ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
14 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื - ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืžื—ืจืช ื—ื’ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ื‘ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืžื ื—ื” ืœื”', ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ืชื‘ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”'. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืงืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ. ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื˜-ื™ื“): "ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ื”' ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืœึผึตืืžึนืจ. ื“ึผึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืึถืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื: ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึธื›ึถื ื•ึผืงึฐืฆึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ืงึฐืฆึดื™ืจึธื”ึผ, ื•ึทื”ึฒื‘ึตืืชึถื ืึถืช ืขึนืžึถืจ ืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ืงึฐืฆึดื™ืจึฐื›ึถื ืึถืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸ. ื•ึฐื”ึตื ึดื™ืฃ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึนืžึถืจ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืœึดืจึฐืฆึนื ึฐื›ึถื, ืžึดืžึผึธื—ึณืจึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ื™ึฐื ึดื™ืคึถื ึผื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸ. ื•ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึถื ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึฒื ึดื™ืคึฐื›ึถื ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึนืžึถืจ ื›ึผึถื‘ึถืฉื‚ ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืฉืึฐื ึธืชื•ึน ืœึฐืขึนืœึธื” ืœึทื”'. ื•ึผืžึดื ึฐื—ึธืชื•ึน ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึนื ึดื™ื ืกึนืœึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืœื•ึผืœึธื” ื‘ึทืฉึผืึถืžึถืŸ ืึดืฉึผืึถื” ืœึทื”' ืจึตื™ื—ึท ื ึดื™ื—ึนื—ึท ื•ึฐื ึดืกึฐื›ึผึนื” ื™ึทื™ึดืŸ ืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดืช ื”ึทื”ึดื™ืŸ. ื•ึฐืœึถื—ึถื ื•ึฐืงึธืœึดื™ ื•ึฐื›ึทืจึฐืžึถืœ ืœึนื ืชึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืขึทื“ ืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืขึทื“ ื”ึฒื‘ึดื™ืึฒื›ึถื ืึถืช ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึผึทืŸ ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื, ื—ึปืงึผึทืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึนืฉืึฐื‘ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื".
ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื—ื’ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžึดืžึผึธื—ึณืจึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช - ืžืžื—ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—. ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืื›ื™ืœืชื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื–ื•. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืงืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื”ื›ื ืชื• ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ืชื• ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช.
ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืŸ, ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื—, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—. ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืจืžื–, ืฉื’ื ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉื‘ืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืžืœื™ืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชืขืœื™ื ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจืชื ื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช 'ืฉืชื™ ื”ืœื—ื', ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืงืจื‘ืŸ 'ืฉืชื™ ื”ืœื—ื' ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืกื—, ื‘; ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื’, ื–).
ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื›ืฉืจ ืœืงืฆื™ืจ. ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•, ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืจื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืขื–ืจื”, ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืงืœื™ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”. ืืช ื”ืงืžื— ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ืคื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื ืคื•ืช. ืœืžื—ืจืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืคื™ื, ืœืงื—ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืžื— ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืื™ืคื”, ื•ื‘ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืžืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืงื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘ื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื™ืคื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืงื•ืžืฅ ื•ืžืงื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ืžืฅ ื”ื•ืงื˜ืจ, ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืกื’-ืกื—; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ื–, ื’-ื™ื‘).

ื‘ - ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ืขื“ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ, ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื ืช 2,489, ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืขื‘ืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืžืื– ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ. ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื™ื“): "ื—ึปืงึผึทืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึนืฉืึฐื‘ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื" (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”).
ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—ืจื‘, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื—ึปืงึผึทืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื". ืืœื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืžืฉื—ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ืขึทื“ ืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ืขึทื“ ื”ึฒื‘ึดื™ืึฒื›ึถื ืึถืช ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึผึทืŸ ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื". ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืงื™ื™ื - ืขึทื“ ื”ึฒื‘ึดื™ืึฒื›ึถื ืึถืช ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึผึทืŸ ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—ืจื‘ - ืขึทื“ ืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”. ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื™"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื•ืชืจืช (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืกื—, ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืฆื’, ื).
ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”: ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื–ื•ื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืชืืคืง ื•ืœื ื ืื›ืœ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืœื”', ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื• ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื• ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืชื™ืžืฉืš ื”ืืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืืœื ืฉืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ. ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืœื”', ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืžืจื•ืžืžืช ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืช ืื›ื™ืœืชื (ืขื™' ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื’; ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื™; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘, ื‘).

