ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ
  • ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
undefined
10 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื ื”

ื” - ืฉื›ืจื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ - ืขืžืจื™ ื•ืื—ืื‘
ื‘ื•ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื›ืจ. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• (ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื˜'):
"ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืœื”ื: ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืขืžืจื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื›ืกื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืžืจื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžื–ืจืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืกืื•? ืืžืจื• ืœื™: ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื•. ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื: ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืขืžืจื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืกืื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื” ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ".

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขืžืจื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืฉื” ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”' ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื˜ื–, ื›ื”), ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืžื“ื” ืœื• ื•ืœื–ืจืขื•, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžื–ืจืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืกื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื• ืฉืืจ ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืจ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•. ืฉื›ืš ืืžืจ ืขืžืจื™, ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืš ืชื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ืœืžื“ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืœ ืขืžืจื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžื–ืจืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืกืื• (ืื—ืื‘ ื‘ื ื•, ื•ืื—"ื› ืื—ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืื‘, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื•ืจื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืื‘).

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืขื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื—ืื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ื‘ืช ืื—ืื‘, ื•ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื›ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” ื”, ื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืคืื” ืค"ื ื”"ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืกืงื ืžื‘):
"ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื”ื•ืฉืข ื“, ื™ื–): ื—ึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ืขึฒืฆึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ืึถืคึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื”ึทื ึผึทื— ืœื•ึน, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืžื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื (ืฉื ื™, ื‘): ื—ึธืœึทืง ืœึดื‘ึผึธื ืขึทืชึผึธื” ื™ึถืึฐืฉืึธืžื•ึผ".

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืื—ืื‘ ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, 1 ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ ืžืœืš ืืจื ื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืชื‘ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœืชืช ืœื• ืืช ื›ืกืคื• ื•ื–ื”ื‘ื• ื•ืืช ื ืฉื™ื• ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืงืจื‘, ื ื›ื ืข ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืžืœืš ืืจื. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื‘, ื‘) ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื. ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืฆืืช ืœืงืจื‘ ืื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืคื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืช, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื™ื”, ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœื‘ื“ื• ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื•ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”' ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืื—ืื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ืฆื—. ื•ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืืจื ืžื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”' ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื•ืื—ืื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฆื‘ืื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืืช ืืจื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื›, ื-ืœ).

ื• - ื‘ืœื ืืžื•ื ื” ื’ื ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืขื ื‘ื˜ืœื”
ืื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช, ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื•ืš ืจื’ืฉ ืœืื•ืžื™, ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืขื“. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืžืจื™ ื—ื˜ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื ื• ืื—ืื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื—ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื˜ื–, ืœ-ืœื’; ื›ื, ื›ื”), ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื’ื ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื ื•ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืœืš ื•ื ื—ืœืฉ, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช.

ื•ื›ืš ืงืจื” ืœืื—ืื‘, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจื™ื—ื•ืงื• ืžื”' ื•ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื ื—ืœืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”' ืืช ืืจื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืืฉืจ ื–ืžื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจื™ื—ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ืขืœื”ื• ืœืžืจื›ื‘ืชื• ื•ื›ืจืช ืขืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื ืคืฉื•. ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืึตืœึธื™ื•: ื›ึผึนื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”': ื™ึทืขึทืŸ ืฉืึดืœึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ืึดื™ืฉื ื—ึถืจึฐืžึดื™ ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืšึธ ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึน ื•ึฐืขึทืžึผึฐืšึธ ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ืขึทืžึผื•ึน" (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื›, ืžื‘). ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ ืื—ืื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืืจื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื›ื‘, ืœื“-ืœื—).

ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”' ื’ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืื‘ ืœื ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื–ืจืขืืœื™. ืื—ืื‘ ื—ืžื“ ืืช ื›ืจืžื•, ื•ื›ืฉื ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ื›ืจื• ืœื•, ื‘ืขืฆืช ืืฉืชื• ื”ืžืจืฉืขืช ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืขื“ื™ ืฉืงืจ ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื“ ื‘ืžืœืš. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืชื ื ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื•ืื—ืื‘ ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื›ืจืžื•. ื•ื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ื”' ืืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื:
"ืงื•ึผื ืจึตื“ ืœึดืงึฐืจึทืืช ืึทื—ึฐืึธื‘ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึนืžึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ื‘ึผึฐื›ึถืจึถื ื ึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืจึทื“ ืฉืึธื ืœึฐืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผื•ึน. ื•ึฐื“ึดื‘ึผึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืœึตืืžึนืจ: ื›ึผึนื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”': ื”ึฒืจึธืฆึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ื•ึฐื’ึทื ื™ึธืจึธืฉืึฐืชึผึธ?! ื•ึฐื“ึดื‘ึผึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืœึตืืžึนืจ: ื›ึผึนื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”': ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืงื•ึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึธืงึฐืงื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืœึธื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื“ึผึทื ื ึธื‘ื•ึนืช ื™ึธืœึนืงึผื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืœึธื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื“ึผึธืžึฐืšึธ ื’ึผึทื ืึธืชึผึธื”" (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื›ื, ื™ื–-ื™ื˜).

ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืขืžืจื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื ืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”. ื•ืื—ืื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื—ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืœืงื— ืœืืฉื” ืืช ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ื‘ืช ืืชื‘ืขืœ ืžืœืš ืฆื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžื–ื‘ื— ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื˜ื–). ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืชื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื”ืจืก ืืช ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช ื”'. ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”' ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื•, ืจืฆื—ื ื ืคืฉ, ืขื“ ืฉืจืง ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืžื›ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”' (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื™ื˜, ื™). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืขืžืจื™ ื•ืื—ืื‘ ื’ื–ืจื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื ื•ืจืื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”' ืœืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื:
"ืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืœึฐื“ึทืจึฐื›ึผึฐืšึธ ืžึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึทืจึธื” ื“ึทืžึผึธืฉื‚ึถืง ื•ึผื‘ึธืืชึธ ื•ึผืžึธืฉืึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ื—ึฒื–ึธืึตืœ ืœึฐืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ืึฒืจึธื. ื•ึฐืึตืช ื™ึตื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึถืŸ ื ึดืžึฐืฉืึดื™ ืชึผึดืžึฐืฉืึทื— ืœึฐืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐืึถืช ืึฑืœึดื™ืฉืึธืข ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืฉืึธืคึธื˜ ืžึตืึธื‘ึตืœ ืžึฐื—ื•ึนืœึธื” ืชึผึดืžึฐืฉืึทื— ืœึฐื ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืชึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื™ืšึธ. ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึดืžึฐืœึธื˜ ืžึตื—ึถืจึถื‘ ื—ึฒื–ึธืึตืœ ื™ึธืžึดื™ืช ื™ึตื”ื•ึผื ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึผึดืžึฐืœึธื˜ ืžึตื—ึถืจึถื‘ ื™ึตื”ื•ึผื ื™ึธืžึดื™ืช ืึฑืœึดื™ืฉืึธืข" (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื™ื˜, ื˜ื•-ื™ื–).
ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืจื™ื—ืคื” ืžืขืœื™ื”ื. ืืš ื”ื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื ืœืขื ื•ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืœืš ื•ื ื—ืœืฉ, ื•ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ื’ื–ืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื”.

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ื–ืืœ ืžืœืš ืืจื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื™ื•ืจื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ื—, ื›ื—). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืœื™ืฉืข ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื— ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ื— ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืœืžืœืš, ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”' ืœืžืจื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืื‘, ื•ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ื˜, ื•-ื™). ื•ื™ืžืจื•ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืื‘, "ื•ึทื™ึผึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื ึผึดืฉืึฐืึธืจึดื™ื ืœึฐืึทื—ึฐืึธื‘ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึนืžึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืขึทื“ ื”ึดืฉืึฐืžึดื™ื“ื•ึน ื›ึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”' ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึถืจ ืึถืœ ืึตืœึดื™ึผึธื”ื•ึผ" (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ื™, ื™ื–).

ื– - ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ืกื•ืฃ ืœืืจืฆื. ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ. ืื•ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืคืงื•ื“ ื”' ืืช ืขืžื•, ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื”, ื•ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก.

ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ. ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื˜ืจ, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•, ื‘ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื”, ื›ื”). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืœ"ื– ืขืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืžื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืกืง ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืขืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืขื•ืœื™ื. ืื– ื”ื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ืื•ืœื ืžื™ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืกื™ืคืจื• ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื”ื ื‘ืกืขืจืช ื ืคืฉ, ื›ื™ ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื•ื—ืฉ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—. ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ืฆืคื” ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ืขืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื’ื ื ืคืจื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื’ืจืช ืฆื•ื•ืื”, ืื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื–ืจ. ืืš ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืก"ื˜ (1809), ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืขืœืชื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืฆืคืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื•ื‘. ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขืœื” ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืงืœื•ื‘, ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ "ืคืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ". ืขืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืœืœ ืžืฉืงืœื•ื‘, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืคืงื“ื•ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืš ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ืžื”ื ื ื•ืกื“ ืขื™ืงืจ "ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ" ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ืžื›ื•ื—ื ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื”, ื•ืžื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืงื™ืžื™ "ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ", ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: "ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”". ืžื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื” ื ืชืจื‘ื• ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื’ื‘ืจื•.

ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืงืžื• ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืงืœื™ืฉืจ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ื˜ืžื›ืจ, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ. ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื’ื‘ืจื•, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื” ื•ื’ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ื•ืืฅ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”.

ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืื—"ื› ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจ, ืจื‘ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ืฉื‘ืจื’ ื•ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื ืคืชืœื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ (ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘), ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื—ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืชื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" (ืžืฉื ืช ืชืจืž"ื‘ ื•ืื™ืœืš). ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืจืžืชื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื. ืืžื ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืžืคืœ ื™ืคื” (ื“ื•ื“ื• ื–ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง) ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื‘ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ืขื ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ.

ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจื”, ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉืขื ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื ืืช ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื™ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื™ื, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื”. ื›ืš ืงืžื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ. ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™". ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืžื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื’ืจืจื• ืื—ืจ ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื‘ืจื”, ืขื•ืจืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ื”ืืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ืืžืจ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.

ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ืงืžื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื— - ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ
ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ืคืง ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืขื•ืจืจื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฆื”. ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื ื•ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™. ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื• ื•ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ืœื ืœื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืžืจืฆื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืžื ื•ืžื•ืœื“ืชื. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ืžืœื—ืฅ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื’ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื–ื ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.

ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ. ื”ื™ื• ืฉืขืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืขื ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”, ื•ื ืชื ื” ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืฉืคืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง.

ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ืืœื” ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื - ื–ื›ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื”. ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืจืžื–ื• ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ. ืžื” ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื’ืฉื’, ืžื” ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืงืจืก ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜. ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ืจ"ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ: "ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทืจ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืคึฐืœึตื™ื˜ึธื”" (ื™ื•ืืœ ื’, ื”). ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื›ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.

ืืœื ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืขื“. ื‘ืœื ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”' ื•ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ: "ืžืคื—ื“ ืื ื™ ืžืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืืœ, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืืžืจ: ืฉืžื ืช ืขื‘ื™ืช ื›ืกื™ืช". ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืžืกืชืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืช ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—. 2

ื•ืื ื• ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืคื™ ืžื’ืžืชื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ ืงืœื™ืฉืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืืžืŸ.


^ 1. ืขื•ื“ ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื™ื’, ื, ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืื‘ ื‘ื ื” ืขื™ืจ ื•ืงืจื ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ื•ืงื‘ืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื”ืชืจืขื ืื—ืื‘ ืขืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืืœ, ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฆืคื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื. ื•ืื– ื ืฉื‘ืข ืืœื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืจื“ ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื˜ืจ.
^ 2. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘, ื˜ื•: "ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึทืŸ ื™ึฐืฉืึปืจื•ึผืŸ ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึธื˜ ืฉืึธืžึทื ึฐืชึผึธ ืขึธื‘ึดื™ืชึธ ื›ึผึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึธ ื•ึทื™ึผึดื˜ึผึนืฉื ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึผึท ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื”ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึฐื ึทื‘ึผึตืœ ืฆื•ึผืจ ื™ึฐืฉืึปืขึธืชื•ึน". ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื™ืกืงื ืฉื™ื—): "ืฉืžื ืช ืขื‘ื™ืช ื›ืกื™ืช, ืืœื• ืฉืœืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื‘): ื•ืชืžืœื ืืจืฆื• ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงืฆื” ืœืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืชืžืœื ืืจืฆื• ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงืฆื” ืœืื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืชืžืœื ืืจืฆื• ืืœื™ืœื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื• ื™ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื•". ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืžื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื‘, ื”-ื™ื. "ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึตืœึฐื›ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืจ ื”'... ื•ึทืชึผึดืžึผึธืœึตื ืึทืจึฐืฆื•ึน ื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึฐื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืงึตืฆึถื” ืœึฐืึนืฆึฐืจึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึทืชึผึดืžึผึธืœึตื ืึทืจึฐืฆื•ึน ืกื•ึผืกึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืงึตืฆึถื” ืœึฐืžึทืจึฐื›ึผึฐื‘ึนืชึธื™ื•. ื•ึทืชึผึดืžึผึธืœึตื ืึทืจึฐืฆื•ึน ืึฑืœึดื™ืœึดื™ื ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื• ื™ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื—ึฒื•ื•ึผ ืœึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ ืึถืฆึฐื‘ึผึฐืขึนืชึธื™ื•. ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉึผืึทื— ืึธื“ึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึดืฉึผื‚ึธื ืœึธื”ึถื. ื‘ึผื•ึนื ื‘ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจ ื•ึฐื”ึดื˜ึผึธืžึตืŸ ื‘ึผึถืขึธืคึธืจ ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืคึผึทื—ึทื“ ื”' ื•ึผืžึตื”ึฒื“ึทืจ ื’ึผึฐืึนื ื•ึน. ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื’ึผึทื‘ึฐื”ื•ึผืช ืึธื“ึธื ืฉืึธืคึตืœ ื•ึฐืฉืึทื— ืจื•ึผื ืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึดืฉื‚ึฐื’ึผึทื‘ ื”' ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ึผื•ึน ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื".
ื‘ืื’ืจืช ืงืž"ื“, ืžืฉื ืช ืชืจืก"ื—, ืงื•ืจื ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืืžื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ืฉื›ืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ "ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืžืฉืช ื‘ื”ืคืงืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืžื—ืคื” ืืช ื—ืจืกื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช ื‘ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืคื”, ื”ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืคื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉื—ื™ืช ื•ืœืžืคืœืฆืช, ื•ืœืกื•ืฃ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ - (ืื) ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืžืื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืชื’ื‘ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”' ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื™, ืฉืœื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื•ื˜ ืจื’ืœื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”', ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืช ืขืžื• ื•ืืจืฅ ืงื“ืฉื•, ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื’ืœื ื•, ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืช ื™ืงืจืช, ื•ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืžืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฆื•ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”' ืขืžื ื•, ืœืงื•ืžื ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ืขืžื ื• ืœื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจื™ื".

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il