ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  • ืืจืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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16 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืืช

ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืช ืฆื‘ื™ื”

ื. ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื
ืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘):
ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ืœื ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, 1 ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” - ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ืืฉืจ ื ืก ืฉืžื”" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”, ื›ื”), ืฉื ืชื”ื ื“ื™ืจืชื•, ืฉื ืชื”ื ืžื™ืชืชื•, ืฉื ืชื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื•.
ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื (ืžื›ื•ืช [ืฆื•ืงืจืžืื ื“ืœ] ื’, ื”) ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืจืช:
ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื’ืœื— ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื• ื•ืžืฉืœื— ืชื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื“.
ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื–ื•ื˜ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืกืงื ืœื”) ื”ื•ื‘ื ืขื•ื“:
"ืืฉืจ ื ืก ืฉืžื”" - ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœืžื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. "ืฉืžื”" - ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื™ืก ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืœืช.
ืืžื ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘, ื•) ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื’ื ืขืžื“ื” ืื—ืจืช:
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื•: ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™: ืžืชื ื™ืชื ืœื ืืžืจื” ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ื›ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ืฉืžื”" - ืฉื ืชื”ื ื“ื™ืจืชื•.
ื”ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืฉื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ืขื™ื“, ืื ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ื•, ืืš ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ ืื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืฆืจืš, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉืžื”ืžืฉื ื” ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื. 2
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ื™ื: ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ (ืฆื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ืื• ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ (ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื• ื ืคืฉื•ืช), ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื—ืจืช - ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. 3
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื— ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื–, ื—) ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืคืกืง ืฉื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืฆื‘:
ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ื• ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”, ืื• ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื™ืก ืื• ืžื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืื• ืžื™ื“ ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืœืช. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืชืฉื•ืขืชื• ื›ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืื ื™ืฆื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื™ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื•.
ื”ืฆืขื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื", ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื”ืŸ (ื—ืฉืง ืฉืœืžื”, ืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘):
ืื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื™ ืœื•ืœื ื“ืžืกืชืคื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ืื• ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื“ืืฃ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ืื• ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžื–ื” ืžื’ืœื•ืช, ืืœื ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืžืฉื’ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืขืจื™ ื”ืžืงืœื˜. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ื“ืžืกื™ื™ื: ื“"ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื", ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื™ืœืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื›ืืŸ, ื“ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืžื™ืชืช ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื, ื•ืžืื™ ืœืขื•ืœื? ืืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื.
ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœืขื•ืœื" ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื: ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื• ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช. ืืฃ ืคืขื โ€“ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜, ืขื“ ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช - ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืื• ื›ืฉื™ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืฉืžื” ื™ืฆื, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜.
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื• ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘, ื•). ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืฆืจืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜, ืืœื ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขื. 4
ื”ืื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ื—ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ? ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืกืชืคืง ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜, ืกื™' ืชื›ื”, ื ื–):
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืื ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื ืœืื•. ื“ืžืฆื“ ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืช (ื™ื ืข"ื‘) ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆืืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื ื.
ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืจืžื– ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื• ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื• ืื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆืืช ื•ืื– ืœื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื•, ื›ืฉื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื’ ื•ื™ืฆื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืจื•ืฆื— ื”, ื™ื), ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช - ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•.

ื‘. ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”
ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ืžื“ื•ืข ืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื™ืก ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื”? ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื• ื ืฆืจื›ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื ื›ื•ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื?
ื‘ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžื›ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื‘, ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื– ืื•ืช ื‘) ื”ืงืฉื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”:
ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ 'ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื' ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื (ื™ื•ืžื ืคื” ืข"ื‘), ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื™ื™ื ื ืคืฉ ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื™ ืœื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื– ืข"ื), ื•ืื™ืš ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืขืฉื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื•ื›ื“'.
ื•ื“ื•ื—ืง ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืืข"ื’ ื“ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฉื” ื”ื "ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช, ืขื›"ืค ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื ืœื”ืจื’ื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจืžื™ ืขืœื™ื”. ืœื™ืชื, ื“ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื“ื—ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื“ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืืžืจ ื”ืš ื˜ืขืžื, ื‘ืœื ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื ืžื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืช ื‘ืขื“ ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ื”ืœื” ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ. 5
ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื”, ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ืฉื’ืœื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช? ืื ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืกื›ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืงื ื” ืฉืชืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืื•ืžื”.
ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื ืงืจื ื™ืฅ, ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ืื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”:
ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืขืฆื‘ ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ืฆื— ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื? 6