ื’ - ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื—ื“ืฉ'
ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืŸ: ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืกืžื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืขืœ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื”ื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื™ื“): "ื•ึฐืœึถื—ึถื ื•ึฐืงึธืœึดื™ ื•ึฐื›ึทืจึฐืžึถืœ ืœึนื ืชึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืขึทื“ ืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”". ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื—ื - ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืงืžื— ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื—ืžืฆื”, ืฉืื ืžืฉื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืฆืง ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืžื”ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžื™ืฅ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœื—ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ืœืœื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ, ื”ืžืืคื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื 'ืœื—ื ืขื•ื ื™', ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืกื— (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืข, ื-ื‘).
ื”'ื—ื“ืฉ', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื’ืŸ ืฉื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื”ืžื•ืช (ืžืฉื ื” ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืขื, ื; ืคืกื—ื™ื ื›ื’, ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ื•ื™, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื›ืฉื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื•.
ืคืจื˜ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”: "ืœึถื—ึถื ื•ึฐืงึธืœึดื™ ื•ึฐื›ึทืจึฐืžึถืœ ืœึนื ืชึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ", ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ื“ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”. ืœึถื—ึถื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช, ืฉืœืฉื ื”ื›ื ืชื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ, ืœืœื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืžื— ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืœืืคื•ืช. ืงึธืœึดื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืงืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืฉ, ื•ึฐื›ึทืจึฐืžึถืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื. ื’ื ืื›ื™ืœืช ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืžื“ื’ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื“ื’ืŸ ื›ึทึผืจึฐืžึถืœ ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื—ื“ืฉ', ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืคืงื™ืขื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืงืžื— ื›ืกื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืจืกืŸ, ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ื•ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืงืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืขืœ ืžืขื•ื›ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืงื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืชื‘ื•ืื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ื›ืจ. 1

ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ืฆืžื— ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืžืชื™ืจื•. ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืžืชื™ืจื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื• ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžื–ืจื™ืขืชื (ื“ื’ืž"ืจ, ืจืข"ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื–ืจื™ืขืชื (ืชื”"ื“), ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื. ืืžื ื ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืชื‘ื•ืื” ื–ื• ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื˜"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžื–ืจื™ืขืชื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืžืชื™ืจื” (ืขื™' ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘, ื“).
ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ืฅ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืงื•ื‘ ืื• ื‘ืžื™ื (ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืœื•, ื‘; ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื—"ื“ ื™ื•"ื“ ื , ื‘).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื• ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืฉืœื™ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื (ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื“).
ื“ - ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงืฆื™ืจ
ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ืžืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืงืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื™): "ื•ึทื”ึฒื‘ึตืืชึถื ืึถืช ืขึนืžึถืจ ืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ืงึฐืฆึดื™ืจึฐื›ึถื ืึถืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸ", ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืงืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืงื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื ืงืฆืจื” - ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ื–, ื›ื). ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื•. ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™ื, ื).

ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื—ื™ืŸ (ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื“) ืฉื‘ืขืžืงื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืœืขืจื™ืžื” ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื–ืจื• ื’ื ืฉืœื ืœืงื•ืฆืจื”, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœืชื‘ื•ืื”, ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืกืจื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืขื, ื; ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื–, ื™ื’). ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื ืกื ื‘ืžืžื’ื•ืจื”. 2
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืขื•ืžืจ. ื•ื’ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœืงื•ืฆืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื ื–ืง ืœื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืืžื ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื•ื™ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืงืฆืจื•, ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืื’ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืืœื ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ืชื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืขื˜ื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชืŸ ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื 'ื—ื“ืฉ' (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืขื, ื; ืขื‘, ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–). 3
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ. ื”ื‘ืืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื•ืื ื™ื–ืจืขื• ืื•ืชื” ืชืฆืžื—. 4
ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ. ืื•ืœื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื—ืœ ื’ื ืฉื.
ื” - ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ
ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืกืคืจื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื—; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื—, ื›ื”; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื’, ื). ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”'ื—ื“ืฉ', ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื ื–ืจืขืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืžืชื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื— ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื—, ื•ืื–ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื 'ื—ื“ืฉ' ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืจืจ, ืื™ื–ื• ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื•ืฉืจืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฉืจืฉื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืกืžืš 'ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื'. ืกืคืง ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืฉืจืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืžืืจืฅ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฉืจืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ (ืจืื‘ื™"ื”, ืจื"ืฉ). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื™ืงืœ (ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข).
ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื“ื“ื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉื ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“ - ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ืจื™ืขืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืฉืจื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ืืช ืงื™ืฅ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ. ื›ืš ื™ืฆื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื›ืœื• ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืœื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช-ืฉื•ืขืœ ืฉืžื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืงื” ืฉื™ื›ืจ ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื•ืื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื’ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืžืขื•, ื•ืืžืจื• "ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื’ื’ื™ื ื•ืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื™ื“ื™ื" (ืจื"ืฉ, ืจืž"ื ืจืฆื’, ื’).
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื—ืคืฉื• ืคืชื— ืœื”ื™ืชืจ: ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขื” ื”ืžืงื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื” (ื˜"ื– ืจืฆื’, ื“). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืœื“ืขื” ื”ืžืงื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืจืฆื’, ื›, ืขืค"ื™ ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื—ื“ืฉ' ืืžื ื ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื (ื‘"ื—). ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™, ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื—ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ืœื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื›ืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื ื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื "ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืชืœื•ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”" (ื˜"ื– ืฉื). 5

ื• - ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืงื•ืช
ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื“ื ื“ื’ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื“ื’ืŸ ื•ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื 'ื—ื“ืฉ' - ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื—ื“ืฉ', ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง (ืขื™' ืื’"ืž ื™ื•"ื“ ื“, ืžื•, ื“). ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื™ืฉื ื”. ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืกืžื•ืš. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื—ืฉืฉ 'ื—ื“ืฉ', ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžื™ื•ื‘ืืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืกืคืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื“ื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื•ืื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ืฉืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื—ื“ืฉ', ืืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื“"ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ื—ื“ืฉ'.
ื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืงืžื— ืฉืœ 'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื‘ืงืžื— ืื—ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื”'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื• ืคื™ ืืœืฃ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื”ื•ื 'ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืชื™ืจื™ื', ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื”'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ื• (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื ื—, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืื›"ื ื˜ื•, ื™).
ืื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื”ื™ื ื—ืžืฅ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืจื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืคื™ ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” (ื—ื›ืž"ื ื ื’, ื‘ื™ื ืช ืื“ื ื›ื—). ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชืงืœืงืœ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื”'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉืฉื™ื (ื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชืคื˜, ื›ื“).
ืื ืงืžื— ื”'ื—ื“ืฉ' ื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจ 'ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืชื™ืจื™ืŸ' ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืกืจ ืžืื›ืœ ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื™ ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื‘, ื).




^ 1.. ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ื–ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื›ื–ื™ืช ืงืœื™ ื•ื›ื–ื™ืช ื›ืจืžืœ, ื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช (ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื”, ื). ื’ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื“ื’ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื•ืงื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจืžืœ, ื’ื ืื ื ื˜ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ืœื ืคืงืข ืžืžื ื• ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื™ื“. ื•ืขื™' ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืœื˜). ื”ืฉื•ืชื” ืžืฉืงื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื‘ื•ืืช ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืงื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื™, ื›ื‘. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื‘, 13). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื™ ืืœื ื–ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืœืžื (ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื—; ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืงื•ื "ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื•ืœืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื, ื‘, ื”ืžืฉืงื” ืžื•ืชืจ). ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืงื” ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืจื"ืฉ, ืกืž"ื’, ืจื•ืงื—, ื—ื›ื ืฆื‘ื™ ื›; ืฉื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกื; ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื’; ื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชืคื˜, ื›ื‘; ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืจืฆื’, ื›ื’-ื›ื–).
^ 2.. ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ (ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื”, ืจืฉ"ืฉ). ืื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ื–, ื™ื’), ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืคื“, ื) ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื•. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ื—; ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•"ื˜ ื—"ื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืงืจืงืข ื™ื. ื˜ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืžืงื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—. ืœืžื”ืจ"ื ื—ืœืื•ื•ื”, ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืžืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืข ืขื“ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืคืกื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืจ. ื•ืœืชื•ืก', ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ืคืจืฅ, ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื• ืขืžืงื™ื (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืคื”, ื). ืืžื ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกืจื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืืœื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืกื“ ื‘ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื“ื•ืฉ, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ (ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื, ืชื•ืก', ืจ"ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืž"ืง), ื ืจืื” ืฉื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉื ืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืžืจ, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกืจื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืœื ื’ื–ืจื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืื™ืจื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™ื, ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ืฉืงืฆืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืขื, ื), ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืฉื ืขื•ืžืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจื™ื‘"ืŸ, ืจื™"ื“, ืฉื˜ืž"ืง).
