ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ
  • ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš
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18 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”

ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืค"ื”
ืžืคื˜ื™ืจ ืจึธื ึดึผื™ ื•ึฐืฉึดื‚ืžึฐื—ึดื™ ื‘ึทึผืช ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ ื™ื“)
ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš
ืขืœื•ืŸ ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืž ื' ื•ืขื“ ืช' ืขืœ ืค ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉ ื‘ื•ืข ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ื•ืžื ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื-ื‘
ื‘ืคืจืฉื” 136 ืคืกื•ืงื™ื = ืฆื•ื, ืงื•ืœ, ืžืžื•ืŸ (ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื–ึนืืช )
ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš 5 ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ 3 ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื•-2 ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื”. (ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš)
ืขืฉื”: ืคืกื— ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™"ื“ ืื™ื™ืจ โ—™ ืคืกื— ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืžืจื•ืจื™ื โ—™ ืชืงื™ืขืช ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœื ืชืขืฉื”: ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื›ืœื•ื ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืคืกื— ืฉื ื™ ืœืžื—ืจืชื• โ—™ ืฉืœื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆื ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืคืกื— ืฉื ื™.

ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืžึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ื” ื”ึทืžึฐึผื ึนืจึธื” ืžึดืงึฐืฉึธืื” ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ืขึทื“ ื™ึฐืจึตื›ึธื”ึผ ืขึทื“ ืคึดึผืจึฐื—ึธื”ึผ ืžึดืงึฐืฉึธืื” ื”ึดื•ื ื›ึทึผืžึทึผืจึฐืึถื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึถืจึฐืึธื” ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืช ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื›ึตึผืŸ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึฐึผื ึนืจึธื” . (ื— ื“) ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื• ื›ื’) ื›ึดึผื™ ื ึตืจ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื•ึฐืชื•ึนืจึธื” ืื•ึนืจ ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื›ื” ื‘) ื”ึธืจื•ึนืฆึถื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึทื—ึฐื›ึผึดื™ื โ€“ ื™ึทื“ึฐืจึดื™ื, ื•ึฐืกึดื™ืžึธื ึธื™ืšึฐ ืžึฐื ื•ึนืจึธื” ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึธืจื•ึนื.
ืชึผึทื ึฐื™ึธื, ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื™ื•ึนื—ึทืื™ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: ืฉืึธืœึนืฉื ืžึทืชึผึธื ื•ึนืช ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื ึธืชึทืŸ ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐื›ื•ึผืœึผึธืŸ ืœึนื ื ึฐืชึธื ึธืŸ ืึถืœึผึธื ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ื™ึดืกึผื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ , ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึตืŸ: ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื•ึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื. ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืžึดื ึผึทื™ึดืŸ - ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: ืดืึทืฉืึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทื’ึผึถื‘ึถืจ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึฐื™ึทืกึผึฐืจึถื ึผื•ึผ ื™ึผึธื”ึผ ื•ึผืžึดืชึผื•ึนืจึธืชึฐืšึธ ืชึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ึถื ึผื•ึผืด. ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื“ึผึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘: ืดื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึฐื™ึทืกึผึตืจ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน ื”ืณ ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึฐื™ึทืกึผึฐืจึถืšึผึธืด, ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึธืชึฐืจึตื™ื”ึผ: ืดื›ึผึดื™ ื”ืณ ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึฐื‘ึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื”ืด. ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื, ื“ึผึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘: ืดื›ึผึดื™ ื ึตืจ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื•ึฐืชื•ึนืจึธื” ืื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืชึผื•ึนื›ึฐื—ื•ึนืช ืžื•ึผืกึธืจืด. (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”.)
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ื‘"ื‘ ื ื’, ื) ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื, ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืœืžื” ื ืชื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ.
ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžืžืจืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืžื–ื›ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื• ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื›ื™ ืขื•ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงื“ื ืœืขื•ืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœ, ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึทื™ ื”ึตื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ื•ึนืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืึนืชึธื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื” ืžื‘) ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื. ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืžืชื ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื“ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื—ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ืืžืจื• (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘, ื) ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืืงืจื™ ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืชื›ืฃ ืฉืขืฉื• ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื˜ื ื ืขื ืฉื•, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืคื ื—ืก ื™ื’) ืœื ืœืŸ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื—ื˜ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•, (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื, ื›) ืฆึถื“ึถืง ื™ึธืœึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื“ืง, ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื’ื‘ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืขื˜, ืœืงื™ื™ื (ืขืžื•ืก ื’, ื‘) ืจึทืง ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ืžึดืฉึฐืืคึฐึผื—ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึตึผืŸ ืึถืคึฐืงึนื“ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึฒื•ึบื ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื . ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“' ื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื– (ืื™ื›ื” ื“ ื›ื‘) ืชึทึผื ืขึฒื•ึบื ึตืšึฐ ื‘ึทึผืช ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืœึนื ื™ื•ึนืกึดื™ืฃ ืœึฐื”ึทื’ึฐืœื•ึนืชึตืšึฐ . ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ( ืžื“"ืจ ืคืจ' ืœืš ืœืš ืžื“ ื›ื) ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ืฆืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื’ื™ื”ื ื ื•ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ื•ื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžืžืจืงื™ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. (ืฉืœ"ื”)
