ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  • ืืจืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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13 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืืช

ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืช ืฆื‘ื™ื”

ื”ืงื“ืžื”
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™, ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’: ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื—ืฉ ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื— ืœื”ืœืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืชื• ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืฉืคื• ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ื ืคื’ืขื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื ("ืฉื˜ื™ื ืงืจื™ื"), ื•ื”ืฆื™ืงื• ืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฉื™ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขืฉื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ื’ื•ื–ืœื•. ืืฃ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื™ืชื‘ืขื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืžื• ืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
ืžื” ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’?

ื. ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื•ื”ืชืจืขื”
ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืืกืคื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื ื”, ืืฃ ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ืจื ื ื’ืžืจ: "ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืขืช ื”ืืกืฃ ื”ืžืงื ื” ื”ืฉืงื• ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ืœื›ื• ืจืขื•" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื˜, ื–). ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ืคืจืฉื” ืข, ื™ื):
ืœืคื™ ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืชื ืจื•ื‘ืฆื™ื, ื›ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืœื ื™ืจืขื• ืขื•ื“. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: "ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืชื ืœื ืฉืœืžืชื ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืื ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ "ืœื ืขืช ื”ืืกืฃ ื”ืžืงื ื”".
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืžื ืข ืžืœืžื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื›ื˜, ื–*) ื”ื•ืกืงื” ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช:
"ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ื•ืื ืฉืœื›ื ืืชื ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืขืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉื™ืื›ื ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ "ืœื ืขืช ื”ืืกืฃ ื”ืžืงื ื”" ืืœ ื”ืขื“ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืืœื: "ื”ืฉืงื• ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ืœื›ื• ืจืขื•". ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืื“ื ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ืจื•ืื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข.
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื. ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืขื” ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืื—ืจืช, ืืฃ ืฉืœื‘ืŸ ืœื ื ื”ื’ ืื™ืชื• ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ืืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ( ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื’, ื–*):
ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื•ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื–ื•ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ืขื›ื‘ื ื•, ื›ืš ื”ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื–ื•ืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืจืžื”. ืืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืงื“ืง ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืžืจ "ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื›ืŸ" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื, ื•), ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื˜ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื–ืืช ืืฃ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ "ื•ื™ืคืจืฅ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืื“ ืžืื“" (ืœ, ืžื’).
ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”, ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืขืจ ื’ ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•:
ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื‘ืจื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื“ื ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื• ื•ื™ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•, ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื”ื™ืจื ื•ื™ื•ื“ื™ืขื ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื—ืคืฆื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉื” ืžืœืื›ืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ื• ื‘ืœื ืจืžื™ื”, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”.
ืืžื ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื•ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื ืœืจื›ืœ ื•ืœื ืœืฉืงืจ ืกืชื.