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื ื˜ืจืžืŸ (ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื—ืœืง ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜, ืขืž' ื›):
ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื ืคืฉ... ืข"ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืจืช ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืœื” ืฉืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•... ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช.
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืช. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื–ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ื•, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืคื˜ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ (ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ื—ืœืง ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืกื— ืขืžื•ื“ ืชืงื™ื–):
ืฉืกื‘ืจื ื–ื•, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื•ืžืฉื—ื“ืช ืžืื“ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ืžืฆืื ื•ื” ื‘ืฉ"ืก ื•ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื•ืœืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ืชื”, ื•ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืžื›ื•ืช ื™ ืข"ื): ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ืขืžื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื’ืœื” ืžื’ืœื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื• ืขืžื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ: " 'ื•ื—ื™', ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื™ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ืชื”ื•ื™ ืœื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ืชื". ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื™ืจ ืžื’ืœื— ืฉื ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื•, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืžื›ื•ืช ื’, ื”. ื•ืื ื”ืจื’ ื’ื•ืœื” ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ืื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื›ืชื• ื•ืขืœ ืงืœืœืชื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉื”, ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ื ื”ืจื’ ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื’ื•ืœื”, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื.
ื‘ืขืœ ื”"ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ" ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืช. ืœื”ืคืš, ืื ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืงื ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ - ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื•, ืœืงืœืœ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืืžื ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื•, ืืš ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื›ืื“ื ืžืช, ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

2. ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกื›ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช
ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืง (ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืจื•ืฆื— ื–, ื—) ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ:
ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื ืœืžื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื (= "ื•ืื ื™ืฆื ื”ืชื™ืจ ื“ืžื• ืœืžื™ืชื”"). ื”ืœื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื“ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืกืชืจ ืชื•ื›ื™ื—.
ืจืง ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืงืจ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ื—ื ืœื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืžื™ืชื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื• ืœื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžืกื›ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช.
ื•ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื–ื” ื“ืœื ื›ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช (ื—, ื“), ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” (ื”ืœ' ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”, ื”), ื“ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื”. ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื— ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื•.
ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืฉืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื, ืื ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ืขื“ ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื’ื ืื ื™ื™ืžื ืข ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืžืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ืžืŸ ืจืง ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื—, ื“ ืฉืขืœ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžืกื›ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ืืŸ ืฉืืœ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืกื›ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช, ืกื›ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื™ืก ืื• ืžืคื•ืœืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื›ื ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื“, ื™ื˜, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื:
"ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”' ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืœืš ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ื ืคืฉืš". ืžื•ื›ื— ื“ืื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืœืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืข"ืค ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
ื•ืžื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘, ื–), ืฉื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืœื ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”) 'ืืฉืจ ื ืก ืฉืžื”' ืฉื ืชื”ื ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืฉื ืชื”ื ืžื™ืชืชื• ืฉื ืชื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื•.
ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื—, ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืง ืžืฉื. ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ (ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ื—ืœืง ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื“ ืขืžื•ื“ ืชื›ื‘-ืชื›ื’) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•:
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืื™ื” ืžื›ืจื—ืช, ื“ื›ืืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืžื”ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ "ืขื“ ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื“ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื™ืจื• ืœืฆืืช ืืœื ืžื•ืช ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ืžื›ืคืจืช, ืข"ืฉ ื“ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ืžื”ืื™ ืงืจื ื“ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืื ื™ืฆื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื™ืชื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉืœื ืกื™ื™ื ื“ืื ื™ืฆื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื™ืชื”, ื“ื”ื•ื” ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืขื ื“ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืืžืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื—, ืจืง ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ืื ื™ืฆื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื™ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช.
ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื: "ื•ืื ื™ืฆื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื™ืชื”", ืœื ื‘ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ืžืง ืืช ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืœื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœืจื•ืฆื— ืื ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืฆื— ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ื”ื™ื ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ. 7

3. ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”
ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ ("ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”", ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ืขืž' ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–) ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืกื›ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื›ื ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื—, ื“) ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš:
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืจื‘ื™ื? ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ื ื•ื—ื™ ื ืคืฉ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืื—ื“ ืจืื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื ืกืง, ื•ื”ืจื"ื™ ืงื•ืง. ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื”. ืจืื™ืชื•: ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ืจื•ืฆื— ื–, ื—... ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืืจ ืžื”ืคืก': "ืœืš ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฆืจื™ื"... ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืฉืชืจืฆื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื—. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืžืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœื›ืคืจืชื• ื•ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื.
ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ, "ืื ื™ืฆื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื™ืชื”", ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ ื“ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืฆื— ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜. ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื—, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ"ื™ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง:
ื•ื”ื’ืจื"ื™ ืงื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืงืžื‘-ืงืžื“), ืžืืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื, ืกืชื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื” ื•ืžื™ื’ื“ืจ ืžื™ืœืชื... ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื”, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ "ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื—ืจ- ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”.
ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ"ื™ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื, ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง, ืขืœ ื’ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื—, ืœื ื™ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื›ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ?
ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื’ื•ืœื” ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื—.
ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ืœืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง. ื’ื ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ืœื•ื—ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ืœืœ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื–ื• ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ื’ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”.
ื›ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ืื• ื›ืฉื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”, ืืžืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช, ื•ืœื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื›ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง. ืื‘ืœ ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, "ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืœื ืคื—ื“ ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ืžืฆื ื ื–ืง ื•ืœื ืชื’ื™ืขื”ื• ืจืขื”, ื•ื™ื‘ื ื” ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ื–, ื˜ื– ). 8
ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ (ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ืœืง ื™ื’ ืกื™' ืง) ื—ื™ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืœื•ื—ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ื’ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•:
ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ "ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื—, ื”), ืœื ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ: "ื•ื—ื™ ืื—ื™ืš ืขืžืš" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื”, ืœื•), ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื (ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืกื ืข"ื), ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื”ื•. ื•ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืชืงื ืชื”. ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืงืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืฉื ืฉืคื•ืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืค"ื– ืžื”' ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื˜"ื• ื“"ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื•ืฉื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืช ืฆืจื” ื•ื™ืฉื™ื ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ื›ืคื• ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืจื ื•ืœื ื™ืคื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื‘ืืฉืชื• ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืœื ื™ืžื—ื” ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืžืœื‘ื• ื•ื™ืคื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”". ื›ืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืจืฃ ื ืคืฉื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžืกื›ื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ืฉื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื”. ื•ืื• ืื– ื™ืขืฉื” ื“' ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื ืฆืœื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ื™ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื›ื”.
ืืžื ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ื ืฆืจืš, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืคืจื˜ื™. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืชื›ื” [ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืชืงื›ื—]) ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืžื™ื ื•ืขืžืœืง, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืš:
ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื... ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื•, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืขืฉื” ื–ื”, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›, ื˜ื–): "ืœื ืชื—ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ืฉืžื”".
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืขื ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืื‘"ื“ (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื):
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื“ื ื”ื™ ื“ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ืชื” ืœืœื—ื•ื ืขืžื”ื, ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ืชืกืžื•ืš ื“ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืก (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”, ื‘), ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื ื›ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ื“ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขืžื”ื ืืฃ ื“ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ื™ื” ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ืืฃ ืฉื™ืกืชื›ืŸ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ.
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืจืง ืื ืœื ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื? ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง (ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื—ืœืง ื’ ืื’ืจืช ืชืชืงืžื“, ืขืž' ืจื ื—-ืจื ื˜) ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš:
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ืจื ืœื™ื” ื“ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•, ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ "ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื" ื“ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืžื™ื™ืชื™ (ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื• ืข"ื), ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ืžืฆื“ ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ...ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื“ื•ื—ื” ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื ืฉื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช... ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื— ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื.
ืื“ื ื›ืคืจื˜ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™, ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื•, ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื. ืืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื ื ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœื•, ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžืกืชื›ืŸ ืœืฉื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืื•ืžื”. ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื•. ืืš ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ื•ืžื•ื ื”ื’ืช ืข"ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
ืœื ืจืง ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื "ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื“ ืฆืจ" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”, ื), ืื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืจืฉืช ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืื•ืชื”. ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืืš ืžืžื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•, ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ื— ืืช ืฉืžืžื•ื ื”, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื’ื ืื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืืœื ืฉื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื•ืœืงืคื“ ืืช ืคืชื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืกืจื• ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ื ืคืฉื ืœืžืขืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืงืœื•ื‘, ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ 'ืคืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ', ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆืคืช, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžืชื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ? ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืง ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืœื”, ืฉืžืชื• ืฉื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืงื“ื—ืช ื•ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”. ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ืชืœ ื—ื™, ืื ืฉื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื• ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ื™ื ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉืกื™ื›ื ื• ื•ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืื ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื?
ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื• ืฉืœื•. ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื™ื–ื ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืคื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืงืžื• ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœื•, ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื•, ืชืจื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื–ืจื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืขื•ื“, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ื‘ืขืžืง, ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืœ ืขื–ื”, ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื›ืœ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉืกื™ื›ื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ืคืขืœื• ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•: "ืœืš ืœืš ืžืืจืฆืš... ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืจืืš" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื‘, ื). ืื•ืชื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ืงืžื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืืžืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ื‘ื•ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืืœื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืขื•ืœืžื, ื•ืืœื• ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื•. ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ืœืฉื ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืืฃ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื ืคืฉื. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื›ืจื™ื.
ืื“ื ื›ืคืจื˜, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ, ืœืฉื ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื•. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจืžืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ืื ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืกื›ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืขื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช. ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืืจืฅ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“, ื•ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื. ื•ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™. "ืืชื”ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ื–ื• ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 9




