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฃ ืื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
^ 4. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื‘ืช, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ:
ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื’ (ื ืกื™' ืกื”), ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ" (ื– ืกื™' ื›ื—), ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืืš ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื‘ืช.
ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ืœืขื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืื—ื“ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืจื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื•ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžื”"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืกื™' ืจืžื“ ืก"ืง ืœื’).
ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื‘ืช, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”" (ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™' ืจืžื“).
ืฉื•"ืช "ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช" (ื“ ืกื™' ืœื‘-ืœื’) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžื“ืขืชื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื‘ืช.
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืกืงื™ื• ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ื•ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ), ืื ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘"ื”ื‘ืœืขื”".
^ 5. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœืคื ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ" (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื), ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื:
ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ืื ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™), ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ื’ืžืจื (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื™ื“ ืข"ื) ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื ื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉืืฃ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” โ€“ "ื'ืœืคื ื™' [ืขื™ื•ืจ] ืžืคืงื™ื“ื ืŸ, ื'ืœืคื ื™ ื“ืœืคื ื™' ืœื ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืŸ". ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•: ืื™ื ื ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ, ืื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื’ืจืžืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ (ืฉื ื“"ื” ืืœืคื ื™ ื“ืœืคื ื™).
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ "ืœืคื ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ" ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ "ืžืกื™ื™ืข" ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื ื). ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ "ืžืกื™ื™ืข" ื‘ืžื•ืžืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉ"ืš (ืฉื ืกืง"ื•) ื•ื‘"ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืžืจื‘ื‘ื”" (ืฉื). ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”" (ืœืจื‘ ื "ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ), ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืœืคื ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ" ื•"ืžืกื™ื™ืข", ื•ื›ืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœืคื ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ", ืฉืœื ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืจืž"ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื). ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ "ืœืคื ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ", ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืืฃ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ืื• ืžื•ืžืจ, ืืš ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื’ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื "ืœ ืœื ื ืืกืจ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืืœื ื›ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื• ื•ืžื—ื–ืงื•, ืืš ื›ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”, ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช "ื”ืœืขื™ื˜ื”ื•..." (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืกื˜ ืข"ื).
ืขืฆื ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœืคื ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ". ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืกื’ ืข"ื) ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื (ืฉื).
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il