ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืชืคื™ืœื”
  • ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ื•ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช
  • ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ื•ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข
undefined
19 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื ื”

ื - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื–): "ื•ึฐื“ึดื‘ึผึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื‘ึผึธื ื•ื›ื•' ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึธื›ึฐื‘ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืงื•ึผืžึถืšึธ", ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช: ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: 'ืฉืžืข' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื“-ื˜), ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”' ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื•. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: 'ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื’-ื›ื), ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•, ืœื–-ืžื), ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.
ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ืฉืžืข' ืœ'ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข', ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืื—"ื› ืขื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข' ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื–ืžื ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืœืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ' ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉื–ืžื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื).
ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง 'ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื•-ื–): "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืขึทืœ ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึถืšึธ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึธื›ึฐื‘ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืงื•ึผืžึถืšึธ". ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืชื™ืงื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืืœื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ื™ืจืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช. ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช. 1

ื‘ - ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–, ื’): "ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืชึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผึนืจ ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนื ืฆึตืืชึฐืšึธ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื›ึผึนืœ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึถื™ืšึธ", ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ื›ืœ' ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื‘). ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•.
ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ', ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื ืžืฆื ืฉืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ' ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข. ื”ืื—ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ' ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉืžืฆื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื•ืจืื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” (ืขื™' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื“, ื‘; ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืœ' ืง"ืฉ ืค"ื, ื‘-ื’).
ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงืžื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืืœื ืฉืœืคื™ ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื•ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘'. ื•ืื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช, ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ' ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ (ืž"ื‘ ื ื—, ื›ื–; ืกื–, ื’, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื, ื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืง"ืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœ' ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื”, ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื” 3).

ื’ - ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข
ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื“-ื˜) ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื: ื) ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”. ื‘) ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ื’) ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
ื) ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: "ืฉืึฐืžึทืข ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”' ืึถื—ึธื“" ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื›ื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื‘ื“ื•. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื”' ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•.
ื‘) ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”', ื•ืœื›ืŸ "ื•ึฐืึธื”ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืช ื”' ืึฑืœึนื•ื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืึนื“ึถืšึธ". ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“, ื): "ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึฐืšึธ - ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฆืจื™ืš, ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข" - ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘. "ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืšึธ - ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืช ื ืคืฉืš", ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื”'. "ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืึนื“ึถืšึธ - ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ื ืš", ืฉืืฃ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ื•ืื ื™ืชื‘ืขื• ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืชื• ืื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื•, ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืคืจ ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื•. ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ืจืฉื•: "ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืึนื“ึถืšึธ - ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื“ ืœืš ื”ื•ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“".
ื’) ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื• ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืœืœื•. ืจืืฉื™ืช: "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืขึทืœ ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึถืšึธ", ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš - "ื•ึฐืฉืึดื ึผึทื ึฐืชึผึธื ืœึฐื‘ึธื ึถื™ืšึธ". ื’ื ืื“ื ืฉืœืžื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ืื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ืžืžื ื• ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึฐื“ึดื‘ึผึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื‘ึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึดื‘ึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึตื™ืชึถืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืœึถื›ึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ ื‘ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึธื›ึฐื‘ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืงื•ึผืžึถืšึธ". ื•ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืงื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœืงื•ืฉืจื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ - "ื•ึผืงึฐืฉืึทืจึฐืชึผึธื ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ึนื˜ึธืคึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ". ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืฉืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืคืชื—ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื• - "ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึทื‘ึฐืชึผึธื ืขึทืœ ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืชึถืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ", ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ื ืฆื ืžื‘ืชื™ื ื•, ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ื•ื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžื•ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื”.

ื“ - ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” - 'ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื’-ื›ื), ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืœืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ืฉืื ื ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”' ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื ื•, ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•, ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื”', ื”ืืจืฅ ืชืชืŸ ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื”, ื•ื ืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”' ืœืชืช ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื•. ื•ืื ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื ืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš, ื™ื—ืจื” ืืฃ ื”' ื‘ื ื•, ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœื ืชืชืŸ ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื”, ื•ื ืื‘ื“ ืžืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ, ื•ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืคืชื—ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•. ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื’ื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•, ืœื–-ืžื) ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงื™ื•ืžืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึผืจึฐืึดื™ืชึถื ืึนืชื•ึน ื•ึผื–ึฐื›ึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึนืช ื”' ื•ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึถื ืึนืชึธื". ื”ืจืžื– ืœื›ืš, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื•ืžื– ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจืชืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื— ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึธืชึปืจื•ึผ ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึถื ื–ึนื ึดื™ื ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ื”ึถื". ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื ื–ื›ืจื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื–ื•ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื›ืš ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื•.
ื ืžืฆื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืคืกื•ืง 'ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ'. ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”' ืื—ื“ . ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื•ืคืขืช ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• . ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืžื™ืขื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื”' ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ . ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข (ื˜ื–, ื) ื ืœืžื“ ืฉื’ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข.

