ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
  • ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื
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33 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘"ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš



ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”

ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ื›ื ื™ืกืช / ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
ื”ืœื›ื•ืช
ืฉื•"ืช
ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื•


ื - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืชืจื•ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืชืจื•ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื˜, ื): "ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื... ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื". ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื›ื“): "ื‘ึผึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”..."
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื‘, ื˜): "ืชึผึฐืจึนืขึตื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึตื‘ึถื˜ ื‘ึผึทืจึฐื–ึถืœ ื›ึผึดื›ึฐืœึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืฆึตืจ ืชึผึฐื ึทืคึผึฐืฆึตื", ืชึผึฐืจึนืขึตื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื‘ืจื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื›ื“, ื™ื˜): "ืจึนืขึธื” ื”ึดืชึฐืจึนืขึฒืขึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืคึผื•ึนืจ ื”ึดืชึฐืคึผื•ึนืจึฐืจึธื” ืึถืจึถืฅ, ืžื•ึนื˜ ื”ึดืชึฐืžื•ึนื˜ึฐื˜ึธื” ืึธืจึถืฅ", ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืจึนืขึธื” ื”ึดืชึฐืจึนืขึฒืขึธื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื‘ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ืžื™ื›ื” ื”, ื”): "ื•ึฐืจึธืขื•ึผ ืึถืช ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึทืฉึผืื•ึผืจ ื‘ึผึทื—ึถืจึถื‘", ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื™ืจื•ืฆืฆื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ืืฉื•ืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™). ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืชืจื’ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื˜, ื): "ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”" - 'ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ื‘ื'. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื.
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื—ืจื“ื”, ื‘ื›ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื”' ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ื™ื—ื“, ื™ืชืงืขื• ืชืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืื• ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ื™ืจื™ืขื• ืชืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™, ื-ื–). ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœื, ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื‘).
ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื—ืœืคื• ืœืœื ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ืงืฆื‘ื•, ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืื‘ื“ื”, ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืฉื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื•, ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื™ื—ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ ื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ื—ืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ืืชื ื•, ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื“ื™ื ื•, ืื ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžืชืง. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉืžืฉืš ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืขืฆืžื” ืงืฆืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื 'ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”' - ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื™, ื™ืจืื” ื•ื—ืจื“ื”.
ื“ื™ื™ืงื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ืชืงื™ืขื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ืชืงื™ืขื”. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ืชืงื™ืขื” ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืชืงื™ืขื”' (ืจ"ื” ืœื’, ื‘; ืœื“, ื).
ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืš ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื—ื˜ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงื™ ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ ื•ื ืคืชื•ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื ืื‘ืง ื•ืžืชื ืกื”, ื•ื’ื ื ื•ืคืœ ื•ื—ื•ื˜ื. ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”, ืคืขื ื›ืื ื—ื” ื•ืคืขื ื›ื‘ื›ื™, ืขืœ ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉื ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืš ื”ืคืขื ื–ื• ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืคื•ืงื“ ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ืชืงื™ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื (ืขื™' ืฉืœ"ื” ืžืก' ืจ"ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ ื ื”).
ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืฃ ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืงืจื ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื”, ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืขื“ื” ืฉื‘ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื’ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ืจืข, ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ืื—ืจื™ืชื ื•, ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” (ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื›ื“ ื”ืงืžื— ืจ"ื”, ื‘; ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืขืจ ืกื–).
ื•ืœื›ืš ื’ื ืจื•ืžื– ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืฉื•ืžืขื•, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื•, ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”, ืฉืงื•ืœื• ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื, ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœื.
ื‘ - ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืฆืขืจ, ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื™, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ืขื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื ื—ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื™ื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ืขื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื‘ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื•ืข. ื•ื”ื™ื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ืขื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื“, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืื ื—ื•ืช ื•ืื—"ื› ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™, ื›ื“ืจืš ืื“ื ืฉืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื‘ื›ื™. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจื• ืงื™ืกืจื™, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” (ืจ"ื” ืœื“, ื, ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ). ื•ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขื ืœืชืงื ืชื•, ืฉืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ืขืจืš ืžืฉืœื•, ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—"ื’ ืจืœื, ื‘). ื•ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชืงื ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžืื– ืงืจืื• ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื“ืจ: ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืฉืจ"ืช (ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืชืจื•ืขื” ืชืงื™ืขื”). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืฉ"ืช (ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื”). ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืจ"ืช (ืชืงื™ืขื” ืชืจื•ืขื” ืชืงื™ืขื”. ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื‘).
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชืงื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื•, ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช, ืืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืฃ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ืชืฉืข ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช. ืชืฉืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืื ื—ื”; ืชืฉืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™; ื•ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ืœืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื’ื ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ื—ื” ื•ื’ื ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™. 1
ื’ - ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืขื•ืžื“
ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ืŸ: ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื—ื•ื“. ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืจ"ื” ืœื‘, ื; ืœื“, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื‘, ื-ื‘).
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืฉื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื“, ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืชืงืขื• ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืฉ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ืื– ืงื‘ืขื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื–ืžื ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื’ื–ืจื”, ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉืชืจืฉ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ (ืจ"ื” ืœื‘, ื‘; ืชื•ืก' ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ื• (ื“ืขื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืจ"ื” ืค"ื“ ื”"ื—).