ื”ื ื“ื ืชื ื ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ , ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืื• ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืชื” ืืฆืœื•, ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืข ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื”, ื•ืื“ื ื›ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื• ืœื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื‘ืžื” ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืื ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืืฆืœื• ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื? ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”, ื“ืื ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”"ื– ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื! ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ืฉื™"ืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืžื ืกื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื•ื ืช ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืจื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืชื ืชืŸ ืข"ื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืื ืœึถืึฑื›ึนืœ ืžึดืคึผึดืจึฐื™ึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐืœึดืฉื‚ึฐื‘ึผื•ึนืขึท ืžึดื˜ึผื•ึผื‘ึธื”ึผ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš, ืื• ืื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”? ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช, ืื ืงืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”, ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืงืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื— ื“ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื›ื ืก, ื•ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™"ืช, ื›ื™ ืขึทืœ ืคึดึผื™ ื™ึฐื™ึธ ื™ึดืกึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืคึดึผื™ ื™ึฐื™ึธ ื™ึทื—ึฒื ื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜, ื‘), ืœื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื ืฉืฉื ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื ืฉืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืงืฅ ื•ืฆืจ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืชืžืขื˜ ืฉื›ืจื•. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืื ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืš ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืืœื•, ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืขื˜ ืืฆืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจ ืœื•, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืขืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ. (ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื)
ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ืฉืœืฉื” ื ืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ืœืคื™ ืœื” ืžืงืจืื™ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”.) ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึฒื™ึทืกึผึฐืจึตื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึดืกึผื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืชึฐื—ึทื–ึผึฐืงื•ึผ ื–ึฐืจื•ึนืขื•ึนืชึธื ืœึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืงื ื™ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ืฉืœื ื•ืื– ื”ืจืข ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ื™ืชื”ืคืš ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื–ึธืจื•ึผืขึท ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฆื– ื™ื) ืื•ึนืจ ื–ึธืจื•ึผืขึท ืœึทืฆึทึผื“ึดึผื™ืง . (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื“.)
ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืงืฉื” ื”ื ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืฉื) ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ื•, ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื (ืื‘ื•ืช ื• ื“) ืคึทึผืช ื‘ึทึผืžึถึผืœึทื— ืชึนึผืื›ึตืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืžื ื•, ื•ื–ื”ื• (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื›ื’ ื“) ืฉึดืื‘ึฐื˜ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐืืขึทื ึฐืชึถึผืšึธ ื”ึตืžึธึผื” ื™ึฐื ึทื—ึฒืžึปื ึดื™ . ืฉึดืื‘ึฐื˜ึฐืšึธ ืืœื• ื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐืืขึทื ึฐืชึถึผืšึธ ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืžื” ื“ืืช ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื, ื™ื—) ื‘ึดึผืžึฐื—ึนืงึตืง ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืฉึฐืืขึฒื ึนืชึธื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’, ื”ึตืžึธึผื” ื™ึฐื ึทื—ึฒืžึปื ึดื™ . (ืขืฅ ื™ื•ืกืฃ โ€“ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” ื‘ ื)

ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฆึฐืขึทืง ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืœ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืึต-ืœ ื ึธื ืจึฐืคึธื ื ึธื ืœึธื”ึผ . (ื™ื‘ ื™ื’) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืงื˜ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ืึต-ืœ , ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื•ื™"ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืื“ื "ื™, ืฉื ืืœื•"ื”, ืฉื ืืœื”ื™"ื, ืฉื ืื”ื™"ื”, ืฉื ืฉื“"ื™, ืื• ืฉื ืฆื‘ืื•"ืช.
ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืœืฉื ืขึถืฉืจึตื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ืจึธื” ื ึดื“ึฐืจึถืฉืึถืช ื‘ึผึธื”ึตืŸ (ืกืคืจื ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ), ื“ึผึฐืชึทื ึฐื™ึธื: ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึธื” ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืžึดื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐื”ึดืกึฐื›ึผึดื™ื ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืขึดืžึผื•ึน. ื”ื•ึนืกึดื™ืฃ ื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึดื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน, ื•ึผืคึตื™ืจึทืฉื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึดืฉึผืึธื”, ื•ึฐืฉืึธื‘ึทืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทืœึผื•ึผื—ื•ึนืช. ื•ึผืคึตื™ืจึทืฉื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึดืฉึผืึธื”, ืžึทืื™ ื“ึผึฐืจึทืฉื? ื ึธืฉื‚ึธื ืงึทืœ ื•ึธื—ื•ึนืžึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน, ืึธืžึทืจ: ื•ึผืžึธื” ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึฐืจึธื” ืฉืึฐื›ึดื™ื ึธื” ืขึดืžึผึธื”ึถืŸ ืึถืœึผึธื ืฉืึธืขึธื” ืึทื—ึทืช, ื•ึฐืงึธื‘ึทืข ืœึธื”ึถืŸ ื–ึฐืžึทืŸ, ืึธืžึฐืจึธื” ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”: 'ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื ึฐื›ึนื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื’ื•ึนืณ ืึทืœ ืชึผึดื’ึผึฐืฉืื•ึผ'. ืึฒื ึดื™, ืฉืึถื›ึผื‡ืœ ืฉืึธืขึธื” ื•ึฐืฉืึธืขึธื” ืฉืึฐื›ึดื™ื ึธื” ืžึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึถืจึถืช ืขึดืžึผึดื™, ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืงื•ึนื‘ึตืขึท ืœึดื™ ื–ึฐืžึทืŸ - ืขึทืœ ืึทื—ึทืช ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ื•ึฐื›ึทืžึผึธื”. (ืฉื‘ืช ืคื–.) ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื—ืžื™ื. ืžืจื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื“ืจืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืฉื ืžืฉื”, ื•ืœื›ืš ื ืขื ืฉื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืžืฉื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืึต-ืœ , ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืชื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืฉื‘ืช ืคื–., ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืชืฉืจื™ ื™ื‘ ื“)
ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื .
ืึธืžึทืจ ืึทื‘ึผึธื™ึตื™: ืžึดื ึผึทื™ึดืŸ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉื ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื”? ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: ื•ึผื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึธืงึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึธืŸ (ื˜ ื˜ื•) โ€“ ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนื ืžึฐืงึดื™ืžื•ึน, ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึฐืงึดื™ืžื•ึน.
ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื’ืœื•ืช ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื›ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืžืฆืคื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื—ืงื• ืืช ื”ืงืฅ, ื•ื™ืžื”ืจื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื›ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ืืœื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”' ื™ื–ืจื— ื›ืฉื—ืจ ืข"ื™ ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื— , ื•ืจืง ืื– ื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื˜ื• :) ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื ื— ื—) ืึธื– ื™ึดื‘ึธึผืงึทืข ื›ึทึผืฉึทึผืื—ึทืจ ืื•ึนืจึถืšึธ .

ืฉืืœื•ืช

ื. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื”ึฒืจึทืง ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผืžึนืฉึถืื” ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื”ึฒืœึนื ื’ึทึผื ื‘ึธึผื ื•ึผ ื“ึดื‘ึตึผืจ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืžึทืข ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” . (ื™ื‘ ื‘) ื”ึฒืจึทืง ืึทืšึฐ ื”ื•ื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืื—ืจ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืื—ืจ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืืœื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช.
ื‘. ื›ึดึผื™ ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ื”ึตืžึธึผื” ืœึดื™ ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ืคึดึผื˜ึฐืจึทืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืจึถื—ึถื ื‘ึฐึผื›ื•ึนืจ ื›ึนึผืœ ืžึดื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึธืงึทื—ึฐืชึดึผื™ ืึนืชึธื ืœึดื™. (ื— ื˜ื–) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืœ
ืœืฉื•ืŸ.
ื‘. ื”ึฒืฆึนืืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึธืงึธืจ ื™ึดืฉึธึผืื—ึตื˜ ืœึธื”ึถื ื•ึผืžึธืฆึธื ืœึธื”ึถื ืึดื ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื“ึฐึผื’ึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื™ึตืึธืกึตืฃ ืœึธื”ึถื ื•ึผืžึธืฆึธื ืœึธื”ึถื . (ื™ื ื›ื‘) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืข"ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘"ื”
ืœืกืคืง ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื“ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘.
ื’. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื•ึฐืึธื‘ึดื™ื”ึธ ื™ึธืจึนืง ื™ึธืจึทืง ื‘ึฐึผืคึธื ึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึฒืœึนื ืชึดื›ึธึผืœึตื ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึดึผืกึธึผื’ึตืจ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ ืœึทืžึทึผื—ึฒื ึถื” ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ืชึตึผืึธืกึตืฃ . (ื™ื‘ ื™ื“) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืงึทืœ ื•ึธื—ึนืžึถืจ
ืœึทืฉึฐึผืื›ึดื™ื ึธื” ืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื” ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื™ื•ึนื! ืึถืœึธึผื ื“ึทึผื™ึผื•ึน ืœึทื‘ึธึผื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึดึผื™ืŸ ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ื›ึทึผื ึดึผื“ึผื•ึนืŸ. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืืœืฃ ืืœืคื™ื ืžืื‘ื™ื”.
ื“. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืขึดืžึฐื“ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึถืฉึฐืืžึฐืขึธื” ืžึทื” ื™ึฐืฆึทื•ึถึผื” ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื . (ื˜ ื—) ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ืฉืืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืฉืืœ ืืช ืคื™ ื”'. ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ืคืกื— ืฉื ื™
ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืœืคื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืžื™ื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืฉืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื’ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉืชื”ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืฉืืœ.
ื”. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืคึดึผืชึฐืึนื ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืžึดืจึฐื™ึธื ืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืฉึฐืืœึธืฉึฐืืชึฐึผื›ึถื ืึถืœ ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืฉึฐืืœึธืฉึฐืืชึธึผื . (ื™ื‘ ื“) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ื ึดื’ึฐืœึธื” ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืคึดึผืชึฐืึนื, ื•ึฐื”ึตื ื˜ึฐืžึตืึดื™ื
ื‘ึฐึผื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ืึถืจึถืฅ, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืฆื•ึนืขึฒืงึดื™ื: 'ืžึทื™ึดื' 'ืžึทื™ึดื'. ืื™ืชื (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื–:) ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืจืช. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืžื™ื“ ืœืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘
ืฉืžืฉ.
ื•. ืจืžื– ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืฉื ืืžื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”.
ื–. ื•ึฐื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช ื”ึทืคึธึผืกึทื— ื‘ึฐึผืžื•ึนืขึฒื“ื•ึน . (ื˜ ื‘) ื”ื™ืืš ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื’ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื”ื ืื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืข.
ื—. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆืืชื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ืœืช ืกืชืจื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ืกื™ื 'ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื›ื•', ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืžืฉื”
ื“ึทึผื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึธึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื—ื ื›ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืš ื ืกื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืขื” ื•ื—ื ื›ื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื, ื•ื”ื™ื
ื—ื ื›ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืกืžื™ืš ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืœืคืจืฉืช ื—ื ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—'. ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืžื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”.
