ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™
  • ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืขืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืคืชื— ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขื ื ืขืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื”, ืฉืืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืื‘: ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื? ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื?

ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ
ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™: ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: "ื•ืื ืœื ืชื•ืจื™ืฉื• ืืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืคื ื™ื›ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžื”ื ืœืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื•ืœืฆื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ื›ื, ื•ืฆืจืจื• ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’, ื ื”). ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื™ื™ื’ืžืจื• ื”ืฆืจื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื”: ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืžืžื” ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื ื ืขื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื—ืฉืœ ื•ืžืื—ื“ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืื™ืœื• ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืงืœืขื™ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœืื•ืจื›ื” ื•ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืžื™ื, ื”' ื“ื•ืื’ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ืœื ืื’ืจืฉื ื• ืžืคื ื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ืคืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืžืžื” ื•ืจื‘ื” ืขืœื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”. ืžืขื˜ ืžืขื˜ ืื’ืจืฉื ื• ืžืคื ื™ืš ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืชืคืจื” ื•ื ื—ืœืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’, ื›ื–-ืœื).
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืชืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ืชืขืฆื, ื’ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช - ื™ืกืชืœืงื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื. ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ืœื—ืžื• ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืกื•, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื’ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช.

ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™?
ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืžื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”' ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืจืง ืืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืชืจื‘ื•, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื, ื›ื; ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืฉื).

ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™
ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืจืฅ ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื’, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืœื• ืœื ื ืขื ื• ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื™ืฆืื• ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืืจืฆื. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื ื—ื•ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื“, ืืš ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื ืขื ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืกืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื•ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื•ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉืขืฉื• ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”, ื›ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื.

ืขืจืš ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ืงืจื ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•, ืžืกืคืจื ื ืฉืืจ ื›ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื. ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš 210 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ืžืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื ืคืฉ ืœืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืฆื‘ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื• ื•ืจื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืžื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื’ื ืžื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืจื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจื ื•
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื ื” ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ. ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื "ื›ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืจืง, ืžื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื’ืจื• ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจื›ื” ื•ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื”, ื•ืœืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื ืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ืกื‘ืœ ืžืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื’ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืื”. ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืžืชืงื•ืžืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืืจืฆื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช.
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉื ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื”ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ - ื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžึพ80 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ.
ืืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื›ื•ืœื•.

ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช - ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื”
ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงื•ืจื— ื•ืขื“ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืžื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื, ื•ื”ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช, ืฉืืฃ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™.
ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฆืจื” ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื, ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืืฃ ืฉืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืชืœื•ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืงืจืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืืฆืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช.

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืžื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”
ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ืœ (1870) ืื™ืจืข ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ืœื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ืžื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื” (ืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื).
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ืชื ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื“ื’ืœื• ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื” ื•ืจืฆื• ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“, ื›ืš ืฉืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื ื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžืขื˜ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื“ืžื• ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื›ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืง"ืฆ (1830), ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’, ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”.

ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” - ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื”
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 (ืชืง"ืก-ืชืจ"ืก) ื”ืชื ืฆืจื• ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” 10,056 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ืก (ืชืจื "ื•-ืชืจืก"ื–, 1896โ€“1907) ื”ืชื ืฆืจื• 5,148 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื).
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืข"ื˜-ืชืฉ"ื (1919โ€“1941) ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ, ื•ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืชื•ืขื“ื• 36,648 ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื.
ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื” (1895), ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ โ€“ ืขืœ ื›ึพ12 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžืกืคืจื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ืื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื™ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื (1941). ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ื›'ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื' ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” 89,640, ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ืžื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื, ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ื›ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœืžืขืจื‘. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉืžืกืคืจื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืช ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื’ืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช. ืื•ืžื ื ื’ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื’ืจื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉืขื“ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•.

ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืชื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืืœื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช, ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืชื”. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ึพื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื โ€“ ื›ืจื‘ืข.
ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื•ืžื ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœึพ28 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืœึพ12 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชื•ืื ืœืคื™ ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื-ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื ืžืฆื ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.

ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื’ืจื ืœืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.

ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื”
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืžื•ื•ืœืื–ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื: "ืขืฆื” ื–ื• ืงืฉื” ื›ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื”". ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ืจืช ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื“ื, ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืืžืจ "ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืช, ืจืง ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื“ืช ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ".

ื”ืจืฆืœ
ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื—ืœ ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจืข ื”ื ื•ืจื, ืฉื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉื”ืฆืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื›ืš ืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื, ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ื‘ืฉื‘ืข'
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il