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘'ืชื‘ื•ืืช ื”ืขืžืงื™ื' ืœืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœื” ื‘ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื•ืขื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื ืขืฉืชื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช. ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช ืžื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื—ื ืฉืฉื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉืขื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื— ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืขื“ ื”ืคืกื— ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืžืฉืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช.
ืงืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ืŸ: ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืจ ืืช ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื - ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื“ื•ืฉ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื•ืืžื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืงืจื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื”. ืื•ืœื ืžื ื’ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื’ืŸ ื—ื™, ื•ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ืื›ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืื ืœื ื ืชื™ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื™ื™ื’ืจื ื”ืคืกื“ ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืคืกื“, ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ืชื™ืจื• ืืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื“. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื–'.
^ 3.. ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ืœื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืกื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืคื”. ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ื–, ื˜ื•). ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืฉื›ืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืžื•ืชืจ (ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ืฉื, ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื–, ื—). ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืžื•ืชืจ. ืžื ื’ื“, 'ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”' ื“, ืœื“, ืืกืจ ืงืฆื™ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื ื™ืขืช ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืกืคืง ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ. ืข"ื›. ืื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืงืฆื™ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืžื” (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืงื•ืจืงื•ืก, ื›ืก"ืž ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ื–, ื˜ื•). ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจ, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ืืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”. ื•ื ืœืขื "ื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ื•ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื ืื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ื ืื›ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื”, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”. ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘"ืž ืฆ, ื, ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื™ืชื”, ื•ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœืืกื•ืจ (ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”, ื˜). ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืขืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืœืงื•ืช, ื›ืงืฆื™ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื—, ื‘, ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
^ 4.. ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ ืื• ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืกืื™. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืข, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืกื•ืค"ื‘, ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื—ืœื” ื, ื’; ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘, ื–. ื•ื›"ื› ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืžืขืฉืจ ื‘, ื”; ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘, ื™; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืœื, ื˜ื•. ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืช ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ืฉืœื‘ 'ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ื—ืœื‘' (ืฉื‘ื• ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ืจื’ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื“ื•ื ื’). ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื’, 6.
^ 5.. ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื’ืžืจื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื–, ื, ื“ืขืช ืชื ื ืงืžื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉื‘"ื™. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ืจืฉื‘"ื™, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื™ื“): "ื—ึปืงึผึทืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึนืฉืึฐื‘ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื". ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืกื—, ื‘, ืขืค"ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื, ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืจืง ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” (ื—ื“ืฉ ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืช"ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ (ื‘"ื— ื•ื˜"ื–). ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืกืชื ืžืฉื ื” (ืขืจืœื” ื’, ื˜), ืฉื ืืžืจื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื”: "ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื”ืขืจืœื” ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื”ื›ืœืื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื". ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืžื ื”ื’ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืกื—, ื‘), ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ืืฉื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื, ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจื"ืฉ, ืจืž"ื”, ืžืื™ืจื™, ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื. ื•ื›"ื› ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”, ืจื•ืงื—, ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื, ืจืื‘ื™"ื”, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ืœื‘ื•, ืกืž"ื’ ื•ืกืž"ืง; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื™, ื‘; ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืจืฆื’, ื‘.
ืื•ืœื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืชืืžืฆื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข, ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืขื™ืœ ืฆื“ืง), ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื‘, ื), ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ (ืจืฆื’, ื™ื˜-ื›ื) ื—ื™ื–ืง ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื•. ื•ื”ื˜"ื– ืจืฆื’, ื“, ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœืช"ืง ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื–, ื, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืืžื ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจื•, ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ืงืœ (ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื–, 2). ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืงื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžื’ื•ื™, ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืจื™ื‘"ื (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ), ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื‘"ื— ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืืช ื’ื•ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” (ืœืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื, ื‘), ืจืฆื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”.
ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืคื˜, ืžื”), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ื ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืœื• (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ).
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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