ืขื•ื“ ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช 'ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘'. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืงืข ื•ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืชื™ืžืŸ, ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืกืฃ. ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืชืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื”, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื‘).
ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ืจ"ื” ื˜ื–, ื-ื‘), ืฉื˜ืขื ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื•ืœื”ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืกืฃ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” - "ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ". ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™: ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืื•ืชื ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ืกืชืชืžื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื•. ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื˜ืจื’ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื˜ืŸ ืœืงื˜ืจื’ ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื™ื— ืื– ืืช ื›ืœ ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ื™ื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื˜ืจื’ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืจืื‘"ื“). ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื•, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ื•ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ืจ"ืŸ). ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ, ืฉื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืข ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื“ืขืชื• ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™.
ื“ - ืžื ื”ื’ ืžืื” ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช
ืžื ื”ื’ ืขืชื™ืง ืขื•ื“ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ืžืื” ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื•, ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชืงืขื• ืขืฉืจ ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชืงืขื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™, ืฉืกื™ื“ืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœืžืื” ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื“ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ืžืื” ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช. 2
ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ืžืื” ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช: ื‘'ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘' ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช: ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืฉืจ"ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืฉ"ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืจ"ืช.
ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจืŸ: ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช' ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช: ืชืฉืจ"ืช ืชืฉ"ืช ื•ืชืจ"ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช', ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช'.
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ืœื—ืฉ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื: ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื—ืฉ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื. ืœื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืงืข ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ืงืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื—ื™ื“, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื•ืงืข ื™ืชืงืข. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืจืฉืื™ื, ื•ื™ืืžืจื• 'ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืช ืขื•ืœื' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ื•ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื (ืขื™' ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืชืงืฆื, ื™ื’).
ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืขืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืœื—ืฉ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–. 3
ืœื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื—ืฉ, ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ืชืงืขื• ืชืฉืขื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืชืงื‘ืœ.
ื•ืœื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื—ืฉ, ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช. ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื—, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ 'ืื ืขื™ื ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช' (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืฆื‘, ื“).
ื” - ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช: ื) "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื•ื•ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ". ื‘) "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”". ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืชื•ืงืข ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจ, ื’, ืž"ื‘ ื–).
ื“ืงื“ืงื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”: "ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ" ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœื ืœืชืงื•ืข (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื”, ื‘). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืจืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืข ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืข. ื•ืื ืฉืžื™ืขืชื• ืœืงื•ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช - ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ื–ื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืขืฆืžื•. 4
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื”ืชื•ืงืข ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžืงืœื˜, ืื ืฉืžืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืžืงืœื˜ - ืœื ื™ืฆื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืงืœื˜, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื“ - ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื (ืจ"ื” ื›ื–, ื‘, ื›, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื–, ื-ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ื™).
ืื™ืœื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืข, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื˜, ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ื“).
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื•ืงืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื™ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืงืข ืžื‘ืจืš, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืกืžื•ืš (ื‘"ื™ ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื”, ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ื”).
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืžืชืืžืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืœื• ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช - ืœื ื™ืฆื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืฉืžืข ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” - ืœื ื™ืฆื. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื’ื ื”ืชื•ืงืข ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื“ืขืชื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืชื•ืงืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืช ืืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืื ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆืื• ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื˜, ื—-ื˜).
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืชื•ืงืข ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืืžื ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื’ื ืื ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจื“ื•ืžื”, ื™ืฆืื• ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื. ื•ืื™ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉืื ื™ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืข ืžื“ื•ืข ืชืงืข, ื™ืฉื™ื‘: ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื. ื•ืื ื™ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื™ืขื ื”: ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื•, ื—).
ื• - ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื
ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื˜, ื): "ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื... ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื". ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื–ืžื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืขืช ืฉื”ื—ืžื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื–ืจื•ื—, ื•ืื ืชืงืข ืžืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขืช ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื•ืื ืœื ืชืงืข ืขื“ ืฉืฉืงืขื” ื”ื—ืžื”, ื™ืชืงืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื—, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื-ื‘. ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื, 1, ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื’, 1).
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื’) ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชืงืข ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉืื– ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžืชืง (ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื, ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื—, ื‘; ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื™).
ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื”. ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืจ. ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘, ื—; ื›ื’, ื‘). ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื ืชืงื ื” ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืชื•ืงืขืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืงืข ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืกืคืจื“. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืืฃ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืขื•ืช ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืฉืืฉื” ืฉืชื•ืงืขืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืงืข ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืชื‘ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœืŸ.
ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื ื›ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš? ืžืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืชืฉืจ"ืช ืชืฉ"ืช ืชืจ"ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื. ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื ื›ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžืชืคืœืœื™ื, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืคื•ื’ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืื‘ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืื• ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืจื™ืข ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื–, ื˜ื–).
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” 'ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืœ'. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืฆื•, ื). ืืžื ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื.
ื– - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืงืข ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืš (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื”, ื’).
ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืžื–, ื•): "ืขึธืœึธื” ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื” ื”' ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœ ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ" (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื”, ื‘).
ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื—ื–ืŸ ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื™ืชืงืข ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืฉืžื ื™ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืคื™ืœืชื•. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื’ื ื™ืชืงืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื”, ื“; ืž"ื‘ ื™ื“).
ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืœื ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืชื•ืงืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ืฉื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ื’ืžื•ืจ (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื”, ื“). ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืž"ื‘ ื™ื–).
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ 'ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘' ื—ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื‘, ื’).
ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืื• ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืงืข ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื” (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื”, ื“). ื•ืืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืชื•ืงืข ื™ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืงืจืื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ืฉืœ"ื”, ื•ืขื™' ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืชืงืคื”, ืœื).
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืœ ืชืงื™ืขื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื”, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืžืข ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืื• ืกื•ืคื”, ืœื ื™ืฆื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืงื˜ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืฆืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืขืœ, ื™ืชืืคืง ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื–, ื˜ื–).
ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ืžืื” ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช. ืชืงื™ืขื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช 'ืชืงื™ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”', ื•ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ. ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืจื™ืขื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืชืจื•ืขื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื•, ื). ืœืจืžื•ื– ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืžืชื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
ืื ื”ืชื•ืงืข ื ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš, ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื•, ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื”, ื’).
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืœืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื™ืชืงืฉื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืื—ื“ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื• ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื—ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื”, ื“). 5
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืžื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื•ื˜ืคื• ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืื• ืขืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื—ืฆื— ืืช ืงื•ืœื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืœ' ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื›ื’).
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœ"ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ื ื”ืชื•ืงืข ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉื ื›ืš. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉื•ื ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื• ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช. ื•ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช 'ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ' ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืฆื‘, ื™ื‘, ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื˜ื•). 6
ื— - ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืฃ
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืœืงืจืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ. ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื”.
ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ืจื™ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘. ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื• ืœื•ืœื‘, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืื›ื™ืœืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื•ืœื‘ (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื—, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื ื‘, ื‘). ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ.
ืืœื ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉืžื ื™ื™ื’ืจืจ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื™ืฉื›ื— ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื˜ื•ืขืžื™ื ืžืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืœืงื™ื™ืžื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื™ื’ืจืจื• ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื’ื ืœืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืขื˜ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช.
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืงื•ื‘ืข ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืžื™ืงืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืกืžื•ืš. ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืขื“ื ื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืฉืืจ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืงืœื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืฉืžื ื™ืชืขื™ื™ืฃ ืžืื›ื™ืœืชื• ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—"ื› ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฆื ืฉื›ืจื• ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ื•. 7
ื˜ - ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ
ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื›ืฉื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืืœื ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื™ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ืฉื•ืคืจื ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืืฆืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ (ืจ"ื” ื›ื˜, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื—, ื”).
ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ื–ื”ืจื• ืžืื™ืกื•ืจ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘, ื—-ื˜). 8
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืชืงื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืจืžื– ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื˜, ื): "ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”", ื•ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื›ื“): "ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”". ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”, ืฉื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืจ"ื” ื›ื˜, ื‘). 9
ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืกื•ื“, ืฉืžืฆื“ ื”ืืžืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืืžื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืžืขืœื” ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืจืง ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื (ืื“ืžื•ื”"ื– ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•, ื, ื•ืื™ืœืš).
ื™ - ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืคื™ ืื™ืฉ ืขื“ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•. ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื - ืชื•ืงืขื™ื. ื•ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืงืžื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื - ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘, ื˜).
ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืกืžื™ื›ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื• ืชืงืขื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืคื™ ืื™ืฉ ืขื“ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ืืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืœื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื. 10
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืจืฆื” ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืกื‘ืจืชื• ื”ื™ืชื”, ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ืชืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื” ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืจืฆื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื•, ื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื, ื•ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื›ืš, ืฉื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืฉื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœื ืชืงืขื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—"ื’ ื›).
ื™ื - ื’ื“ืจื™ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืฉื‘ืจื™ื
ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™. ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• 'ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ', ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”'ืชืจื•ืขื”' ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ืจ"ื— ื•ืจืฉ"ื™), ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชืฉืขื” (ืจื™ื‘"ื, ืจื™ื‘"ื ื•ืกืž"ื’). ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืชืฉืขื”, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืชืงืขื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืฆืื• ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืจื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉืขื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืœื ื”ืคืกืง (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื’; ืž"ื‘ ื™ื‘. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ืชื™ืžืŸ). 11
ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืงื•ืœ ืื ื—ื” ืื• ื’ื ื™ื—ื”, ืฉืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ - ืœื ืคืกืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื’; ืž"ื‘ ื™ื). ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ - ื˜ื•-ืื•-ื˜ื•, ืื•: ืื•-ื˜ื•, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฉืงื•ืœืŸ ื ืฉื‘ืจ (ืžื ื”ื’ ืœื™ื˜ื).
ืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ - ื™ืฆื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื ื›ืงื•ืœ ืื ื—ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื™, ืฉื”ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ืื ืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœื ื™ืฆื. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืจืš, ืื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ - ื™ืฆื, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ืื ื”ืืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ - ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. 12
ื™ื‘ - ื’ื“ืจื™ ืชืงื™ืขื”
ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืœ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ืืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืขื”: ื) ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื‘) ืฉื‘ืจื™ื. ื’) ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ ื•ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืกื“ืจ. 13
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉืจ"ืช, ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื•ืจืš 18 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›-9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” 9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-18 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช.
ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉ"ืช ืื• ืชืจ"ืช, ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื•ืจืš 9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”.
ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉื”ืชื•ืงืข ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•, ื•ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงืฆืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืงืข ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืชืฉืข ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ืข, ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฆื™. ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืœ ืชื•ืงืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•. ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ื™ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืชืฉืจ"ืช - ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืชืฉ"ืช ื•ืชืจ"ืช - ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฆื™. 14
ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืจืฆื•ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžื“ืง ืœืขื‘ื” ืื• ืžืขื‘ื” ืœื“ืง, ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืฆืจื•ื“ ืื• ืžืฆืจื•ื“ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ, ื›ืฉืจื”. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืจืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื™ืขื”, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœื” ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืชืงื™ืขื” - ื›ืฉืจื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืฆื•ืคื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. 15
ื™ื’ - ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื›ืกื“ืจ ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืฉืจ"ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืฉ"ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืจ"ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ - ื™ืฆื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืชืงืข ืฉื ื™ ืชืฉืจ"ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ืชืฉ"ืช ื•ืชืจ"ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื—"ื› ืืช ื”ืชืฉืจ"ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื˜; ืž"ื‘ ืœื”).
ื”ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉื˜ืขื” ื‘ื”, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. 'ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”' ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืจ"ืช ืื—ื“ ืื• ืชืฉ"ืช ืื—ื“ ืื• ืชืจ"ืช ืื—ื“, ื•ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื 'ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”'. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื“ืจ.
ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื” ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืžื”. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ ื•ืื ื—ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ). ื•ืื ื˜ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆื ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืงื™ืœื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื”; ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ื˜). 16
ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื”. ื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื” - ืœื ื™ืฆื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืœืง ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืงื•ืข ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืฆ, ื˜ื–; ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื™ื“). 17
ืœื’ื‘ื™ 'ืฉื‘ืจื™ื-ืชืจื•ืขื”' ืฉื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉืจ"ืช ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื•ืงืขื ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืชืŸ ืื—ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉืจ"ืช, 'ืฉื‘ืจื™ื-ืชืจื•ืขื”' ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ืชื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ืื ื”ืคืกื™ืง - ืœื ื™ืฆื. ืืžื ื ื™ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืคืกืงื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” (ืจื™"ืฅ ื’ื™ืืช, ืจื"ืฉ, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ. ื‘"ื™, ืž"ื‘ ื™ื—). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืฉื›ืš ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื’ื•ื ื— ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ื ื— ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืช (ืจ"ืช). ืืžื ื ืื ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืง, ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘'ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘', ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืžืขื•ืžื“ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื“; ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื™ื—).
ื™ื“ - ื”ืคืกืงื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช
ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ: ื) ื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื•ืชืงืข ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื•ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘) ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืืœื ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•, ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืืœื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ื™ืชืงืข ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš. ื•ื ื‘ืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื•ืชืงืข ืชืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืื• ืชืงืข ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืœืชืงื™ืขื” - ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืงื•ืœ ื–ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืชืงืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืขื”, ืื• ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ - ืคืกืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื—).
ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืชืงืข ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ืชืงื™ืขื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืฉื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœ ื–ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืชืงืข ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืขื”, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื—). 18
ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™: ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื• ืงื•ืœ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ื™ืชืงืข ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”. ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื™ืฆืื• ืœื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื ืืœืฅ ืœื ืฉื•ื, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื ืืœืฅ ืœื ืฉื•ื. ืขืœื™ื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœื• ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืฉื‘ืจ, ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืฆ, ืœื).
ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืงื•ืข ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื, ืื ื™ืชืงืข ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืชืฉืขื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื™ื™ืžืฆื ื›ืชื•ืงืข ืชืจื•ืขื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืชืงืฆ, ื›). 19
ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืื—ื“, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืงืขื• ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื”ื, ื”ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืคื•ืกืœื™ื, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืชื (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืงืฆ, ื—, 'ื›ืžืชืขืกืง').
ื˜ื• - ืžื”ื• ืฉื•ืคืจ
ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช. ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื—ืœืœ ืืœื ื”ืŸ ืขืฆื ืื—ืช, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื“ื•ื— ื‘ื” ื ืงื‘. ื•ืฉืœ ืคืจื” ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืงืจืŸ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืคืจ (ืจ"ื” ื›ื•, ื, ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื).
ืจืžื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ืงื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ, ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื›ืคื•ืฃ ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื (ืจ"ื” ื›ื•, ื‘). ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ ื›ืคื•ืฃ, ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื•: "ืœืžื” ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ? ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืชืงืขื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืขืงื™ื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืžืขืœื” ืื ื™ ืขืœื™ื›ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืงื“ืชื ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืคื ื™" (ืจ"ื” ื˜ื–, ื). ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื ืงืจื ืื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื ืงืจืืช ืจื—ืœ. ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ, ื•ื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ืžืžื ื• - ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง.
ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ, ืื• ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื™ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืชืงืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืคื•ืฃ, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืขืœืช ื”ืื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื•, ื”). 20
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืฃ, ืืžื ื ืื ืื™ืจืข ืžืงืจื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืžื— ื™ืฉืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ืžื•, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ. ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืคืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ืžื• (ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช).
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืคืš ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื• - ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืง, ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื ืขืฉื” ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืคืกื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื™ื‘). ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืจืš ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžืœื˜ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ืงืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืงื• ื•ืœื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ืžืจืื”ื•. ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžืื“ื ื ืืžืŸ ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ.
ื˜ื– - ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ
ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื˜ืคื— ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื•ืงืข ื™ืื—ื– ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื™ึตืจืื” ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื˜).
ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื• ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืื• ืฆืจื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ - ื›ืฉืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื•).
ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื” ืžื”ื ืฉื•ืคืจ - ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืœืฉื•ืคืจ ืจืง ืฉื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ - ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื•, ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ืชื•ืกืคืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื›ืช ืื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื™-ื™ื).
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ืชืš ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื•, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื˜ืคื— - ื›ืฉืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื“ืง ื•ื ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื• - ื›ืฉืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื™ื’-ื™ื“).
ืฆื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ, ืื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ - ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืฉืžื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืง ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื•, ื™ื–).
ืฆื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ - ืคืกื•ืœ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืืœื ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืฆื™ืคื” ืืช ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ - ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืข ืœืฉื•ืคืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื˜ื–, ื™ื—).
ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉื ื™ืงื‘, ืื ืœื ื ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื• ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื•ืื ื ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื•, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ื“ืขืชื. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื—ืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ืฉืชื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื˜ืคื— ื‘ืœื ื ืงื‘ื™ื, ื›ืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ื”.
ื•ืื ืกืชื ืืช ื”ื ืงื‘ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืื ื—ื–ืจ ืงื•ืœื• ืœื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ - ื›ืฉืจ. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื’ื ืื ืœื ื—ื–ืจ ืงื•ืœื• ืœื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” - ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ืž"ื‘ ืœื”). 21
ื ืกื“ืง ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืกื“ืง ืžืคื•ืœืฉ ืœืื•ืจื›ื•, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื“ืง ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืื ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื• ืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื• - ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืกื“ืง ื›ื•ืœื•. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื“ืง ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ - ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœื‘ืจืš. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืกื“ืง ื”ื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื—; ืž"ื‘ ืžื’; ืขื™' ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื). ื•ืื ื—ื™ืžื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืกื“ืง ื•ืกืชืžื• - ื›ืฉืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืกื“ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื• - ื ืคืกืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงื ื•, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื‘ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื ืฉื•ืคืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื—). ื ืกื“ืง ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื•, ืื ื”ืกื“ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืงืคื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื•, ื›ืฉืจ. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืงืคื•, ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื•ืขื“ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื“ืง ื˜ืคื— - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืฉื ื˜). 22



^ 1.. ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืžืก' ืจ"ื” ืกื™' ืงื™ื–), ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืจื"ืฉ (ืจ"ื” ื“, ื™), ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื (ืกื™' ื›ื˜). ืืžื ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืฉื•ืคืจ ื’, ื‘) ื›ืชื‘: "ืชืจื•ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ืกืชืคืง ืœื ื• ื‘ื” ืกืคืง ืœืคื™ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืืš ื”ื™ื... ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ". ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ืŸ (ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช) ื•ืกืž"ื’ (ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืžื‘). ื•ื ืœืขื "ื“, ืฉื’ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื“ืงื“ืงื• ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืฆืขืจ. ืืœื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ืกืคืง ืžืžืฉื™ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”, ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืขื” ืื—ืช. ืขื•ื“ ื ืœืขื "ื“, ืฉื’ื ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื” ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชืงื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื•.
ืืœื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืชืงื•ืข ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืชืงื™ืขืชื•. ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื” ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืชืงื ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื• ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœื”ืœื›ื”. ื•ื›"ื› ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืงืฆื’, ื‘, 'ื•ืื'. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืžื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืจ"ื” ืœื“, ื, ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืœื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช. ืžื ื’ื“, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื‘ืจืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”. ื•ืขื™' ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
^ 2.. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ: ื) ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืฉืจ"ืช, ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชืฉ"ืช, ื•ืœืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ืชืจ"ืช (ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจืžื‘"ื, ืชื•ืก' ืจ"ื” ืœื’, ื‘, ืจื"ืฉ, ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื‘, ื, ื‘ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื.
ื‘) ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืชืฉืจ"ืช (ืจ"ืช ื‘ืชื•ืก' ืฉื, ืจืž"ื ืฉื). ื•ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžืกืคืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื™ืข ื’' ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื’' ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืจ"ื— ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืืจื•, ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืžืขื•ืžื“ (ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ื‘"ื™ ืชืงืฆ, ื‘). ื’) ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื’' ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืฉืจ"ืช ืœืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื’' ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืฉ"ืช ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื’' ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืจ"ืช ืœืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช (ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื‘, ื, ืฉื›ืš ื”ืžื ื”ื’). ื“) ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœืชืงื•ืข ืชืฉืจ"ืช ืชืฉ"ืช ืชืจ"ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ื”ืขืจื•ืš, ืจื™ื"ื– ื•ืจื“ื‘"ื–.
ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืชืงื•ืข ืžืื” ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืขืจืš ืขืจื‘), ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืก' ืจ"ื” ืœื’, ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืื‘ื™"ื” ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜. ื•ื”ืืจ"ื™ ืกื™ื“ืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื•, ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืฉืœ"ื”.
^ 3.. ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื—ืฉ, ื•ื›"ื› ืž"ื, ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืฆื‘, ื, ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืื•"ื— ืชืž"ื”. ื•ื˜ืขืžื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื (ืจื‘ ืฉืจื™ืจื ื•ืจื‘ ื”ืื™) ืฉื‘ืœื—ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืง ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื—ืฉ. ื•ืืฃ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืคืกืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื™"ืฅ ื’ื™ืืช, ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื, ื, ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฉ ืชืฉืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืชืงืขื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื—ืฉ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื‘, ื-ื‘. ื•ื›"ื› ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื•ื›ื ื”"ื’. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืขืจื•ืš ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”, ืฉืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืžืื” ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื—ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœ"ื”. ื•ื›ืš ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื.
^ 4.. ืืžื ื ืœืจ"ืช ื•ืกืž"ื’ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” "ืขืœ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ". ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื"ืฉ (ืจ"ื” ื“, ื™) ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื”"ื’ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืœืฉืžื•ืข'. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจืื‘ื™"ื”, ืื•"ื– ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื”, ื‘.
ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ื–ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืืœื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืงืœื˜ ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืื—"ื› ืชืจื’ื ืื•ืชื ืœืงื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืงื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” (ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืื•"ื— ื›ื, ื•ืžื”ื“ื•"ืช ืœื“; ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื, ื›ื‘; ืจืฉื–"ื ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื, ื˜). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืฉืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื” (ื”ื“) - ืœื ื™ืฆื (ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื—; ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื˜ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื ืง ื‘ืžืงืจืื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื; ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ื’, ืฆื‘; ืื’"ืž ืื”"ืข ื’, ืœื’). ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืงื™ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื›ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” (ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื™ื ืขื–-ืขื—; ื™ื‘ื™"ื ืื•"ื— ื–, ื™ื—; ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื ื—"ื™ ื’, ื™ื. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื˜). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืจื•ื”"ืค ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืื–ื ื•, ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืœื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ, ื™ืฉืžืข ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืข, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ื–ื ื• 'ืฉืชืœ ืงื•ื›ืœื™ืืจื™'. (ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืขื–"ื” ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืงื•ืœื• ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืœ ืฉืฉื•ืžืข ืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืฉืžื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”).
^ 5.. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืจื•ืง ืขื“ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื•. ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืžืชืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื—ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ื’ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื›ืช ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืขื™ื™ืคื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
^ 6.. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื•ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืข ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืœื—, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. (ืจ"ื” ืœื“, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื”, ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื (ืž"ื‘ ื).
^ 7.. ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืงื˜, ืืกืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘ (ืž"ื ืชืจืฆื‘, ื–; ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื ื‘, ื–). ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ (ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืชืงืคื—, ื‘; ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืชืœื™ืชืื” ื, ืงื›). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืชืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืžื ื™ื™ื’ืจืจ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื™ืฉื›ื—, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืคื™ืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ (ืฆื™"ื ื•, ื–).
ืจื‘ื™ื ืืกืจื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืื›ื™ืœืช ืงื‘ืข ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืกื•ื›ื” (ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื‘, ื; ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื•; ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืขืž' ื ื“). ื•ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื’' ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื (ืžืงืจืื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืจื™ ื–, ื”ืขืจื” ื›ื•). ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืžืขืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืจืจ ืื—ืจ ืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’' ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ืืœื ืฉืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”.
^ 8.. ืžืฉื ื” ืจ"ื” ื›ื˜, ื‘: "ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจ"ื” ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”". ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ื›ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ืœืจืฉ"ื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืขื•ื“ ื–ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืชื™ืจื”... ืฉื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืขืช ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืชื•ืงืขื™ืŸ". ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื ืืžืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืœืชื” ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžืœืฉื›ืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉืื– ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.
^ 9.. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืจ"ื” ื›ื˜, ื‘, ืฉืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืจ"ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื‘, ื™ื–), ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืืœื ืฉืžืฉื•ื ื—ืฉืฉ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืชืงื•ืข, ืฉืžื ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืœื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘, ื•.
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืจ"ื” ืค"ื“ ื”"ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืจ"ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ื•ืฉืืœื• ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืชืงืขื•, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•, ืฉื›ืš ื“ื™ื™ืงื• ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื”, ื˜): "ื•ึฐื”ึทืขึฒื‘ึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืฉืื•ึนืคึทืจ ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื” ื‘ึผึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดืขึดื™ ื‘ึผึถืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึนืจ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทื›ึผึดืคึผึปืจึดื™ื ืชึผึทืขึฒื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืึทืจึฐืฆึฐื›ึถื", ื”ืจื™ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืจ"ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจื ื‘ื”ืจ ื‘'. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจ"ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ - 'ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื”', ื•ื›ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - 'ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืขื”' (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื‘, ื–), ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืกื“ืจ ืจื‘ ืขืžืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืชืžื™ื“ 'ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื”'.