ื” - ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื
ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื’ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจื™ื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ ืงื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื”ื ื›ืคืจื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ื•ืจืง ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคื. ืืฃ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ. ื’ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืื, ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ืคื” ื‘ืชืื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื (ืชื•"ื› ืื—ืจื™ ืค"ื˜). ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช.
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืงืฉื”, ืฉืœื˜ื” ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืคืจืš. ื ื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช, ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืงื•ืžื”. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—. ืขื“ ืฉื ื’ืœื” ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื.
ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื”' ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืžืœื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื ืกื” ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื•ื— ืชืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ื” ืœื—ืจื•ืช. ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—.
ื›ืฉื ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ; ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื•ืช ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœืชื ื•ื™ืขื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช.

ื• - ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ (ืฉื ื•, ื•): "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืขึทืœ ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึถืšึธ ". ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืงืจื - ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื‘, ืฉื•"ืข ืก, ื”; ืกื’, ื“).
ื•ืืฃ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืกื•ืง. ืืžื ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง - ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•. 2
ื•ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ: 'ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ' - ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืืžื•ื ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื. 'ื”' ' - ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื, ื ื›ืชื‘: 'ื™' 'ื”' 'ื•' 'ื”', ื•ื ืงืจื: 'ื-ื“ื ื™', ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื”. 'ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ' - ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืงื™ืฃ, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœืš ืขืœื™ื ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ื”, ื). ื›ืฉื™ืืžืจ 'ืื—ื“ ', ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืœืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจืžื•ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช 'ืื—ื“', 'ื' ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“, 'ื—', ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืจืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ, 'ื“' ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช. ื•ื™ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช 'ื“' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื•; ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืž"ื‘ ื™ื—).
ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื, ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื - ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•. 3
ืื ื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื ืฉื ืœื‘ ื’ื ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื - ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ืื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ืžืชื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื ืืช ืฉืžืข ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื—ืฉ. ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” - ื™ืคืกื™ืง ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื•ื™ืงืจืื ื” ื›ืกื“ืจ. ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” - ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ', ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘ (ืž"ื‘ ืกื’, ื™ื“; ื›ื”"ื— ื™ื–-ื™ื—).
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื“-ื”; ืž"ื‘ ื™ื–). ืžื ื”ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื•ื ืขื™ืžื”, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืงื•ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืฉืชื‘ื— ื‘ื”ื (ืฉื”ืฉ"ืจ ื—, ื‘).

ื– - ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื ื™ ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื•
ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฉ: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“". ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืฉืช 'ืฉืžืข' ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืคืกื•ืง ืžื”ืชื "ืš, ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ืคืจืฉืช 'ืฉืžืข' ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืงื“ื•ืžื”.
ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื ื•, ื), ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื ืืกืคื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืœื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ืืช ืงืฅ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžืžื ื• ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื•: ืฉืžื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืŸ, ื›ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืงืฅ? ืคืชื—ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื•ืืžืจื•: "ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื”' ืื—ื“", ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ืš ืืœื ืื—ื“ ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื ื• ืืœื ืื—ื“. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืคืชื— ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืืžืจ: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“". ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื•ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื•? ื ืืžืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื”. ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืข"ื” ืืžืจื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชืงื ื• ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ืœื—ืฉ.
ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื•ืจื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืจืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืกื’, ื™ื‘).
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“" ืœ"ื•ืื”ื‘ืช", ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœ"ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื" ื•ื›ื•', ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืกื, ื™ื“). 4
ืืฃ ืฉืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื, ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”. ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 'ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื 'ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ'. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ื•. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”' ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืงืฉื” ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืจืง ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง 'ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืืœ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืงืจื 'ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ', ื•ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ, ืืœื ืžืžืฉื™ ื•ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื•ืœืš ืขืœื™ื•. ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื—"ื•. ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืžื• ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“" (ืชื ื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื’).