ื˜. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื”ึธื”ึตืžึธึผื” ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื˜ึฐืžึตืึดื™ื ืœึฐื ึถืคึถืฉื ืึธื“ึธื ืœึธืžึธึผื” ื ึดื’ึธึผืจึทืข ืœึฐื‘ึดืœึฐืชึดึผื™ ื”ึทืงึฐืจึดื‘ ืึถืช ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึทึผืŸ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืžึนืขึฒื“ื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ . (ื˜ ื–) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”
ืืžื™ื ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืื™ืš ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื ืฉื™ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื— ื•ื™ืขืฉื•ื”ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืื ื•ืก ืจื—ืžื ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื”. ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืืžืจื• ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื˜ึฐืžึตืึดื™ื ืœึฐื ึถืคึถืฉื ืึธื“ึธื .
ื˜. ื“ึทึผื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึดื™ืฉื ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื˜ึธืžึตื ืœึธื ึถืคึถืฉื ืื•ึน ื‘ึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ืจึฐื—ึนืงึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืื•ึน ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืคึถืกึทื— ืœึทื™-ื”ื•ึธื”. (ื˜ ื™) ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช
ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืคืกื— ืฉื ื™.
ื™. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœืžื” ืขื“ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”.
ื›. ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื‘ึฐืžึดื“ึฐื‘ึทึผืจ ืกึดื™ื ึทื™ ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืื ึธื” ื”ึทืฉึตึผืื ึดื™ืช ืœึฐืฆึตืืชึธื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ึทึผื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืœึตืืžึนืจ . (ื˜ ื) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืคึธึผืจึธืฉึธืื” ืฉึถืื‘ึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ื”ึทืกึตึผืคึถืจ ืœึนื ื ึถืึถืžึฐืจึธื” ืขึทื“
ืึดื™ึธึผืจ; ืœึธืžึทื“ึฐืชึธึผ ืฉึถืืึตื™ืŸ ืกึตื“ึถืจ ืžึปืงึฐื“ึธึผื ื•ึผืžึฐืื•ึผื—ึธืจ ื‘ึทึผืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” (ืกืคืจื™ ืกื“; ืคืกื—ื™ื ื•' ืข"ื‘). ื•ึฐืœึธืžึธึผื” ืœึนื ืคึธึผืชึทื— ื‘ึฐึผื–ื•ึน? ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืฉึถืื”ื•ึผื ื’ึฐึผื ื•ึผืชึธืŸ ืฉึถืืœ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ; ืฉึถืื›ึธึผืœ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึดื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ืฉึถืื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ
ื‘ึทึผืžึดึผื“ึฐื‘ึธึผืจ, ืœึนื ื”ึดืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ื•ึผ ืึถืœึธึผื ืคึถึผืกึทื— ื–ึถื” ื‘ึดึผืœึฐื‘ึธื“ (ืกืคืจื™ ืกื–) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคืจืฉื” ื ืืžืจื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•
ื•ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืชืชื’ืœื”.
ืœ. ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฆึฐืขึทืง ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืœ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืึตืœ ื ึธื ืจึฐืคึธื ื ึธื ืœึธื”ึผ . (ื™ื‘ ื™ื’) ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื.) ืฉืึถืึธืกื•ึผืจ ืœึฐื”ึทื’ึฐื‘ึผึดื™ื”ึผึท ืงื•ึนืœื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืคึดืœึผึธืชื•ึน. ื•ื›ืŸ (ืฉื ื›ื“ (:ื”ึทืžึผึทื’ึฐื‘ึผึดื™ื”ึผึท ืงื•ึนืœื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืคึดืœึผึธืชื•ึน ื”ึฒืจึตื™
ื–ึถื” ืžึดื ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึถืงึถืจ. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฆืขืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืืœ ื”'.
ืž. ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื˜ึฐืžึตืึดื™ื ืœึฐื ึถืคึถืฉื ืึธื“ึธื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒืฉึนื‚ืช ื”ึทืคึถึผืกึทื— ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐืจึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื•ึฐืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื . (ื˜ ื•) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™
ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื.
ืž. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจืื” ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข. ื•ืกื™ืžื ืš 'ืžืฉื”'.
ื . ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืฉื‚ ื›ึตึผืŸ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ืึถืœ ืžื•ึผืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึฐึผื ื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึถืขึฑืœึธื” ื ึตืจึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืช ืžึนืฉึถืื” . (ื— ื’) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืœึฐื”ึทื’ึดึผื™ื“ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐื—ื•ึน ืฉึถืืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ, ืฉึถืืœึนึผื ืฉึดืื ึธึผื”) ืกืคืจื™ ืก). ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื”
ื‘ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื” ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื”.
ืก. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืกึฐืคึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึดื™ื ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึดื–ึดึผืงึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึธึผ ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึตื ื–ึดืงึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึธื ื•ึฐืฉึนืื˜ึฐืจึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืœึธืงึทื—ึฐืชึธึผ ืึนืชึธื ืึถืœ ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐื™ึทืฆึฐึผื‘ื•ึผ ืฉึธืื ืขึดืžึธึผืšึฐ. (ื™ื ื˜ื–)
ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜.
