ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืš
  • ืชืžื•ื–
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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16 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ืชื•ืจื” 1 ืžืชื•ืืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื›"ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื— ื‘ื•", ื•ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ 2 ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช "ืœื”ืœื•ืš ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“". ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืชืช ื–ื•. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ื•ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ ืขื ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ื‘"ื“. ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช; ื”ื•ื 'ื”ื™ืœืš ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ื—ื•' ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื ื” ืืœื™ื•.

"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช"
"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™. ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ืžืื– ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ื•ืœืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉื‘"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช". "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆื”ืจืช ืื”ื‘ื”: ื‘"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืกืจ ืืช ื›ืœ-ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืจื‘ื™. ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืื‘ ื›ื•ื— ืžืžืกื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืชืžืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•.
ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœ"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื—ื•ืœืง ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืืช ืกืคืงื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ื™ื—ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื•ืœืง ืืชื• ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืคื•ื’ื’ ืืช ืกืคืงื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื• ื•ืžื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื•.
"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืฉื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื›ืจื™ื ื“ืขืชื ื• ืžืชืคื–ืจืช ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชืžื™ื“ "ื—ื•ืจื™ื" ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื—ื”. ื‘"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช", ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื’ื ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื•ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœ"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื”ื. ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ืงืฉื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœ: ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื ืชืคืก ื›ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ื”ืขืฆื”, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืขืœื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ื•.
ืœื ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช": ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš, ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช", ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื›ื—ืกื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื›ืจื‘ื™, ื”ื’ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœ"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื ืžื ื• ืขื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื•.
ื‘"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœื•; ื”ื•ื ืงืœื˜ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ: ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ื›ื— ื‘ืื•ืชื” "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉืžืข ื•ืงืœื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ืืžืจ, ื’ื ืื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื‘ืขืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืคื ื™ื-ืืœ-ืคื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ โ€“ ืืฃ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช. ืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœ"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™, ืืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื "ืจืื™ืชื™" ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ โ€“ ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืฉื ืื—ืจื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•.
ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ (ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืืœื ื’ื ืขื ื›ืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื•), ื•ืœื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”. ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช, ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืžื™ืžื™ืช. ืœื™, ื›ืžื• ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” ื ืชื’ืœื• ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืคื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ "ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืกืžื•ื™ื”"; ื’ื ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื™, ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื• ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžืขืœ ืœืฉื›ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™.
ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ืื“ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืฆื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขื ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ืก ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื•ืช". ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื•, ืœื ืจืง ื‘"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื•. ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืืžืคื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืœื ื›ืœื•ื.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืืฆืœ ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ ื—ื‘"ื“, ืืœื ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื” ืื• ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ โ€“ ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžื“ ื ื‘ื•ืื™, ื™ื‘ืกืก ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืœื ืคืขื ืงืจื” ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ืฉื›ื— ืื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช, ื ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื ืจืง ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืงืจ โ€“ ืืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ืื• ื“ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืžืช (ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื• ืืช ืขืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืฉื‘ื”ื).
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช, ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื• ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืคื” ืื• ืคืงื•ื“ื”, ืืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืกื— ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื• ื”ืฆืขื”. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืื• ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขื ื” ืœื”ื.
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘"ื“, ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืฉ, ืชื™ืืจ ืคืขื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช". ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืฉืœื• ืชื”ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช", ื•ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ ืžื”ืจ"ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ืชื ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ืชื•ื ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ืกืคื’ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื–ื™ืขื”. ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืฉ: "ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืฆื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื•ืืœ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆืจืชื• ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉึทื™ [ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœื™], ื•ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื•. ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืขืฆื” ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉื•. ื•ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื™... ื•ืžืขืชื” ื”ื’ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžืš: ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื”, ืื ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืคืขื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ, ื›ืœื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ืข?" 3
ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช"
'ื—ื“ืจ' ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœ"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืœื ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœ ื—ื“ืจื•. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืŸ ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช".
"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ื“ืงื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ืื• ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื“ื ื•ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืจื™ื; ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“. ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืกื“ืจืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืฉื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื‘ ืœื”ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœ"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื•ื’ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืื‘ื ื˜ ("ื’ืืจื˜ืœ" โ€“ ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช). ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืื‘ื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•, ื•ื‘ื“ืžืžื” ืžื ื™ื— ืœืคื ื™ื• ืคืชืง ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืคืชืงื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื•. ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ื•ืžืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื”ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช".
ืืฉืชื™ ื‘ืื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘"ื“ื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื”. ื‘"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื’ื’ื” ื‘ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆืžืช ื™ืจืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฆื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื™ืจืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื‘ื™ื•-ืžืœื›ื•. ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืžืคื™ื• ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื ืข ื•ืื™ื ื• ื–ืข ื›ืœืœ. ื™ืจืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื‘ื—ื‘"ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขืชื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ.
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข: ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™; ืื—ืจื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ืืžื•, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964), ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืจืง ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื•, ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ, ืœื ืคืขื ืขื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจืง ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืขืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืขื ืื™ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืขื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื• ืื• ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื•, ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”).
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื (1981) ืคืกืงื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืจืง ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ื—ืœ ืืคื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช", ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื‘"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื-ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื”ืŸ; ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•.
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ืคืจื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ื ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™, ื•ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื”. ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืœ"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื™ืฉ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ ื‘ืขืจ "ื”ืžื’ื™ื“" ืžืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ, ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ืืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื•.
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•, ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื“ื•ืœืจ "ืœืชืช ืœืฆื“ืงื”". ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžื›ืชื‘ื. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช" ื”ื•ื ืืžื ื ืกืชื™ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื”, ืืš ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืืžืชื™ื•ืช, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืกืงื• ื”ืŸ "ื”ื•ืžืจื•" ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืืจื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ืืžื ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกึทืคืงืช ื›ืžื• ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช", ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื•.

ืงืกืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืขื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื’ืจื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืฆืœื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™. ื•ื›ืš ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช โ€“ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืคื ื™ื-ืืœ-ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™: "ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื™", ืืžืจื”, "ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช, ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืฉืงืจื•ืช". ืื›ืŸ, ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขื”, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืจ โ€“ ืืš ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืข ืื• ืคื•ืœืฉ. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื’ื ืžื—ื™ื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”"ืคืจืกื•ื ื”" ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ 'ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”' ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื ื’ื•ื ื™-ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคืชื•ื—.
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืžืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื”. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“: ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืœื ืคืขื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื ืžืขื˜: ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืฃ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืœืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืœื ืคืขื ื”ื•ืคืชืขื• ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื• ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื–ื›ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆืจืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื.
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื™ื–ื” ืจืงืข ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืื• ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ื ืื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื— ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื“ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื• ื™ื‘ื™ืข ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื•. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื’ืจื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืฆื•ื™. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ื•ื—ืฉื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื.
ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืกืคื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืื• ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืจืื• ืœื• ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืžื”ื โ€“ ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืชื›ืช. ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื“ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™. ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”. ืจืง ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื—ื ื™ืฃ ืœืื™ืฉ. ื”ื’ื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืžืก ื•ืžืชื—ืฉื‘, ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืคื ื” ืืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช: ืื“ื™ื‘, ืงืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืชื—ืฉื‘, ืืš ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžืœื•ื ื”ื ื™ืžื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขืชื•-ืฉืœื•.
ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช, ื ื™ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื ืชืคืกื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืžืชื™, ืกืคื•ื ื˜ืื ื™, ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•.
ืงืกืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืฆืจื” ืืชื•; ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช: ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืืชื• ื›ืฉื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื• ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื•ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืืชื•.

ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ื”"ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืจืง ืœืืœื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื›ื– ื—ื‘"ื“ ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ืจืŸ ืคืืจืงื•ื•ื™ 770. ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืขื ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื.
ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื•ืจืง ื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืคืชื— ื•ืงืจื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืืœื™ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืื• ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื•. ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืžืกืจืช ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืคื™ืก ืื•ืชื”.
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืฉืคื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืืœื™ืช-ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืœ.
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืื•ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื’ื™ื ืื• ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช, ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื™ื—ืชื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื; ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉืžื•, ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข. ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืคื” ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืง ืžื”ืŸ.
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉืœื—. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœื. ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ื•. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื— ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื: ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื™ื.
ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืชื• ืžืชื•ืš ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื›ืกืคื•. ืื“ื ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ืขืฆื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื›ืกืคื•, ืœืื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื• ืœืคื ื•ืช, ืžื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืฉืชื•.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉืชื•. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืœื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช. ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืžืขื•ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ. ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืงืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช. ืœืื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืืฉืช ืื—ืช, ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืข, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™: "ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื, ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืื• [ื”ื”ืคืš] ื•ื›ื•', ื•ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื ื•ืฆื— ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื ืฆื—ื™, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืขืจืš [=ื™ื—ืก] ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื" 4 .
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ื‘ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ืืžืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื”ืจ"ืฉ, ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ: "ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ" 5 . ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ, ืืžืจ, ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื”, ืืœื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื ืคืขื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ืขืฆื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ, ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื, ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘. ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื ื”ื’ ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขืฆื” ื ื•ืขื–ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช: ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœื ืขื ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืžืฅ.
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืงื˜ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ื ื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื–ื” ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื” ืžืื“ 6 . ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ 7 ; ืืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื”ื, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ื”ื™ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืืœื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš 8 . ืขื“ ื›ื” ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืคื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืื’ืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื•, ืขืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื.
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื•. ืจื•ื‘ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ืื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื ืืœื” ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” 9 . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื•ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื‘ ืื• ืœืžืฉืคื™ืข โ€“ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื—ืžื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื™ (1950). ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืœ ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฅ ืœื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ: ืื ืชื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœืš ืขืžื• ื•ืชืฉืœื— ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•, ื›ืชื‘, "ื™ืžืฆื ื”ืจื‘ื™ [ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ] ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืš" 10 .
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช (ื ื•ื”ื’ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ). ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืš: ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื›ืจืš, ืคื•ืชื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื ืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืืœื”. ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื“ืฃ ื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืฉื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื”ื’ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ. ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ื ืกื• 'ืœื’ืœื•ืช' ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœืชื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉ'ืงื™ื‘ืœื•' ื‘ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืฉืœื”ื, ืื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื’ืจืช ืžื”ืงืฉืจื. ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ "ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื”", ืžื” ืฉืžืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉืืœ; ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช "ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืš", ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืœื ื™ืขืงื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืœืžื“ื™; ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฆ"ื” ืข"ื‘), ืฉื ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจื ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ื™ื ื, ื ื”ื’ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืกืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ "ืคืกื•ืง ืœื™ ืคืกื•ืงืš", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืืžื•ืจ ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืคืกื•ืง ืœืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื”ื ื—ื™ื” (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื˜"ื• ืข"ื ื•ืขื•ื“). ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืžื”: ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืกืคืจ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช
ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ืขืฆื•ืชื™ื•, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื• ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืœืขืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืื• ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ืกื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ, ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื›ืš ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™, ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืงื•ืจื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืขืฅ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช, ืœืชืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื—ื‘, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื. ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™. ื’ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืช, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื™ื“: 'ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืžื” ื“ืขืชื•: ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”'. ืื›ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืขืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ืœื‘, ืื• ื ื™ืกื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืืžืจ, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืœื ื ืชืงื‘ืœื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืฆื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืืš ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื. ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™. ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื’ืจื ืœื–ื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื’ื ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœืžืœื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื•, ืœื ืื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžื™ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ โ€“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“.
ืžื–ื•ื’ ื—ืฉื•ืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืืš ื”ื ืœื ื ืกืขื• ืœืฉื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื ื˜ืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉืจื” ื•ืคืขืœ ืœืžืขื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืจื‘: ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื— ืœื• ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืข ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืกื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืฉื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื, ื‘ื›ืื‘, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืขืฆื” ืื—ืช, ืืžืจ, ืืชื ื’ื ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขืฆื” ืื—ืจืช. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื›ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื”ื, ืืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ืœื• ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืœืœื• ืœืจื‘ื™ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืœืคื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืขืฆื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืœื–ื•ื’; ืืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“, ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ: "ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ืืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื”".
ื•ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื• ืœืขืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืจื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืชืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืจืชืขื™ื ืžืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™.
ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื•. ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื‘ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืง ืขื ื–ื•ืœืชื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืžื“ื™; ื™ืฉ ืฉืขืฆื”, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืกื“ ื›ืกืคื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉื ืฉืงื˜ื™ืขืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื. ืจืง ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื™ืœื• ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
ืœื ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ื ื• ืžืื™ืŸ ืฉืื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืืช ืขืฆื•ืชื™ื•, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืœื ืคืขื ื ื‘ืขื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•, ืืš ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” โ€“ ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ, ืœืขืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ โ€“ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™, ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜) ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™: ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ? ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื‘: "ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืืœื™ ื•ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื. ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืžื ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—, ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืืœื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื”".



##ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขื ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ืก ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื•ืช". ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื•

## ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืขื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื’ืจื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืฆืœื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™

## ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™: ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ? ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื‘: "ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืืœื™ ื•ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื. ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืžื ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—, ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืืœื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื”".




^ 1.ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื–:ื™ื—.
^ 2.ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืง"ืž ื“"ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ.
^ 3.ืžืชื•ืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื โ€“ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™. ื–ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ 257.
^ 4. ืื’ืจื•ืช ืงื“ืฉ , ื›ืจืš ื›', ืื™ื’ืจืช ื–'ืชืคื•.
^ 5.ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœื›ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื. ืจืื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื , ื›ืจืš ื“' ืขืž' 388.
^ 6. ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืจืš ืœ"ื“ ืขืž' 250.
^ 7.ืจืื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืื’ืจื•ืช ืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื›ืจืš ื™"ื˜ ืขืž' 306.
^ 8.ืจืื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ืžื ื—ื ืชื ืฉ"ื, ื›ืจืš ื‘' ืขืž' 120.
^ 9. ืฉื , ืชืฉืž"ื—, ื›ืจืš ื‘' ืขืž' 308.
^ 10. ืื’ืจื•ืช ืงื“ืฉ ื›ืจืš ื’', ืขืž' 266 "ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืขื ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ".
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il