ื— - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื”ืื ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง; ืื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื. ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจ, ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ืœืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉืžื”, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžื”.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื“ื ื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืคืจืฉืช 'ืฉืžืข', ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข - ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” - ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืก, ื“).
ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืฉืชื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”'. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข - ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžืคื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•), ืฉืื ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง 'ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ' - ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืจืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืงืจื ืืช 'ืฉืžืข', ืืข"ืค ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข - ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื•: ืžื“ื•ืข ืงืจืืช ืืช ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช 'ืฉืžืข'? ื™ืขื ื”: ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืืชื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžืชืขื˜ืฃ ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ืืข"ืค ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจื“ื•ืžื” - ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืค"ื™ ื”"ื’; ื—"ื ืกื—, ื˜; ืž"ื‘ ืก, ื™). 5
ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ' - ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื”. ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช, ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ืื ื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื“ื•ืข ืงืจืื• ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ', ืœื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•: ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื ืžืฆื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ' ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.

ื˜ - ื“ื™ื ื™ ืืžื™ืจืชื”
ื™ืงืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืื™ืžื”, ื™ืจืื”, ืจืชืช ื•ื–ื™ืข, ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืขืชื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื‘"ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืฆืœื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื-ื‘).
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ืœื™ืข ืฉื•ื ืื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืคื” ื•ืœื ื™ืจืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื' ืœืข', ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›' ืœื—', ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืžืฅ ืœืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืกื, ื™ื“-ื›ื’). ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชื™ื” - ืžืฆื ื ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ื™ื”ื ื" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•, ื‘). ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื ืงืจืื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง - ื™ืฆื. ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืกื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื” ืื• ื”ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื‘, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื).
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœืื•ื–ื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื• ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœืื•ื–ื ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื• - ื™ืฆื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืง ื”ืจื”ืจ ืืช 'ืฉืžืข', ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืงืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ื• - ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื‘, ื’, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื˜). 6
ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช 'ืฉืžืข' ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืื ืงืจื ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช ื™ืฆื, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื” (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื™). ืืœื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ื•ืฉื ื ืชื', ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื” (ืž"ื‘ ืกื‘, ื’). 7

ื™ - ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืจืชื”
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช 'ืฉืžืข' ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื•. ื•ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช 'ืฉืžืข' ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึธื›ึฐื‘ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืงื•ึผืžึถืšึธ". ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ, ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืงืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื).
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืจืง ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืื”; ืืœื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช 'ืฉืžืข' ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘.
ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช 'ืฉืžืข' ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึผื‘ึฐืœึถื›ึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ ื‘ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ". ืืœื ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืื“ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืขืจืื™, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืข (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื’; ืž"ื‘ ื˜). ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช 'ืฉืžืข' ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืื• ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืงืจื™ืื” ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื; ื•ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ืื”"ืข ื›ื’, ื’; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื•, 3). 8
ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืงืจื™ืืชื” ืฉืœื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืœื ื™ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื•).

ื™ื - ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข
ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืขื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข: "ื•ึผืงึฐืฉืึทืจึฐืชึผึธื ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ึนื˜ึธืคึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื—), ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืœื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ - ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื“, ื‘). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืœื• ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื•. ื•ืื ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข. ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืขื™ื“ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื ื•ืก (ืž"ื‘ ืžื•, ืœื’; ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื‘, ื˜, 10).
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื•ึผืงึฐืฉืึทืจึฐืชึผึธื ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ", ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ึนื˜ึธืคึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ", ื•ืื—"ื› ืžื ืฉืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉื ื’ืขื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื›ื”; ื—"ื ื™ื“, ื˜ื•).
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช. ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืจืžื– ืœืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ื•ื›ื•' ืขึทืœ ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึถืšึธ" (ืฉื•"ืข ื›ื“, ื‘). ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช. 9
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ' ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ื›ื“, ื“), ืื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื (ื›ื”"ื— ื›ื“, ื—). ื•ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช' ืžื ืฉืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื•ืจืื™ืชื' ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื– ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉืงืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ืฉืงืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืืžืช'. ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื“ "ื•ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื“" ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘', ื•ืื– ืžื ืฉืงื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ื›ื“, ื“, ื›ื”"ื— ื›ื“, ื—, ื™ื—). ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