ืข. ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืžึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ื” ื”ึทืžึฐึผื ึนืจึธื” ืžึดืงึฐืฉึธืื” ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ืขึทื“ ื™ึฐืจึตื›ึธื”ึผ ืขึทื“ ืคึดึผืจึฐื—ึธื”ึผ ืžึดืงึฐืฉึธืื” ื”ึดื•ื ื›ึทึผืžึทึผืจึฐืึถื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึถืจึฐืึธื” ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืช ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื›ึตึผืŸ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึฐึผื ึนืจึธื” . (ื— ื“) ื›ึตึผืŸ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” . ื›"ืŸ ื ืจื•ืช
ืขืฉื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™' ื”ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช. ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื”. (375) (ื‘ืขื”"ื˜) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฉื” ืžื ื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืงื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื
ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช.
ืค. ืึดื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึฒื›ึถื ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผืจึฐืึธื” ืึตืœึธื™ื• ืึถืชึฐื•ึทื“ึธึผืข ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ืึฒื“ึทื‘ึถึผืจ ื‘ึผื•ึน . (ื™ื‘ ื•) ื•ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื–:) 'ื—ืœื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืื”'. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ื“ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืึตืœ ื›ึผึดื™
ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ื—ึธื–ึตื™ ื—ึถืœึฐืžึธื ื‘ึผึดื™ืฉืึธื ืึธืžึทืจ: (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื™ ื‘) ื•ึทื—ึฒืœึนืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื•ึฐื ื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจื•ึผ . (ืฉื ื ื”:) ื•ื›ืŸ (ืฉื ื ื”.) ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึธื” ืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึดื™ื ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื: ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื˜ื•ึนื‘, ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื•ึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื˜ื•ึนื‘.
ืฆ. ื•ึฐื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืขื ื• [ ืขึธื ึธื™ื• ] ืžึฐืึนื“ ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” . (ื™ื‘ ื’) ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ. ื•ืกื™ืžื ืš ืฆึทืขึฒืงึธืชื•ึน .
ืง. ื•ึทืชึดึผืกึธึผื’ึตืจ ืžึดืจึฐื™ึธื ืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ ืœึทืžึทึผื—ึฒื ึถื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึธื ืœึนื ื ึธืกึทืข ืขึทื“ ื”ึตืึธืกึตืฃ ืžึดืจึฐื™ึธื . (ื™ื‘ ื˜ื•) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ื–ึถื” ื”ึทื›ึธึผื‘ื•ึนื“ ื—ึธืœึทืง ืœึธื”ึผ ื”ึทืžึธึผืงื•ึนื ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ืœ ืฉึธืืขึธื” ืึทื—ึทืช ืฉึถืื ึดึผืชึฐืขึทื›ึฐึผื‘ึธื” ืœึฐืžึนืฉึถืื”
ื›ึฐึผืฉึถืื”ึปืฉึฐืืœึทืšึฐ ืœึทื™ึฐึผืื•ึนืจ, ืฉึถืื ึถึผืึฑืžึทืจ: ื•ึทืชึตึผืชึทืฆึทึผื‘ ืึฒื—ึนืชื•ึน ืžึตืจึธื—ึนืง . ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื›ื• ืœืžืจื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช.
ืง. ืจึธื ึดึผื™ ื•ึฐืฉึดื‚ืžึฐื—ึดื™ ื‘ึทึผืช ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ื‘ึธื ื•ึฐืฉึธืื›ึทื ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐืชื•ึนื›ึตืšึฐ ื ึฐืึปื ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” . (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ ื™ื“) [ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื' ื“ื—ื ื•ื›ื”] ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ื”
ืœืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื ื” ื™ื‘) ื›ึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐืฉึดื‚ืžึฐื—ึธื” ืชึตืฆึตืื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉึธืืœื•ึนื ืชึผื•ึผื‘ึธืœื•ึผืŸ ื”ึถื”ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึธืขื•ึนืช ื™ึดืคึฐืฆึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืจึดื ึธึผื” .
ืจ. ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืŸ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉึปืืขึท ื‘ึดึผืŸ ื ื•ึผืŸ ืžึฐืฉึธืืจึตืช ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืžึดื‘ึฐึผื—ึปืจึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึทืจ ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื›ึฐึผืœึธืึตื . (ื™ื ื›ื—) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืžื” ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš? ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœืฉืžื•ื—
ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื• ืฆื“ืงืชื.
ืฉ. ื•ึฐื›ึนื” ืชึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึธื”ึถื ืœึฐื˜ึทื”ึฒืจึธื ื”ึทื–ึตึผื” ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืžึตื™ ื—ึทื˜ึธึผืืช ื•ึฐื”ึถืขึฑื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืชึทืขึทืจ ืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึธื‚ืจึธื ื•ึฐื›ึดื‘ึฐึผืกื•ึผ ื‘ึดื’ึฐื“ึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐื”ึดื˜ึถึผื”ึธืจื•ึผ. (ื— ื–) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืฉึถืืœ ืึตืคึถืจ ื”ึทืคึธึผืจึธื”, ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื˜ึฐืžึตืึตื™ ืžึตืชึดื™ื
ืฉึถืื‘ึธึผื”ึถื. ืงื™"ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืค"ื’ ื”"ื’) ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ืœื• ื ืฉืจืคื” ื”ืคืจื”, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชืขืฉื” ื”ืคืจื” ื”ึทื–ึตึผื” ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืžึตื™ ื—ึทื˜ึธึผืืช . ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื•
ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืจืง ืœืžื—ืจืช ื ืฉืจืคื” ื”ืคืจื”, ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืžืื™ ืžืชื™ื.