^ 10.. ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื™"ืฃ (ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจ"ืŸ) ืœืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื–ืงื ื™ื, ื•ืœืชื ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ('ืืžืจื• ืœื•') ืฆืจื™ืš ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ื•ืœืช"ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื. ื•ืคืกืง ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื›ื“ืขืช ืช"ืง. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘, ื˜), ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืช"ืง ื•ืชื ื ื‘ืชืจื ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื (ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช). ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจ"ื—, ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื•ื” ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ. ื•ืข"ืข ื‘'ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื—ื”' ืกื™' ื”-ื•.
^ 11.. ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืขื™ื. ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื›ืงื•ืœ ื™ืœืœื”, ืฉื”ืงื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื ืงื˜ืข ืืœื ืžืชืจืขื“ ื•ืžืชืจืขืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื“ื” ื ืงืจืืช ืงื•ืœ ืื—ื“. ื›ืฉื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืกืคืจื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™, ืฉื ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื™ืœืœื” ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ ื•ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืฉืœื˜. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืขื“ื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช.
^ 12.. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื›ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื•ืœืจ"ื— ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœ 3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉ-3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ืชืจ"ืช, ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื’ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉืจ"ืช, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื-ืชืจื•ืขื”, ืื ื™ืชืงืข ืฉื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืชืงื™ืขื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืจ"ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืชืงื™ืขื” (ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืก' ื•ืจื"ืฉ, ื“ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื’). ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื™ื‘"ื, ืจื™ื‘"ื ื•ืกืž"ื’, ืชืจื•ืขื” 9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืงืฆืจ ืž-9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ (ื“ืขื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืข). ื•ื™"ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื•ืจืš ื”'ืชืจื•ืขื”' ืฉื‘ืืžืฆื™ืขืชื•, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉืจ"ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉ"ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ืจื™ื. ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ"ื— ื•ืจืฉ"ื™, ืื ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ (ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืืฉืจื™, ืจืž"ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืฆ, ื˜ื•). ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ืž"ื ื‘, ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื—'). ื•ื ืœืขื "ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื–ื”, ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืกืคืง ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืœื”ืงืœ. ื) ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชืจื•ืขื” 9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘) ื’ื ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื 3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืืฉืจื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืœืกื“ืจ. ื’) ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื—ืฆื™ ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืงื™ืขื” ืชืžื™ื“ 9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ืช , ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ 2 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœ-3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืœื ื ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช , ืื ื™ื ืกื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ื›-2 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืฆืจ ื•ืœืชืงื•ืข ืžืขื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-2 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ืื ื—ื”, ื›ืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืœื™ื˜ื, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืกืคืง, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืชืงื™ืขื” (ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืœื—"ื‘ ื™ื‘, 64).
ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ืจ? ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชืจื•ืขื” 9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ืขื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื’, ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”). ืืžื ื ืฆ"ืข ื‘ื–ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืจืš ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ื›-6 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. (ืขื™' ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ื™ื; ืืœืฃ ืœืžื˜ื” ื™ื“). ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 4.5 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 4 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ื”. ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืชื•.
^ 13.. ืžืฉื ื” ืจ"ื” ืœื’, ื‘: "ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืงื™ืขื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช". ื•ื‘ื’ืž' ืฉืืœื•: "ื•ื”ืชื ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืงื™ืขื” ื›ืชืจื•ืขื”? ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื™: ืชื ื ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ืงื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืชืงื™ืขื” ื“ื›ื•ืœื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™, ืชื ื ื‘ืจื ืงื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืชื• ืœื". ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื›ืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช: ืจืฉ"ื™, ืชื•ืก', ืจื"ืฉ, ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื’, ืž"ื‘ ื˜ื•. ื•ื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื (ื’, ื“) ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืงื™ืขื” ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ืชืจื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื 9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื 3, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืื•ืจืš ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืžื—ืฆื”. ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืขืชื• ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ืื–ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื“ืขืช ืจืื‘"ื“, ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืงื™ืขื” ืชืžื™ื“ 9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ.
^ 14.. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื’: "ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืžื ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื, ื•ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ", ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื. ืืœื ืฉืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข 9 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ืข, ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ืœืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉืจ"ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฆื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘-3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ 6 ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืฉ"ืช ื•ืชืจ"ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.
^ 15.. ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ (ืจ"ื” ื›ื–, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื•), ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื’ื ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืงื•ืœ, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื” - ื›ืฉืจื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืžื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืœื’, ื‘, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ. ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื”. ื•ืž"ืž ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื“ืจื• ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข (ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค), ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืคืกื•ืœ (ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื•ื›"ื› ืจืฉื–"ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื‘, ื˜). ืืžื ื ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืื• ืขืœื” ื•ื™ืจื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ. โ†
ื•ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื”, ื•ื”ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืกื‘ืจืชื ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืชืงื™ืขื”, ืขืœื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื‘ืชืจื•ืขื” ืืช ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขืจ. ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืœืžื ื”ื’ ืชื™ืžื ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืœืชืจื•ืขื”, ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืจืขื“ืช. ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘, ืฉืื ื”ืงื•ืœ ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืงื™ืขื”, ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืชืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืงื™ืขื”.