ื™ื‘ - ืจืž"ื— ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืื“ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืจืž"ื— (248) ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉื ื ืจืž"ื— ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉืื“ื ืงื•ืจื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื”, ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื•ืžืชืจืคื ื‘ื”. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืจืž"ื” (245) ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœืจืž"ื—, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช", ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ืฉืœืžื• ืจืž"ื— ืžื™ืœื™ื (ื–ื•ื”"ื— ืจื•ืช ืฆื”, ื).
ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžืŸ. ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื™ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข
"ื-ืœ ืžืœืš ื ืืžืŸ". ืœืคื™ ื”'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš', ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜"ื• ื”ื•ื•ื™"ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ (ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื›ื•'), ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจืžื– ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืช. ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ืฉืœื™ืžื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช". ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืกื, ื’; ื›ื”"ื— ื˜ื•). 10




^ 1.. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืžื” ื—ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ "ื•ึฐื“ึดื‘ึผึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื‘ึผึธื... ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึธื›ึฐื‘ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืงื•ึผืžึถืšึธ". ืœื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจื"ื”, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืžืื™ืจื™, ืจืฉื‘"ืฅ, ืจ"ื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“, ื•ื‘"ื™ ืžื•, ื˜, ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื“, ืฉืจืง ื‘ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืช. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืชืจ"ื™ ื•ื™ืจืื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข' "ืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ื‘ึผึธื... ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึธื›ึฐื‘ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืงื•ึผืžึถืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื˜), ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืคืจ"ื— ืกื–, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—, ื•-ื“. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ื ื—, ื˜ื•, ืฉืžืกื™ืง ืžื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ืžื‘ื™"ื˜ ื‘ืืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืฉื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืคืกื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืž"ืž ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื›ืš ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข. ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื”ืœ' ืง"ืฉ.
^ 2.. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” ืงื, ื, 'ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ', ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ืจืฉื‘"ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘"ื™ ืกื’, ื“, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉืœื ื™ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื—ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ืœื ืคืกืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
^ 3.. ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘'ืื—ื“' ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื‘, ืฉืจ' ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื”ืืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื: ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืœืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช - ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”', ืื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ื”' ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจืข"ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ื“' ื›ืชื‘: "ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืœืขื "ื“ ื“ื’ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืจืง ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืช". ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืž"ื‘ ืกื‘, ื’, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืงืจื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช. (ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื—"ื” ื”, ื‘, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ื "ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“' ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื• ืžืขื›ื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•).
^ 4.. ืœื“ืขืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืž"ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื" ื•ื›ื•', ืื ื“ื™ืœื’ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื ื™ืฆื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”"ื’, ื‘"ื— ื•ื‘ืื•"ื” (ืกื, ื™ื’, 'ืื—ืจื™') ื™ืฆื. ื•ื”ืจืื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื, ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฆื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื". ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ืื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช" ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘"ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื" ื•ื›ื•', ืœื‘ืื•"ื” ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืกื, ื•. (ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›, ื™). ืื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืž"ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ืกื, ืžื”. ื•ื‘ืกื™' ืกื’, ื˜ื–, ื›ืชื‘ ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™, ืฉื›ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื" ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืž"ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ".
^ 5.. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื• ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืืข"ืค ืฉืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืฆื ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจื“ื•ืžื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืฉืžืข ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื• ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” - ืœื ื™ืฆื. ืืžื ื ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” - ื™ืฆื.
ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื, ื•ืจ"ื” ื›ื— - ื›ื˜, ื. ืœืจื‘ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ืœืจ' ื–ื™ืจื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ืœืชื•ืก' ื•ืชืจ"ื™ ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื ืœื‘ื”"ื’, ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ืจื"ืฉ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืก, ื“. ื•ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื’ื ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื: ื) ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ื–ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื”. ื•ืื ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจื“ื•ืžื”, ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืขืชื ื‘ืงืจื™ืืชื•. ื‘) ืขืœื™ื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืชืขืกืง, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื ืคื— ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืœื• ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