ืช. ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื ึฐืึปื ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืฆึฐ-ื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ืชึดึผืงึฐืจึฐืื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืœึฐืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ื’ึถึผืคึถืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ืชึฐึผืึตื ึธื” . (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื’ ื™) ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืชื‘ื—ื” ื‘ื”ื ืืจืฅ
ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืงื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื’ืคืŸ ื•ืชืื ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื”ื ื ืฉืชื‘ื—ื” ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง (ืž"ื ื” ื”) ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึธื‘ึถื˜ึทื— ืึดื™ืฉื ืชึทึผื—ึทืช
ื’ึทึผืคึฐื ื•ึน ื•ึฐืชึทื—ึทืช ืชึฐึผืึตื ึธืชื•ึน ืžึดื“ึธึผืŸ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื‘ึฐึผืึตืจ ืฉึธืื‘ึทืข ื›ึนึผืœ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง (ืžื™ื›ื” ื“ ื“) ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ื’ึทึผืคึฐื ื•ึน ื•ึฐืชึทื—ึทืช ืชึฐึผืึตื ึธืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืžึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ื“ ื›ึดึผื™ ืคึดื™ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืฆึฐ-ื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ื“ึดึผื‘ึตึผืจ.

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ื. ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ื ืขืžื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื”' ื•ืœื ืคืจืฉื• ืžืคืจื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื”. (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื, ืื–ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจื™) *
ื‘. ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ืœืงื‘"ื”, ื•ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ืžืืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืื”ืจืŸ. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™) ื"ื  ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืจื• (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘ ื›ื•) ืžึดื™
ืœึทื™-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึธื™ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืึธืกึฐืคื•ึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ืœึตื•ึดื™ . ื•ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื—ืœืฃ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ
ื›ื•ืœื. (ืกืคื•ืจื ื•) ื"ื  ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ื”ื ื•ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื. (ืจืื‘"ืข) ื"ื  ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื , ืฉื ืชื ื• ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ, ื ึฐืชึปื ึดื™ื ื”ึตืžึธึผื” ืœึดื™ . (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™)
ื‘. ื‘ืฉืจ ืชืื•ื” ื ืืกืจ ืœื”ื ื›ื™ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืืœื ื’' ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ. ืึดื ืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ
ื“ึฐึผื’ึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ืชื ื•ึผืžึธืฆึธื ืœึธื”ึถื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”. ื•ืืžืจ ื”ึฒื™ึทื“ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืชึดึผืงึฐืฆึธืจ ืฉืืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ. (ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื“)
ื"ื  ืœืคื™ ืฉืžืฉื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืคืช ื›ื™ ืื ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื•. (ื"ืข) ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ 'ืฉื”ื™ื•
ื ื•ืกืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื–ื”ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืœื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืคืกืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืขืžื”ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ื'. (ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื– ื“"ื” ื—)
ื’. ื’' ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืื“ื โ€“ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื•. ื”' ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžื›ื— ื”ืื‘, ื”' ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžื›ื— ื”ืื. ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื• ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืง"ื• ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ืžื™ื. (ื”ืจื"ืฉ) *
ื“. ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื”ื” ืžืฉื” ืœืคื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืื‘ื•ืช ื ื) ื”ึฑื•ื•ึผ ืžึฐืชื•ึผื ึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผื“ึดึผื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืชื”ื” ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉืฉืืœ. (ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ)
ื”. ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื” ื”ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืืข"ืค ืฉืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ื—ื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื” ืขืœื™ื”ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืฉืœืฉืชื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช. (ืื–ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”)
ื•. ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฆึฐืขึทืง ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืœ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืึตืœ ื ึธื ืจึฐืคึธื ื ึธื ืœึธื”ึผ . (ื™ื‘ ื™ื’) ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ื—ึดืกึฐื“ึผึธื: ื›ึผื‡ืœ ื”ึทืžึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ื—ึฒื‘ึตื™ืจื•ึน - ืึตื™ืŸ ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึฐื”ึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ:
'ืึตืœ ื ึธื ืจึฐืคึธื ื ึธื ืœึธื”ึผ', ื•ึฐืœึธื ืงึธืžึทื“ึฐื›ึผึทืจ ืฉืึฐืžึทื”ึผ ื“ึผึฐืžึดืจึฐื™ึธื. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ - ืื•"ื— ืงื™ื˜ ื) ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืชืคืœืœ ืฉืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ
ืฉืžื•. ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืึตื 'ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช'. ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืฉื ื”ืื, ื ืจืžื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื” ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™
ืจึฐืคึธื ื ึธื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืจื™ื - ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ (332) (ื“ื’ืœ ืžื—ื ื” ืืคืจื™ื) *
ื–. ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื” ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื“ื ื•ื’ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื•ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืงื:) ืžืฉื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื ื’ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืขื˜ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืกื—ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื–ื™ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.(ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื)*
ื—. ื— ' ื  ืจื•ืช ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื› ื‘ื™ืช ื” ืœืœ ืจ"ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” โ€“ ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืฉืึทืžึผึทืื™ ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื: ื™ื•ึนื ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืžึทื“ึฐืœึดื™ืง ืฉืึฐืžึนื ึธื”, ืžึดื›ึผึธืืŸ ื•ึฐืึตื™ืœึธืšึฐ
ืคึผื•ึนื—ึตืช ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ. ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื”ึดืœึผึตืœ ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื: ื™ื•ึนื ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืžึทื“ึฐืœึดื™ืง ืึทื—ึทืช, ืžึดื›ึผึธืืŸ ื•ึฐืึตื™ืœึธืšึฐ ืžื•ึนืกึดื™ืฃ ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ. (ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื:), ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ. ื›ืžื•"ื› ' ื—ื ื• ื›"ื” ' ืจ"ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” , ื”ื™ื™ื ื•
