ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืืžืจื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื
  • ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื’ืžืจื
  • ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™
  • ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช
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17 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื‘.]โ€
ืžืชื ื™ืชื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš.
ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™, ืืš ืžื‘ืจืš ืจืง ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
ื ืก ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื‘.]โ€
ื•ื ืกื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื• ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš? ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื™ืงืจื™ ืงื”ืœ - ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš, ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื”ืœ - ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ - ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื”.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื‘.]โ€
ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ (ืจืฉ"ื™: ืข"ื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื ื™ ืœื”ื•), ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ื ืจืข, ื”ื˜ื‘ืช ื—ืœื•ื - ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื”:โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื” ื”"ื [ืœื–:], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ - ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื”:โ€
ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื’ ื”"ื [ื›ื“.].
ืจื™ืงื ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืš ืžืœืื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื–.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื‘.]โ€
ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืืŸ (ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช) ืฉืจื™ืงื ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืš (ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ) ืžืœืื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื›ืœืœ.
ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื–:โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื‘.]โ€
ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ื—ืžืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืจืื” ืคืจืช ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืจืื” ืžืจืงื•ืœื™ืก ื•ื›ื•', ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ ื ืฆืจ ื•ื›ื•', ืžืงื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ืืฉ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•', ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืขืคืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื˜ืื˜ืืชื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืื˜ื ื”ืฉืžื“ (ื•ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื”).
ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืจืื” ืคืจืช ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช" ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉืขื”", ื•ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ.
ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื—.โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื’ ื”"ื [ื›ื’:], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื‘:]โ€
ืจื‘ ืืžืจ: ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืืชื” ("ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”'"), ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืžืจ: ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืืชื” (ืืœื ื“ื™ ื‘"ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”'").
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ืฉื ื”ืฉื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื‘:]โ€
ื”ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื™ื•"ื“ ื”"ื (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื•ืžืจ "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”'") ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื•"ื“ ื”"ื (ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื•ืžืจ "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”'") ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื—ื›ื, ื‘ืืœ"ืฃ ืœืž"ื“ (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื•ืžืจ "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ืืœืงื™ื ื•") ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืืœ"ืฃ ืœืž"ื“ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืจ (ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“), ื‘ืืœ"ืฃ ืœืž"ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื•"ื“ ื”"ื ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ (ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื”), ื‘ื™ื•"ื“ ื”"ื ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืืœ"ืฃ ืœืž"ื“ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช (ื ื–ืจืงื” ื‘ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืฉื).
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื ืื” "ืฉื›ืš ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•" ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื—:โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืค"ื ื”"ื˜ [ื—.], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื‘:]โ€
ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืœืื™: ื›ืžื” ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื? ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ: ื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ? ืœื›ื• ื•ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืฉืืœ ื ื ืœื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•', ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืื• (ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื) ืืœื”ื™ื ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ, ืืœื ืœืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื (ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“) ืืœื”ื™ื ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืืžืจื• ืœื™ื”: ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื (ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืืช ืืœืงื™ื. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ: ืืœืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื)! ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ: ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืื• ื›ืชื™ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืœื ื‘ืจื. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืœืื™: ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืคืจืงื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ืŸ (ืฉืžื”ืคืกื•ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื). ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื•: ืžื” ืื”ืŸ (ื–ื”) ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ืื“ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื™ื ื• ื›ื“ืžื•ืชื™ื ื• (ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื)? ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ: ื•ื™ื‘ืจืื• ืืœื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ, ืืœื ื•ื™ื‘ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื•. ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•: ืœืืœื• ื“ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงื ื”, ืœื ื• ืžื” ืืชื” ืžืฉื™ื‘? ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ: ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืคืจ ื•ื—ื•ื” ื ื‘ืจืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืื“ื ื•ืื™ืœืš ื‘ืฆืœืžื™ื ื• ื›ื“ืžื•ืชื™ื ื• - ืื™ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื ืืฉื”, ื•ืื™ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืืฉื” ื‘ืœื ืื™ืฉ, ืื™ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ("ื‘ืฆืœืžื™ื ื• ื›ื“ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•" ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืื‘ ืœืื ื•ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื”).
ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื—: ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื. ืืš ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืœืืœื• ื“ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืœื ื• ืžื” ืืชื” ืžืฉื™ื‘", ืืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉ"ื‘ืฆืœืžื•" ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ 1 .
ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ืจืื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’.]โ€
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื•ื›ื•' ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ืจืื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื›ื•' ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขื•ืœืžื• (ื›ืœ ื”ืจืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ื›ื•') ื•ืื“ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื•.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจื— ืžืคืจืขื” ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’.]โ€
ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืชืคืก ืคืจืขื” ืืช ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื– ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื•ืงื”ืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ื•'. ืจื‘ื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ืชืจ: ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื ืชื– ื”ื—ืจื‘ ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืกื ืชื™ืจื• (ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’) ื•ื”ืจื’ืชื• ื•ื›ื•'. ืชื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืงืคืจื: ืžืœืืš ื™ืจื“ ื•ื ื“ืžื” ืœื”ืŸ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืืš ื•ื‘ืจื— ืžืฉื”. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™: ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ืจื— ืžืฉื” ืžืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื” ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืื™ืœืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื”ืŸ ื—ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืกื•ืžื™ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœืื™ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืžืจ ืœื—ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœืกื•ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ืŸ.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ื”ืฆืœืช ื™ื•ื ื”, ื—ื ื ื™ื”, ืžื™ืฉืืœ, ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’.]โ€
ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื”ืจื™ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชืš, ืืžืจ ื”ืจื™ ืื ื™ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืื ื™ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœืš ืœืžื™ื - ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื” ืžืžืขื™ ื”ื“ื’ื” ื•ื›ื•', ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืœื—ื ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉืืœ ื•ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ืืฉ ื•ื›ื•', ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžื’ื•ื‘ ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ืœื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœืžืœืื›ื™ื ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’.]โ€
ืื ื‘ืืช ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฆืจื” ืœื ื™ืฆื•ื•ื— ืœื ืœืžื™ื›ืืœ ื•ืœื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ, ืืœื ืœื™ ื™ืฆื•ื•ื— ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ืžื™ื“.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื, ื•ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœืžืœืื›ื™ื (ื“ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ื—"ื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืกื™' ื ืื•ืช ื‘ ืขืžื•ื“ 288, ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงืกื•, ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคืจืง ื™ื‘).
ืœื”ื™ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘"ื” ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’.]โ€
ื•ืžื” ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืœื” ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ, ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืœื” ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ.
ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื, ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื—. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจ - ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืš, ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืื›"ื•.
ืข"ื– ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื˜ืขื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’.]โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื (ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™) ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืค"ื’ ื”"ื [ื™ื—:], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ื ืขื ื” ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’:]โ€
ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืจืฉืช ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืขืžื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืกืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืžื“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื™ืจืืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืงื•ืจื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื•ื. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื• ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื• ื›ืœื•ื ืืžืจื• ืœืื•ืชื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™: ื‘ื ื™ ืงื•ื ืงืจื ืืœ ืืœื”ื™ืš, ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื” ืืชื›ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžื™ื“ ืขืžื“ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื• ื•ืฆืขืง, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื•ืฉืชืง ื”ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืœื™ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืจื“ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื•. ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืœืื•ืชื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง: ืœื™ืช ืืช ื‘ืขื™ ืžื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืš ื›ืœื•ื? ืืžืจ ืœื”ื•ืŸ: ืžื” ืืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืŸ (ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื™, ืฉืื ื™) ืื›ืกื ื™ื ืขืœื•ื‘ื”. ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืืช ืื›ืกื ื™ื ืขืœื•ื‘ื”? ืื™ื ื•ืŸ (ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื) ืื›ืกื ื™ื ืขืœื•ื‘ื”, ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื•ื˜ืขื•ื•ืชื”ื•ืŸ (ืืœื™ืœื™ื”ื) ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื•ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื•ื˜ืขื•ื•ืชื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžื™, ื•ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื•ื˜ืขื•ื•ืชื”ื•ืŸ ืขืžื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื”ื ื•ืŸ (ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื) ืœื”ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื”ืŸ (ืžืงื•ื) ื“ืืช ืื–ืœ ืืœื”ืš ืขืžืš.
ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ืืœ ื™ืคืชื— ืื“ื ืคื™ื• ืœืฉื˜ืŸ - ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืก.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’:]โ€
ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื’ ื”"ื [ื›ื“.].
ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื™, ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืก:โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’:]โ€
ืชื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉืœืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืื ื™ ื’ื•ื™, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืื ื™ ืืฉื”. ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืื ื™ ื’ื•ื™ - ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ื•, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจ - ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืจื ื—ื˜ (ื—ื˜ื), ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉืื ื™ ืืฉื” - ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช.
ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื’: ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื• 2 , ืืš ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื™" - "ืฉืขืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (ื•ื’ื ืฉื ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื (ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื "ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื™", ื•ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœ"ืฉืขืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ"). ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื‘ื•ืจ" ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื•ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืžื‘ืจืš "ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ื“" 3 . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ืืฉื”.
ื‘ืจื›ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืก:โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื’ [ื™ื“.], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื“ืขืชื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื—.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืกื’:]โ€
ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื ื“ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื—:โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื“.]โ€
ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืžืจ: ื—ื›ื™ื ืื ื ื‘ืฉืงืงื™ ืฉืžื™ื (ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื) ื›ืฉืงืงื™ ื ื”ืจื“ืขื ืงืจืชื™, ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืŸ ื–ื™ืงื (ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜) ืœื™ืช ืื ื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื. ื•ื›ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ื? ืืœื ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื™ ื™ืกืคืจ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”.
ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื, ืืš ืœื ืฉืืœ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
ื ื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ืจ - ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื—:โ€
ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื [ื˜.].
ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื˜.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื“.]โ€
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–"ืœ ืฉืืœ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื™: ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืขื•ืช (ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”) ืœืขื•ืœื? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'. (ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื:) ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืชื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงืจืงืกื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื— ื•ืฉืื ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื•ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื• ื—ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื•ืŸ (ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื™ืœ) ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื: ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื“ืžืขื•ืช, ืกื•ืคืง ืืช ื›ืคื™ื•, ืžืชืื ื—, ื‘ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืจืงื™ืข, ื“ื•ื—ืง ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• 4 .
ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉืงืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื“.]โ€
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–"ืœ ืฉืืœ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื™: ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืงืฆื™ื ื•ืจืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•? ืืžืจ ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื‘ืจืื•, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ืžื” ืืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš - ื”ืจื™ ืื ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ืžืŸ, ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš - ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืขื•ื“ ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš - ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ืจืขื”, ืคืฉืคืฉ ืœืขืœื•ืงืชื”, ื ื—ืฉ ืœื—ืคืคื™ืช, ืฉื›ืœื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืกืžืžื™ืช ืœืขืงืจื‘.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืงืฆื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ืืš ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช (ืขื–:).
ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื“:]โ€
ื‘ืฉืœืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฆื ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ (ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื”) ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•: ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื™ื•ื‘.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ื›ื”ืŸ ืœืข"ื– ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื ื• ืฆืจื” ื‘ื”, ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงืœืงื•ืœื• ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื“:]โ€
ื•ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” - ื ื•ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™, ืื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื ืœืื• ื‘ืŸ ืžื ืฉื”. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื™ (ืœืคื ื™) ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ: ื›ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื? ืืžืจ ืœื•ืŸ: ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื ื• ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื•. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื ื• ืจืขื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื•? ื”ื•ื” ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ืืชื™ ืœืžื™ืงืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืจ ืื• ืื™ืžืจ ืื• ื’ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืคื™ื™ืกื™ื” ืขืœื™ (ืืžืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ืขืœื™ื•), ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืžื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืš? ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืœื ืื•ื›ืœืช ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืชื” ืœื ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืžืจื™ืขื” ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ื—ื™ื™ืš ื•ืžื” ื ืขื‘ื™ื“? ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืื–ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื™ ื—ื“ ืคื™ื ืš ื“ืกื•ืœืช ื•ืืชืงื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ื™ ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืชืงื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื•ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื›ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ื“ืืชื™ ื•ืื ื ืžืคื™ื™ืก ืœื” ืขืœื™ืš (ื”ื‘ื ืกื•ืœืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืื›ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืืคื™ื™ืก ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš). ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื–ื™ืœ ืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื” ืื›ื™ืœ ืœื•ืŸ (ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•). ื–ื™ืžื ื ื—ื“ื ืืชื” ื—ื“ ื‘ืจ ืคื—ื™ืŸ (ืื“ื ืจื™ืง ื•ื’ืจื•ืข), ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื›ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” (ืœื›ื”ืŸ): ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื›ืœื•ื, ืืช ืžื” ืืช ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื›ื (ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”)? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ (ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคืจื ืกืชื™). ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืžื“ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœื— ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ืื‘ื - ืžื›ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืืœ ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืœื ืืžืจ ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ืžื›ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืจื” ืœืš ื•ืืœ ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืงื•ืžื•ืก ืขืœ ืชื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื•ืช (ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช) ืฉืœื•. ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช - ืฉื‘ื•ืืœ ืฉืฉื‘ ืืœ ืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื•, ื ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื• ืขืœ ืชื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืžืชื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ! ืืžืจ ืœื•ืŸ: ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืช ื“ื•ื“ ืขืžื“ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื—ื™ืœืฃ ืกื ืงืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื) ืฉืœื•, ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงื™ืœืงื•ืœื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื–ืงืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื•ื’ื•' ืืžืจื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื (ืื•ืชื• ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืจ).
ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืงื˜: ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื ื• ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืงืœืงื•ืœื• 5 . ื•ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื (ืงื™. ื“"ื” ืฉืฉื‘) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื”.
ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืงื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืชื• ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื˜.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื”.]โ€
ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื—ืžื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื” ื•ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื” ื•ืืช ื”ืจืงื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื™ื”ืจื• ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื•ื ื”: ื”ื“ื ื“ืชื™ืžืจ (ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ) ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื”.]โ€
ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื” ืื•ืžืจ (ืžื‘ืจืš) ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืขื“ ืื™ื›ืŸ (ืžืชื™)? ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจ ืื—ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™: ืขื“ ืฉืชืจืื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžื˜ื” (ื—ืฆื™ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื), ืจื‘ื™ ืื—ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื ื ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™: ืขื“ ืฉืชืชืžืœื ืคื’ื™ืžืชื” (ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœื), ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื“ืงื™ืกืจื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืŸ: ืขื“ ื™"ื“ ื™ื•ื, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืŸ: ื•ื™ืื•ืช (ื ื›ื•ืŸ), ื›ืœื•ื ืžืชืžืœืืช ืคื’ื™ืžืชื” ืืœื ืขื“ ื™"ื“ ื™ื•ื, ื”ื (ืœื›ืŸ) ื›ืœ ื™"ื“ ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš.
ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื: 6 ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ืžื‘ืจืš ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”.
ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื”.]โ€
ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” (ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ) - ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจ: ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ ืืฉื™ ืืžืจ: ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืžื“. ื•ืžื˜. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื•ื ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื—:โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื”.]โ€
ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ? ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื• ื•ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืกืคืจื›ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืชื›ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขืคืจ ืžืขืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื: ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืœืง ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืกืคืจื›ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืœื” ืขืคืจ ืžืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื.
ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื ื•ืกื— ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืืžื ื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืœื” ืขืคืจ ืžืขื™ื ื™ื›ื" ืื™ื ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™.
ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉืช, ื‘ืงืขื” ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืžืœืื™ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื‘ [ืกื”.]โ€
ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื™ ืœื ื ืจืืชื” ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงืขื” ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืชืžืœืื™ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืžืœืื”.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืขื”. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื–: ืืžืจ ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืงืฉืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื ืจืืชื”.
ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื˜:โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื’ [ืกื”.]โ€
ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื (ืื‘ื) ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื (ืื‘ื) ืžืืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืื—ื: ืงื ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื ื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘, ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื (ื—ื“ืฉื™ื) ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืขืจื•ืžื™ื.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ื›ื— ื“ื”ื™ืชืจื ืขื“ื™ืฃ - ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืก.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื’ [ืกื”:]โ€
ืœื ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืœื ืจืง ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•), ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื—ืงื™ื (ืฉืงื ื” ืื•ืชื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื) ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื• (ื•ืžื‘ืจืš).
ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื ื”ื›ืœืœ "ื›ื— ื“ื”ื™ืชืจื ืขื“ื™ืฃ", ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื 7 .
ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ื˜:โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื’ [ืกื”:]โ€
ืงื ื” (ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื) ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘.
ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘. ื•ื”ืชื•ืก' (ื“"ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™) ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื–ื”.
ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื•ืœื‘ ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื’ [ืกื•.]โ€
ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื›ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”, ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ืกื•ื›ื” ืœืฉืžื•, ื ื›ื ืก ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื• ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” ืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” ืขื•ื“. ืžืขืชื” ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื•ืœื‘, ืœืื—ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื•ืœื‘ ืœืฉืžื•, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘ ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ื•ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื•. ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื–ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉืžื•, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืงื‘"ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื–ื”. ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ื•', ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื•', ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ื•', ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื•', ื ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื›ื•'.
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” 8 ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจ ืžืฆื•ื” 9 . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” 10 , ืืœื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืŸ ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” 11 .
ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื’ [ืกื•.]โ€
ื”ืžืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืงื‘"ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื•'.
ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœื–: ื‘ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื“ืžื™ืœื” (ืฉืคืจืง ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื”).
ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื’ [ืกื•.]โ€
ืžืฆื•ืช ืื™ืžืชื™ ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ? ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืืžืจ: ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ, ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ืืžืจ: ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ. ืืชื™ื ื“ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื“ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืืœ: ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืชืงื™ืขื” ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ืœื”, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื” ืื™ืช ืœืš ื—ื•ืจื™ื™ (ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ) ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ (ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื) ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืœื•ืฅ, ื•ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื‘ื” (ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•) ื•ื›ื•'. ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”? ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืืžืจ: ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜, ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื•ืจืื™ ืื•ืžืจ: ืžืฉื™ืฉื—ื•ื˜.
ืคืกื—ื™ื ื–: ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”.
ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืชืœื“ ื–ื›ืจ, ืจื—ืœ ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืก.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื’ [ืกื•:]โ€
ื“ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื ืื™ ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ (ืœื ื™ืชืคืœืœ ืฉืชืœื“ ื–ื›ืจ), ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืŸ - ื™ืฆืœื™ (ื™ืชืคืœืœ), ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื ื” ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ. ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื“ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื ืื™: ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื”, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืคืœืœื” ืจื—ืœ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื ืงื‘ื”.
ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืคืœืœ ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื•ื•ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช 12 . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืœืื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืœื ืจื—ืœ.
ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืจืš ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืก.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื“ [ืกื•:]โ€
ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืจืš ืžืชืคืœืœ ืฉืชื™ื ื•ื›ื•' ื”ื“ื ื“ืืžืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื” (ื‘ืขื™ืจ) ื’ื•ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš. ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื - ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš.
ืœื ื—ื™ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื 13 .
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืคื ืœืจืคื - ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืก.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื“ [ืกื•:]โ€
ื”ื‘ื™ื (ื›ืืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืคื”.) ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” "ื•ืจืคื ื™ืจืคื" - ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืคื ืœืจืคืื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื›ืœืœ.
ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื–.]โ€
ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”' - ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื•.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ื‘ืจื™ืืช ืื“ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื” - ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื–.]โ€
ื›ืืŸ (ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช) ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื ืฆืœืข ื”ื™ื ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืื• ื–ื ื‘ 14 , ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ืจื ืจืง ืื—ื“ 15 . ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื‘ื•ื‘ - ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื.โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื–.]โ€
ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš - ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืจืข ื•ื›ื•'.
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื 16 .
ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื–.]โ€
ืฉื‘ืขื” ืคืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ: ืคืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื›ืžื™, ื•ืคืจื•ืฉ ื ื™ืงืคื™, ื•ืคืจื•ืฉ ืงื™ื–ืื™, ืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื” ื”ื ื›ื™ื™ื”, ืคืจื•ืฉ ืื“ืข ื—ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื•ืืขืฉื ื”, ืคืจื•ืฉ ื™ืจืื”, ืคืจื•ืฉ ืื”ื‘ื”. ืคืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื›ืžื™ - ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืชืคื (ื ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื• ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช), ืคืจื•ืฉ ื ื™ืงืคื™ - ืืงื™ืฃ ืœื™ (ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืœื™) ื•ืื ื ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฆื•ื”, ืคืจื•ืฉ ืงื™ื–ืื™ - ืขื‘ื“ ื—ื“ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ืขื‘ื™ืจื”) ื•ื—ื“ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžืงื–ื• ื—ื“ื ื‘ื—ื“ื, ืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื” ื”ื ื›ื™ื™ื” - ืžืืŸ ื“ืื™ืช ืœื™ ืžื”ื ื ืžื ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืžืฆื•ื” (ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืช ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”), ืคืจื•ืฉ ืื“ืข ื—ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื•ืืขืฉื ื” - ื”ื™ ื“ื ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ืช ื“ืืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ื•ื•ืชื” (ืืžื•ืจ ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™. ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœืจืขื”), ืคืจื•ืฉ ื™ืจืื” - ื›ืื™ื•ื‘, ืคืจื•ืฉ ืื”ื‘ื” - ื›ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื›ื•'.