ืขื•ื“ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืช. ื‘ืž"ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืจื“ื‘"ื–, ืฉื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืช. ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืกื‘ืจืชื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืคืง ื›ืžื™ ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื›ืžืงื™ืœื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ื"ืจ, ื’ืจ"ื ื•ื—ื™ื“"ื, ื ืคืกืงื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืฉื•"ืข. ื•ืž"ืž ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉ"ืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœ". ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืžืกืคืง ืฉืžื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” - ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš (ืž"ื‘ ืก, ื™, ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื’, 4).
^ 6.. ืœืชืจ"ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืš (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื›ื“). ื•ื™"ื ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืงืจื ื‘ืœื ื˜ืขืžื™ื (ืจืž"ื ืž"ื‘ ืกื, ืœื—). ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืกื, ืž, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืง"ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืชื” ืžืื—ืจ. ืœืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืกื‘, ื—, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืขืฉืจื”. (ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›, ื›ื•).
^ 7.. ืงืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœืžืงื•ืจ, ื•ืื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื. ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืกื‘, ื•, ื‘ืืจ, ืฉืื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื“ืขื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื ืกืคืงื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื ืชืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืกืคืงื•ืช, ื•ืกื™ื™ื: "ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืง"ืฉ ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื• ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ื›ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื”". ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืงื•ืช, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื”ื•ืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืœื ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื•ื”. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก) ืื ื• ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื ืชืจื‘ื• ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื• ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืงื“ืง ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ืœื“ื™ื ื , ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•"ื— ืกื‘, ื‘, ืฉื’ืจ ืฆื“ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจื ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืงืจื ืง"ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื.
^ 8.. ืœืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื, ืขืค"ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืง"ืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื•. ืื•ืœื ืœืชืจ"ื™, ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืฉื›ื‘, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื•. ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืง"ืฉ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื“ืขืช ืž"ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืจืœื˜, ื•.
^ 9.. ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื›ื“, ื”; ืกื, ื›ื”, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื™ืฉ"ืฉ, ื•ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืจื‘ ืœื˜. ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืš, ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื'. ืืžื ื ืœืืจ"ื™ ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ื›ื“, ื—, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืจื›"ื™ ื•ืงืฆื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื–, ื–. ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›"ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืจ"ื™ ืฉื™ืื—ื– ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืžื™ืฆื” ืœื–ืจืช, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ื›ื“, ื“, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ื›ื“, ื˜. ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืืžืจ "ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื ืžืืจื‘ืข ื›ื ืคื•ืช" ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื" (ื“ื”"ื—, ืงืฆื•ืฉ"ืข ื™ื–, ื–).
^ 10.. ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืืžืจ: "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช", ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืขื™ื™ืืฉ ื•ืฉืข"ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืข ืžื”ื—ื–ืŸ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช", ืืฃ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืž"ื—. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืžืงืฆืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืคื™ืœื”). ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ืกื, ื˜ื–, ื›ืชื‘ ืขืค"ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจ"ื™, ืฉืืžื™ืจืช ื’' ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืฉืžืขืŸ ืžื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื•ืžืจ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช". ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“.
ืขื•ื“ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืŸ (ื•ืœื›ื”"ื— ื’ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื ืฆืจืš) ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ื™ืืžืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช" ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืจืž"ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืœืขืฉืจื” ืžืืžืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื™ืืžืจ ื›ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืจืง "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื" ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช". ืœืฉื•"ืข ื•ืœืคืž"ื’, ื’ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืืžืจ 'ืืžืช', ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื' ืœ'ืืžืช', ืืœื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘'. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื. ื•ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื" ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžืฉืœื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• "ืืžืช" ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ื•ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ "ืืžืช" ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื—ืฉ. ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช" ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื (ื›ื”"ื— ืกื, ื™ื‘).
ืœื“ืขืช ื—ืกื“ ืœืืœืคื™ื, ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื 'ืืžืช' ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืขื ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื‘ื“ื 'ืืžืช', ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื" ืœ"ืืžืช", ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืืžืช' ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ. ื•ืœื›ื”"ื— ืกื, ื™ื‘, ื›ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื ื™ืืžืจื• 'ืืžืช', ืืœื ื™ืžืชื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ื™ืขื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื• 'ืืžืช'.
ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช , ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ืœื›ื”"ื— ื™ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช". ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืื• ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืง"ืฉ "ื-ืœ ืžืœืš ื ืืžืŸ" ืื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘"ืืžืช" ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” (ืž"ื‘ ื™ื‘). ื•ื‘ืžืืž"ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื›"ื› ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœืจืž"ื— ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืž' ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื™ืืžืจ'.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il