ื›ืฉื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›"ื” ื‘ื›ืกืœื™ื•. (ืžืขื ืœื•ืขื–)
ื˜. ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ ื‘) ื•ึฐื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช ื”ึทืคึธึผืกึทื— ื‘ึฐึผืžื•ึนืขึฒื“ื•ึน ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ื•ืื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื“ื—ื•ื™ื”
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื. ื”ื”"ื“ (ื˜ ื™) ืึดื™ืฉื ืึดื™ืฉื ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื˜ึธืžึตื ืœึธื ึถืคึถืฉื . ืึดื™ืฉื ื ึดื“ึฐื—ึถื” ืœึฐืคึถืกึทื— ืฉืึตื ึดื™, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืฆึดื™ื‘ึผื•ึผืจ ื ึดื™ื“ึฐื—ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐืคึถืกึทื— ืฉืึตื ึดื™.(ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื•) (ื”ืจื"ืฉ)
ื˜. ื˜"ื• ืžื™ืœื™ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืื– ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืกื—. (ืจืžื‘"ื ืค"ื ืžื”ืœ' ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—)
ื™. ื™"ื— ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™"ื— ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœืžื” ืขื“ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”. (ื”ืจื•ืงื—)
ื›. ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืงืž"ืœ โ€“ ื“ืงื“ืงื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉื’ื ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื’ื ื•ืชื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ
ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชื—ืœืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืš ื“ื•ื—ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืื—ืจืช ืžืขื˜ ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื. (ืžื“ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ืชืš ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ)
ืœ. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงื•ืœ
ื•ืœืฆืขื•ืง. ื"ื  ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฆึฐืขึทืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืฆืขืง ื‘ืคื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ืืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืขืœ ืฆืขืงืช ื”ืœื‘, ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืขืง ืžืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืืœ ื”', ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš
ื”ืชืคืœืœ. (ื–ืจืข ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ) ื"ื  ืžืคื ื™ ืฆืขืงื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืื ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืœืื–ื ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฆืขืงื”. (ืื–ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”)
ืž. ืžึดื™ืฉึธืืึตืœ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืžื ืœื ื“ื‘, ื•ึฐืึถืœึฐืฆึธืคึธืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืžื ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื. ืœื›ืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“. (ืคืขื ื— ืจื–ื, ื”ืจื•ืงื—)
ืž. ืž ื ื•ืจื”, ืฉ ืจืฆื™ื, ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจืื” ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื• (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื˜.) ื•ืกื™ืžื ืš ' ืžืฉื” ' (ืžืจืื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื) ื•ื™"ื ืืฃ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉ ื—ื™ื˜ื”.*
ื . ื ืก ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืจ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื“ื•ืœืง ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืœื•ื’. ื•ืžืื•ืชื•
ื”ื ืจ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื“ืœื•ืง ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™. ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงืž"ืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื ืก ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœื ื›ื‘ื” ื”ื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื ืื•ืชื• ื“ืœื•ืง ืชืžื™ื“. (ืืฉ ื“ืช ืคืจ' ืชืฆื•ื”) ื"ื  ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืจืžื– ืœืฉื‘ืขืช
ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ืื”ืจืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืžืื—ื™ื•. ื•ื–ื”ื•
ืฉึดืื‘ึฐื—ื•ึน ืฉึถืืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ, ืฉืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื ืจ ืฉืœื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉึถืืœึนึผื ืฉึดืื ึธึผื”. (ืžืขื ืœื•ืขื– ื‘ืฉื ื–ืจืข ื‘ืจืš) *
ืก. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžื–ืจื—, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขืžื“ื• ืฉืฉื™ื, ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉืจ
ืืžื” ืœืฉื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื— ืขืžื“ ืžืฉื” ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื•ื’ื‘ืจื ื‘ืืžืชื ื™ืชื™ื‘. (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื) ื"ื  ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื™ื
ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึดื™ื ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื™ึธืจึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึฐืžึธื” ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ืข' ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื•ืข' ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืงื‘"ื”, ื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืข' ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ,
ื•ืข' ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ืข' ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื. (ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“)
ืข. ืขืงืจ ืžืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืข ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื– ื) ื•ึฐื ึธืฉึทืืœ ื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื ืžึดืคึธึผื ึถื™ืšึธ ื”ึทื—ึดืชึดึผื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึดึผืจึฐื’ึธึผืฉึดืื™ ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึฐึผืจึดื–ึดึผื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึดื•ึดึผื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ื’ื•ึนื™ึดื
ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื ื•ึทืขึฒืฆื•ึผืžึดื™ื ืžึดืžึถึผืšึธึผ . ืœื›ืš ืขืฉื” ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ืช ื–' ืงื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืž"ื ื” ื) ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืžึนื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžื•ึนืฉึตืืœ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึทึผืžึฐืœึธื›ื•ึนืช
ืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื ืจื•ืช. ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืข' ืื•ืžื•ืช. (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื, ื–ืจืข ื‘ืจืš)
ืค. ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืคื”. ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื”:) ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืคึผื•ึนืชึฐืจึตื™ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื, ืคึผึทืขึทื ืึทื—ึทืช ื—ึธืœึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื•ึฐื”ึธืœึทื›ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึตืฆึถืœ ื›ึผื•ึผืœึผึธื, ื•ึผืžึทื”
ืฉืึผึถืคึผึธืชึทืจ ืœึดื™ ื–ึถื” ืœึนื ืคึผึธืชึทืจ ืœึดื™ ื–ึถื”, ื•ึฐื›ื•ึผืœึผึธื ื ึดืชึฐืงึทื™ึผึฐื™ืžื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดื™. ืœึฐืงึทื™ึผึตื™ื ืžึทื” ืฉืึผึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: 'ื›ึผื‡ืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ึดื™ื ืึทื—ึทืจ ื”ึทืคึผึถื”'. *
ืฆ. ืฆ ื“ื™ืง, ืข ื ื™ื•, ืง ืจื‘ืŸ, ืช ืคื™ืœื”, ื• ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืจ"ืช ืฆึทืขึฒืงึธืชื•ึน . (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื ื” ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ( ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ ื›ื‘) ืฉึธืืžึนืขึท ืึถืฉึฐืืžึทืข ืฆึทืขึฒืงึธืชื•ึน .