ื‘. ืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื• ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื•ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื, ืžื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืฉืืจื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื. ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•:
ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื. ื•ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื— ืืžืจ ืืœ ื’ื“ืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกืชืจ ื‘ืžืฆืคื” ืœืืžืจ ื”ืื ืืœื›ื” ื ื ื•ืื›ื” ืืช ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœืžื” ื™ื›ื›ื” ื ืคืฉ ื•ื ืคืฆื• ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื™ืš ื•ืื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื’ื“ืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื ืืœ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื— ืืœ ืชืขืฉ ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืฉืงืจ ืืชื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืž, ื™ื“-ื˜ื–*).
ืืš ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื— ืฆื“ืง, ื•ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืš ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ: "ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืฉื ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืคื’ืจื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื’ื“ืœื™ื”" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžื, ื˜*). ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืงืฉืชื” ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื ื“ื” ืกื ืข"ื*):
ื•ื›ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืŸ? ื•ื”ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื”ืจื’ืŸ! ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœืขืฆืช ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื— ื•ืœื ื—ืฉ - ืžืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื’ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื: ื”ืื™ ืœื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ืฉื, ืืข"ืค ื“ืœืงื‘ื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื‘ืขื™ - ืžื™ื—ืฉ ืœื™ื” ืžื‘ืขื™.
ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ "ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื˜ื–), ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืืœื ืืฃ ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช:
ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื ื• ืžื”ืชืจืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฉื ืจืื”ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืช ืื• ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•. ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื“ืข ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•. ืื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื• ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื ื–ืงื•. ื•ื‘ืื” ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื”ืžื ืข ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื‘ืืžืจื• ื™ืชืขืœื”: "[ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžืš] ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื˜ื–). ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• (ืกืคืจื, ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืคืจืฉื” ื‘, ื“) ืฉืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ืชื›ืœืœื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื–ืืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืืžืจื• ื”ืืžืช (ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืจืฆื–). 1
ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ื”ื•ื: "ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžืš ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš". ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง, ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉื): "ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืš ืœื”ืจื’ื•, ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ืžื• ืืœื ื”ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ื”ืขืฆื”". 2 ื›ืš ืคืกืง ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืกืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื ื•):
ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข , ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขืฉื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉืงื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืจื‘ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืขืจืžื”, ืื• ืฉื—ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืชืจืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืืคืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื ื• ืžื ืฉื•ื, ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืžื” ืœื™ ื—ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืชืจืช ืื• ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ืžืฉืจืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ืื• ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืฉื’ื•ื ื‘ ืžื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื•, ืื• ืฉื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื˜ืขื”ื• ื•ืžืื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื— ื•ืžืžื›ืจ, ืื• ืฉื‘ืชืžื™ืžื•ืชื• ืžืœื•ื” ืžืขื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ื” ืจืฉืข ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืœื. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืงื™ื˜ ืข"ื) ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื ืฉืžืชื• ืžืžื ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื›ืŸ ืืจื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืงื—" (ืžืฉืœื™ ื, ื™ื˜), ื•ืื•ืžืจ: "ืžื—ืžืก ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืฉืจ ืฉืคื›ื• ื“ื ื ืงื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื" (ื™ื•ืืœ ื“, ื™ื˜). ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื–ืœื” ื•ืื‘ื“ื” ื, ื™ื’).
ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื˜ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื—ื“ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื—ืจ ืื• ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื• ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ืืช. ืคืกืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืจืื“ื™ืŸ (ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื˜, ื):
ืื ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื ื–ืง, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง. ื•ืืœื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื:
ื. ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ ืฉื™ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืจืขื”, ืจืง ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื™ืฆื ืจืขื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•.
ื‘. ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื.
ื’. ืฉื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืกืœืง ื”ื ื–ืงื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช (ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืœื• ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ืชื•ืขืœืช. ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื™ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•, ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืžื• ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช. ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืชืจื’ื– ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื™ืืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืชืฃ : ื™ืคื” ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ืš ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชืš ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช).
ื“. ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืจื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจ.
ื•ืขืชื” ื ื‘ืืจ ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืื ืฉืžืข ืœืื—ื“ ืฉืืžืจ: ืื ืืคื’ืข [=ืืคื’ื•ืฉ] ืœืคืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™, ืื›ื ื•, ืื• ืื—ืจืคื ื• ื•ืื’ื“ืคื ื•; ืื• ืฉืฉืžืข ืžืžื ื•, ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ... ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœืฉื›ื ื’ื“ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืฉ ืื• ื”ื™ื–ืง.
ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“:
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœืคืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื, ืขืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื™ืงืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื•ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืœืš ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืงืฆืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”... ื•ืืฃ ื“ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ืœื ืฉื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืชื—ืœื” ืื ื ืฉืœืžื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื (ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ ืฉื), ื“ืื™ ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื—"ื•.
ืืฃ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ืœืจื›ืœ, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืฉืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืจื”, ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื›ื“', ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืคื ื” ืœืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืื• ืคื™ื–ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื• ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ.
ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืื• ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืขื•ืฉื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื”.

ื’. ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืžืงืจื™ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
1. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™, ื ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื“ื ืจืื” ืื™ืฉื” ื’ื•ื ื‘ืช ืžื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ ื”ืื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืื™ืฉื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื‘:
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืก ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช 'ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš'. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš', ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื•, ื›ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืคืจืฉื” ื‘, ื—:
ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืง ืขืœื™ื”? ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš",
ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืื ืจืื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืื• ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืื• ื—ื™ื” ืจืขื” ื‘ืื” ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื‘ื ืคืฉื•? ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš".
ืžืขืชื”, ืฉืื ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื•. ื•ืื•ืชื” ืืฉื” ืฉื’ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฉืจืื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ื”ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื ืœื”, ืชื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘ื• ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืฆืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ืกื›ื• ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ืื•ืœื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื ืขื” ืžืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืš, ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื. 3
ื”ืฆืœืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉ. ืžื™ ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื•, ืืฃ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืกื“.
ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื ื˜ืจืžืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื•"ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ (ื ืชื™ื‘ ื˜) ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ "ืจื•ืื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ืขืœ ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžื–ื™ื™ืฃ ื”ืคื ืงืกื™ื ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื”ืชืจื” ื‘ื• ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื™ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ืœืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ". ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื: "ืจืฉืื™ ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจื•ืื” ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืกืžื• ื•ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื–ืง ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืฉื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš... ื•ืœืคื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ, ืื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื”ื, ืžืฉื•ื 'ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš' ". 4
ืื ืจื•ืื” ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจืื™ - ืฉื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืจ. ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื”. 5 ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžืฉื•ื: "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš".
ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืกืงื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ. ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืชื•ืจื”: "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš".

2. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ ืขื•ื•ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื ืฉืืœ ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืœืฉื™ืŸ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ "ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืœื™ื“ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื" ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื:
...ื“ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ื“ื‘ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืืกื•ืŸ... ื“ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืจื•ื“ืฃ. ื“ื”ืจื™ ืืฃ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื”, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ (ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ืฉืขื—): "ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื–ืง ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืื• ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื•, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืฉื™ืจืฆื”. ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืกื•ืก ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืฉื™ืจืฆื”, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืคื•ืฉืข ื‘ื• ื•ืžื–ื™ืง ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืžื–ื™ืง ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืฃ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉื•ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•' " ืขื›"ืœ. (ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ืฉืขื— ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื—-ื˜ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืž"ืข ืฉื). ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง ืžืžืฉ, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืฃ, ื•ืื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืจืื” ื•ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืกืจื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช.
ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืก ืžื ื” ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืชืคืจืข ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืฃ. ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš" (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขื’ ืข"ื), ื•ื”ื ืจื“ืคื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ โ€“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื”ื’.
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ืก ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช:
ืืžื ื ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืฃ (ื—ื•"ืž ื‘ืกื™' ืชื›ื”) ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ (ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ืฉืคื— ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™) ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื (ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื‘) ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื“ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืžืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชืจืื”, ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื ื”ืชืจืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืกืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขืชื ืœืคื ื™ื”ื. ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืคืฅ ื“' ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื•ืชืงื ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื. 6
ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’. ืืš ืื ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื ืชื•ืขื™ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช.
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืชื’ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืจื•ืคื ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืœ ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจื•ืคืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืื• ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืชื•, ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื™, ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื“ื• ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ืชื•, ืื• ืฉืžื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืจื•ืคื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืกื•ื“, ืืš ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื ื”ื’ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ืคืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืžืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”: "ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืžื™ื“ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ืืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ". 7

3. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช
ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ื•ืš, ื ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืฉื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘:
ืจืขื“ื” ืื—ื–ืชื ื™ ืขืœ ืคืฉืข ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืจ"ืž ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืžื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื•ืขื›ืฉื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื’ืœื” ืงืœื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจ"ืž, ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืชืขืงืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข. ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ืคื•ืชื— ืคืชื— ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืจื—ืžื ื ืœืฆืœืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืœ ืจื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืŸ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื—ื–ืงืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืื ื ืจืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื“ื•ื“ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื•ื–ืงื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื•... ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ื›ืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ื•ื—ืฉืฉ ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ืœื”, ื•ืื ืžืชืจืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ "ืืจื•ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ืช ื”' ืจืžื™ื”". 8
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ืคืฉืข ื”ืžื ื”ืœ", "ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืคื•ืชื— ืคืชื— ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืจื—ืžื ื ืœืฆืœืŸ" ื•ืขื•ื“, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื•. 9

ื“. ืชืœื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
ื™ืฉ ื”ื ืจืชืขื™ื ืžื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืœื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ "ืžื•ืกืจ" ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื™ื ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืืœื ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืขืกืง ื‘ื›ืš ื•ืืœื• ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื•:
ื. ืื“ื ืืœื™ื ื”ืžื›ื” ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืœื•ื ืชื• ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžื›ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื’ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
ื‘. ืื“ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืื“ื ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช (ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื›ื“'), ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
ื’. ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืชื• ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื•.
ื“. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ื ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื™ืชื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื”. 10
ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ืื• ืœืคื™ ืฉืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืžืคื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ืขื•ื•ืœื”.
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื™ืœืžืŸ, ื›ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื›ื—ื•ืง ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืฉืจืคื”?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืœืฉื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื•ืขื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืจื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืงื™ื– ืข"ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื ืžื”ืจ. ื•ื"ื› ืœื ื™ืžื”ืจ ืœื”ืœืฉื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืืฉื•ืจื•. ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืœืฉื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•.
ื•ื›ืš ืคืกืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื:
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืจื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื’ื ื”ืืจื™ืš ื”ื“ืจืš. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™"ื“ ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืื• ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืœืคื™ ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืžืจืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื›ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืื ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื™"ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืงื— ืขืœื™ื•, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™"ื“ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจ. 11

ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ื•ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืงืฉื”. ืืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื” ื•ื—ื•ืกื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™. ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื” ื›ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืชืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ืœื ืœืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืื—ืจ.