ืกื•ื˜ื” ื›ื‘: ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœืจืขื”), ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืœืžืกืงื ืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืคืš ื™ืฆื”"ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘, ืืš ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื™ืฆื”"ืจ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื–:]โ€
ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฉื” ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื˜ื•ื‘ (ืฉื’ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืœื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ืืชื• ืืœื ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื), ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืžืฆืืช ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื ืืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ืš, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื—ื ื•ื”ืคืฉื™ืจ ืขืžื• (ืขืฉื” ืขื™ืžื• ืคืฉืจื”, ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” ืค"ื” ื”"ื” [ื›ื”.]) ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื’ื•'. ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื• (ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชืื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื), ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ื•ืœื‘ื™ ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™.
ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื™ื–. ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื“ื•ื“, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™.
ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื’ื™ื—ืš ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•ื”ื• ืœื”ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื:โ€ โ€ข ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื–:]โ€
ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื•ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ืชื“ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžื™ (ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™) ื˜ื•ื ื•ืก ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก (ื˜ื•ืจื ื•ืกืจื•ืคื•ืก) ื”ืจืฉืข, ืจื—ืชืช ืขื ืชื” ื“ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžืข, ืฉืจื™ ืงืจื™ ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื’ื—ืš. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” (ื˜ื•ืจื ื•ืกืจื•ืคื•ืก ืœืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื): ืกื‘ื, ืื™ ื—ืจืฉ (ืฉื•ื˜ื”) ืืช, ืื™ ืžื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืืช (ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืžื’ื—ืš). ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืชื™ืคื— ืจื•ื—ื™ื” ื“ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื, ืœื ื—ืจืฉ ืื ื ื•ืœื ืžื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื ื, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ (ื™ืžื™) ืงืจื™ืชื™ ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ืžืชื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœืฉืชืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™, ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”' ืืœื”ื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉืš ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ืš, ืจื—ืžืชื™ื” (ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•) ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื™, ื•ืจื—ืžืชื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืœื™ (ืœื ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™), ื•ื›ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื˜ืช (ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ) ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžืข, ื•ืœื ืืคืœื’ื ื“ืขืชื™ (ืœื ืืฉืžื—)? ืœืคื•ื ื›ืŸ (ืœื›ืŸ) ืื ื ืงืจื™ ื•ื’ื—ืš. ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื“ ืฉืคืจื—ื” ื ืฉืžืชื•.
ื”ื•ื‘ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ืืš ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื’ื™ื—ืš. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ืจื ื•ืกืจื•ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ืืœื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•.
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ืคืคื•ืก ืื• ืคืคื•ืก ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื:โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื˜ [ื›ื.], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ืืช ื”' ืืœืงื™ืš ืชื™ืจื - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื–:]โ€
ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืขื™ืžืกื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืืชื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืŸ (ืžื” ืžืจื‘ื” ื–ื”) ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื”' ืืœื”ื™ืš ืชื™ืจื? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื•.
ืคืกื—ื™ื ื›ื‘: (ื•ืฉ"ื ) ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื”ืขืžืกื•ื ื™ ื•ืืžืจื™ ืœื” ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžืกื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืชื™ื (ื•ืœื ื’ืžื™ืŸ), ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืขืฆืžื• ืœืคืกื•ืง "ืืช ื”' ืืœื”ื™ืš" ืคื™ืจืฉ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื•. ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”) 17 .
ื‘ื™"ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื” ื’ื–ืจื• ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื™"ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื–:]โ€
ืฉืœืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืœืŸ ืขืžื”ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืŸ: ื—ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื•ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื.
ืžื›ื•ืช ื›ื’: ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืืช ืžืขืฉืจ.
ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื—.]โ€
ื›ืœ ืคื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื (ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื) ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ืคื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื“ืื•ืจื™ืชื ื˜ื‘ื™ืŸ. ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื‘ื™ื™ื (ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืงืจื™ื) ื˜ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ืื•ืจื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ (ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ื”: ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ืื•ืจื™ืชื ื˜ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืงืจ ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ืฉื ื” ืžืกื›ืช ื–ื•).
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื.
ืื ืชืขื–ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื - ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืืขื–ื‘ืš, ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ืŸ-ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื—.]โ€
ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืชื•ื‘: ื™ื•ื ืชืขื–ื‘ื™ื ื™, ื™ืžื™ื (ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื) ืืขื–ื‘ืš. (ืžืฉืœ) ืœืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืื—ื“ ืžื˜ื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ืŸ (ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™) ื•ืคื’ืขื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื“ื ืžืฉื›ื ื, ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืžื™ืœ ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ืœ ื ืžืฆืื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืŸ. (ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืœ) ื•ืืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžืžืชื ืช ืœืื™ืฉ, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžืžืชื ืช ืœื•, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื“ืขืชื• ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ื™ืฉืืช ืœืื—ืจ.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืื ืชืขื–ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืืขื–ื‘ืš", ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื›ืœืœ "ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ืงืจืืช "ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™", ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ "ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ืŸ" ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื "ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื".
ืžืื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื” [ืกื—.]โ€
ืชื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื - ืงื•ืจื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืžื‘ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ืคืชื• ื•ืžื‘ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื•ืžืชืคืœืœ ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืื•ืžืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื• - ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•, ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•, ื•ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืคืชื—ื•, ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืฉืจื•, ืืจื‘ืข ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืชื• ืžืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืืš ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื’: ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืžืื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื‘:โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืค"ื” ื”"ื“ [ื›ื“.], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืชื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื’.โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื• [ื™ื’.], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ื—ื ื ื™ื” ืขื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื— ืœื• ืฉื™ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื’.โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื ืค"ื• ื”"ื— [ื›ื’.], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ื”ื ืฉืืœ ื•ื ืืกืจ ืœื ื™ืฉืืœ ื—ื›ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื’:โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืคื™"ื˜ ื”"ื [ืคื•:], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื›ื ืฉืœื ืขื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื’:โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื™"ื‘ ื”"ื• [ืกื˜.], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื“ื•ื ื™ืœื“ื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื’:โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืค"ื“ ื”ื™"ื [ื›ื—:], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.
ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื“.โ€
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืค"ื” ื”"ื [ืœื.], ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื.




^ 1.ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืืœื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื”. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืขื‘โ€Ž.
^ 2.ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ื” (ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช), ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืื—ืจืช. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืขื”โ€Ž.
^ 3.ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ืžืกืงื ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืกื‘โ€Ž.
^ 4.ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” (ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื’ืฉืžื”), ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ืืŸ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืžื—โ€Ž.
^ 5.ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืœื“โ€Ž.
^ 6.ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ื” (ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช), ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืื—ืจืช. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืขื”โ€Ž.
^ 7.ืจืฉ"ื™ (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื‘: ื“"ื” ื“ื”ืชื™ืจื) ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื›ื— ื“ื”ื™ืชืจื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื— ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืื™ื”, ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื— ื“ื”ื™ืชืจื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ื‘ืœื™. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žื•โ€Ž.
^ 8.ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ื’ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจ ืืข"ืค ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žื™โ€Ž.
^ 9.ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žื–โ€Ž.
^ 10.ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ื” (ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช), ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืื—ืจืช. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืขื”โ€Ž.
^ 11.ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—, ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žื˜โ€Ž.
^ 12.ืืš ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืžื”โ€Ž.
^ 13.ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจืฉืขื™ื (ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื), ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืžืขื˜ ื‘ื–ื”. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืžื’โ€Ž.
^ 14.ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ืืŸ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žื ืโ€Ž.
^ 15.ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” (ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื’ืฉืžื”), ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ืืŸ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืžื—โ€Ž.
^ 16.ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืžื–โ€Ž.
^ 17.ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ "ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื" ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื’ืฉืžื” (ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื), ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ืืŸ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง "ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™" ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€Žืžื—โ€Ž.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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