^ 1.ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื™ื™ืฉืจ, ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ื—ืœืง ื’ ืกื™' ืงืžื–, ืฉืžื™ ืฉืจืฆื— ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ื›ืฉืจ ืœืขื“ื•ืช.
^ 2.ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื, ืฉื•"ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื—ืœืง ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™ืžืŸ ืขื˜ ื›ืชื‘: "ื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืฉื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื” [ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื“ ืข"ื‘], ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ื›ืฉื™ื“ื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื ืžืœืื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืคืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”... ืืœื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื• ืœืขืฆื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื›ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื”ื ื“ืขื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื“ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ื ื ื“ืž"ืž ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฆืืช ืืœ ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ื ืืœื™ื•, ื“ื”ื–ืจื™ื– ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืฉื›"ื— ืกื™"ื’, ื•ืงืž"ืœ ื“ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ืืœื™ื•".
^ 3.ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ื‘ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ื ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืืคื™ืœื• ืืžืจื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืจืข ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ืื™ืชืŸ: "ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉื’ืœื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ ืื—ืจืช". ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžืชืื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื—ื™" - "ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื™ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ืชื”ื•ื™ ืœื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ืชื" (ืžื›ื•ืช ื™ ืข"ื). ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื.
^ 4.ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ื•ืš, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื™ื“ ืฉืื•ืœ, ืขืž' ืฉืฆื. ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”, ื˜): "ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื". ื”ืื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ืื• ืืฃ ืคืขื. ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช - ืื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืื– ืืคืฉืจ. ืืฃ ืคืขื - ื’ื ื™ืฆืื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืืกื•ืจื”.


^ 5.ื‘ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืจื’ืœ. ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ืขื“ ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืœื ืขืฉื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืขืฉื” ืงืœ? ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
^ 6. ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ื•ืš, (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืข' 4) ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ืื™ืชืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื”ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ.

^ 7.ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื–ืืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ื—ืœืง ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืกื—. ื’ื ื”ืจื™ื"ื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ืฉื•"ืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•"ื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื˜, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืฆื— ืœืฆืืช ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกื›ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช... ืจืื” ื’ื: ื”ืจื‘ ื“ืŸ ืคืœื•ืฆืงื™, ื›ืœื™ ื—ืžื“ื” ืคืจืฉืช ืคื ื—ืก ืื•ืช ื; ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืจื ืงืœ, ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจื”, ื‘ ืกื™' ื ื‘; ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื™ ืกื™' ื›ื” ืคืจืง ื™ื—; ื™ื’ ืกื™' ืฆื, ื•; ื˜ื– ืกื™' ื›ื’, ื”.
^ 8.ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™: "ื›ืจื, ื‘ื™ืช, ืืฉื” โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”", ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืž' 327-321.
^ 9.ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, "ืžืกื™ืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ", ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื™ (ืชืฉืž"ื˜), ืขืž' 61-34; ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ, "ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื—ืœืง ื“ ืขืž' 113-108; ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–ื™ืกื‘ืจื’, "ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ืขืž' 436-392. ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™: "ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืž' 489-479.

ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืชืฉืข"ื—, ืขืž' 150-140
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il