^ 16.. ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืขืœื” ื’ื ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื•ืื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ, ืขืœืชื” ืœื• ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœืชืงื•ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืงื™ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” (ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจื"ืฉ). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืงื™ืขื” ื–ื• ืชืขืœื” ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ืชืงื™ืขื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืœืคื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืงื™ืขืชื• ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืคืกืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” (ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืค"ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™). ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืฆ, ื›ื”, ืขืค"ื™ ื"ืจ ื•ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ื•ืœื‘"ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื).
^ 17.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค, ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืœื ื™ืฆื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืชืงืฆ, ื™ื“. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ (ื˜"ื– ื•ืž"ื).
^ 18.. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจ"ืช ื•ืจื–"ื”, ืฉื•ื ืชืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืกืœืช ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจืื‘"ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืคื•ืกืœืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื—. ื•ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ. ืืžื ื ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืฆ, ืœื”). ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื—ืฉ ื•ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืงื™ืœื™ื.
^ 19.. ืื ื‘ืชืฉืจ"ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื” ื•ืชืงืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื˜ืขื” ื•ืœื ื ื›ืฉืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข 'ืฉื‘ืจื™ื-ืชืจื•ืขื”', ื•ื’ื ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื ืชืงืœ ื•ืœื ื›ื˜ื•ืขื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆ, ื–; ืž"ื‘ ื›ื–-ื›ื—).
^ 20.. ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ืžืฉื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืจ"ื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจ"ื” ืœื’, ื‘. ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืจ"ื” ื›ื•, ื: "ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืœ ืคืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจืŸ". ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื ื›ื•, ื‘: "ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜... ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืชื•ืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื". ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืฃ. ื•ืคืกืง ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื’ืžืจื: "ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืจ"ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”"ื› ื‘ื›ืคื•ืคื™ืŸ", ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืื“ื ื“ืขืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจื” ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื” ื ืงืจืืช ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื•ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืคื•ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจ - ื›ืฉืจ. ื•ื‘ืจ"ื” ื˜ื–, ื, ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืื‘ื”ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ืจืื‘"ื“, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจื"ืฉ, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืฉื•ืคืจ ื, ื) ืจืง ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: "ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื", ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืง ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ "ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื" ื›ืฉืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ ื›ืคื•ืฃ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืœื•ื™, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ ื›ืคื•ืฃ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ืš ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ืจืก"ื’ ื•ืจื"ื, ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืกืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื. ืืžื ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœ ื›ืคื•ืฃ.
^ 21.. ื ืงื‘ ืฉืœื ืกืชืžื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืœื• ื ืฉืชื ื”, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ (ืชื•ืก' ืขืค"ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจื"ืฉ, ืจ"ืŸ ืจื™"ื• ื•ืขื•ื“). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืชืงืคื•, ื–). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ืงื•ืœื• ื”ืฉืชื ื” - ื ืคืกืœ (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ื›ืœื‘ื•). ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื (ืจืž"ื). ืื‘ืœ ืื ืงื•ืœื• ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื ืงื‘, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืคืกื•ืœ (ืž"ื‘ ื›ื—). ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื’ืž' ืจ"ื” ื›ื–, ื-ื‘, ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื ืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืกืชื™ืžืช ื”ื ืงื‘ ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืจื”: ื) ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื‘) ืฉื™ืกืชื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ืฉืชื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื‘ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•. ื’) ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื• ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืงื‘. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืชื ืื™ ืื—ื“ ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ืœืชื•ืก' ื•ืจื"ืฉ, ืชื ืื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื›ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื•, ื•ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืื—ื“, ืื• ืฉื™ืกืชื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื•, ืื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืงื•ืœื• ื•ืื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืกืชืžื• ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืคืจ"ื— ื•ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืคืž"ื’ ื•ืž"ื‘ ืœื”, ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืฃ ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ื–ื”. ืข"ื›. ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืžื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืœื• ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืฉืจ.
^ 22.. ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื’ื–ื•ืœ. ื•ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืชืงืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื’ื–ื•ืœ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื–ื™ืœื”, ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืœื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื‘). ืื ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื”ื’ื–ืœืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื–ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื–ืœืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื–ื”, ืืœื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” - ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื•, ื˜. ืคื ื”"ืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื“, ื™ื’).
ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ืฉื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืจืฉื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจื• ืžืื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื•, ื˜). ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ื™ื ืงื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืกื•ืœื“ ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืงืขื• ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื•.
ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืข"ื– (ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื•, ื’-ื“).
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ื•ืจื™ ื•ื™ื ื”

    ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื’
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื’
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื•

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื“
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช โ€“ ืžื”ืžื ื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

    ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืข"ื“
ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ
ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™

    ืฉื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฆ"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช

    ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื˜ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, ื™ื—ืก ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื - ืฉื™ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”' ืœื ื’ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืืช ื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื”..."

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื”' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืคื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื˜ื ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช ื—ืœืง ื‘'

    ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื’ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื” ืฉื’ื’, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    31 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื—ื˜ื ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช ื—ืœืง ื'

    ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉื” ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืขืฉืจื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื˜ื ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il