^ 1.ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœ' ืจื•ืฆื— ื, ื™ื“; ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืจืœื–, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืœื˜ ืข"ื‘.
^ 2.ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœื˜ื™ืืœ, ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืžืœื‘ื™"ื, ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“. ืจืื” ื’ื ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื™ื’. ืืžื ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื”: " 'ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš' ืฉืœื ื™ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœืฉื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื“ื•ืื’ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ ืœืขื“".
^ 3.ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™, "ื”ืจื•ืื” ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื’ื•ื ื‘ ืื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื ืœืื•", ืฉื•"ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืš ืจื‘, ื• ืกื™' ืคื”. ืจืื” ืขื•ื“: ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™, "ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข", ืฉื•"ืช ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื’ ืกื™' ื ื–.
^ 4.ื”ืจื‘ ืื™ืกืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื ื˜ืจืžืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืจืš ื˜ ืขืž' ื›ื’.
^ 5.ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืจืฉืื™ ืื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืจื•ืื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื ืชืงื™ื ื”. ืจืื”: ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ืฉื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ื• ืกื™' ืฉื™ื’; ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ื•ืื–ื ืจ, ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื—ืœืง ื‘ ืกื™' ื ื—; ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ืกื™' ืฆื‘; ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™, "ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ 'ืžื•ื“ื™ืข' ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื—ืฉืฉ", ืฉื•"ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืš ืจื‘, ื ืกื™' ืข.



^ 6.ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื— ืกื™' ืงืžื—. ืจืื” ืขื•ื“: ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื” ืคื•ื“ื•ืจ, "ื”ืœืฉื ื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”", ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื, ืขืž' 197-193.
^ 7.ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื—ื•ื•ื” ื“ืขืช ื“ ืกื™' ืก. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื•: ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืฉื•"ืฅ ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื™ื’ ืกื™' ืคื, ื‘; ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ, "ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ืคื™ื•ืŸ" ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ืขืž' 291-289; ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', "ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™", ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื™ื— ื ื—ื•ื, ืกื™' ืฆื; ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ, "ืžืกื™ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื–ืง", ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื ืกื™' ืคื’.
^ 8.ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฉื•"ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื” ืกื™' ืฉืฆื—. ืจืื” ืขื•ื“: ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, "ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื•ื ื”", ื—ืฉื•ืงื™ ื—ืžื“ - ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืž' ื“ืฉ.
^ 9.ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืขืœืœื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื. ืจืื”: ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื™ื˜ ืกื™' ื ื‘; ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•ื ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘, "ืžืกื™ืจื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื", ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื’, ืกื™' ืจืœื; ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•ื ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘, "ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื", ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื˜ื• (ืชืฉืก"ื”), ืขืž' ืชืจืžื‘; ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื”ืœื‘ืจืฉืื, ืฉื, ืขืž' ืชืจืžื’-ืชืจื ื; ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืคืจ, ื ืฉืžืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื—ืœืง ื“ - ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื•, ืขืž' ืจื–-ืจื™; ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•, "ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืจื”"ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื", ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื—ืœืง ื, ืขืž' 117 [ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ 70 ืฉื ื”, ื—ืœืง ื‘ ืขืž' 578]; ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื ืจ, "ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื", ืขื˜ื•ืจื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ื, 163 (ืชืฉื "ื—), ืขืž' 11-10.
^ 10.ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘,"ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื•ืกืจ?", ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ืœื™ืขืงื‘, ื” ืกื™' ื™ื˜ (ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื“, ืขืž' 313-306). ืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“: ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื•ื™ื“, "ืžืกื™ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื", ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื’, ืขืž' 370-358. ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื; ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™, ืฉื•"ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืš ืจื‘, ื” ืกื™' ืžื•.
^ 11.ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื™ืœืžืŸ, "ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ื”", ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื“ (ืชืฉืก"ื˜), ืขืž' ื ื’, ื ื•, ื ื—.

ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืชืฉืข"ื—, ืขืž' 117-108
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