ืง. ืงืก"ื• ืฉืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื›ื• ืœืžืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืฉืขื” (20 ื“ืง) ื•ืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ืช"ืง. ื”ืจื™ ืช"ืง ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืฉืขื” ื”ื ืงืก"ื•
ืฉืขื•ืช. (ื”ืจื•ืงื—) (ื› 10.000 ื“ืงื•ืช) [ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืก ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืฉืขื”]
ืง. ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืžื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื– ื˜ื•) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ืึทืšึฐ ืฉึธื‚ืžึตื—ึท ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื’) ืึตื ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื ึดื™ื ืฉึฐื‚ืžึตื—ึธื” . ืจื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื
ืขืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื›ืžื• (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื›ื• ื™ื˜) ื”ึธืงึดื™ืฆื•ึผ ื•ึฐืจึทื ึฐึผื ื•ึผ ืฉึนืื›ึฐื ึตื™ ืขึธืคึธืจ , (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื ื™) ื•ึผื‘ึทืึฒื‘ึนื“ ืจึฐืฉึธืืขึดื™ื ืจึดื ึธึผื” . ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ืจึธื ึดึผื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ื‘ึธื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช,
ื•ึฐืฉึดื‚ืžึฐื—ึดื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื•ึฐืฉึธืื›ึทื ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐืชื•ึนื›ึตืšึฐ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. (ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื)
ืจ. ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ื ื˜ืœื• ืžืžืฉื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื ืชื‘ืื• ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื ื˜ืœื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ื ื˜ื–) ื•ึฐืœึธืงึทื—ึฐืชึธึผ ืึนืชึธื ืึถืœ ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“
ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐื™ึทืฆึฐึผื‘ื•ึผ ืฉึธืื ืขึดืžึธึผืšึฐ . ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืฉื” ื•ึผืžึดื™ ื™ึดืชึตึผืŸ ื›ึธึผืœ ืขึทื ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื• ืจืง ื™ืงืœ ืžืขืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื. (ืคืขื ื— ืจื–ื) *
ืฉ. ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ื” ื•ื”ื“ื ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื˜ื”ืจื• ืื•ืชื, ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• (ื™ื•ืžื ื“.) ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืœึผื•ึผืึดื™ื ื“ึผึธื, ื”ึธื›ึธื ืžึทื™ึดื, ืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ: ื ึดื›ึฐื ึฐืกื•ึผ ืžึทื™ึดื ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื“ึผึธื. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™)
ื•ื‘ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืคืงื“ื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื—ืœื• ืื–.
ืช. ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื—ืช ื”ืชืื ื”. ื›ืž"ืฉ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื—) ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื™ื” ื”ื•ื• ื™ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ืชื ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืชืื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื” ืžืจื
ื“ืชืื™ื ืชื ืงืจื™ืฅ ื•ืœืงื™ื˜ ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ื•ื’ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ ืงืืžืจ ืชึดึผืงึฐืจึฐืื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื
ืœึฐืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ื’ึถึผืคึถืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ืชึฐึผืึตื ึธื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืชื—ืชื™ื”. (ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื)





ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช / ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ *


ื. ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืžืจื™ื ื ืชื‘ืื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืฉื”. ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื• ื›) ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึทึผื— ืžึดืจึฐื™ึธื ื”ึทื ึฐึผื‘ึดื™ืึธื” ืึฒื—ื•ึนืช ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ , ื•ืœื ืื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ืืœื ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื‘ืื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ื•ืช ืื”ืจืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืืžื™ ืฉืชืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื™ืข ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. (ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืœื•ืœื”) ื‘' ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. (ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ)
ื’. ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื• ืื‘ื™ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืข ื”ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฆืคืจื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื— ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื• ื•ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืืžื• ืžื–ืจืขืช ืื•ื“ื ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื•ื ืฉืžื” ื•ืงืœืกืชืจ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื” ื•ื”ืœื•ืš ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžื ื• ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืงื• ื•ื—ืœืง ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื• ืžื ื™ื— ืœืคื ื™ื”ื. (ื ื“ื” ืœื.)
ืื‘ื™ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืข ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ื•' ื•ืืžื• ืžื–ืจืขืช ืื•ื“ื ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ื•'. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืึทืšึฐ ืขึทืฆึฐืžึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉึธื‚ืจึดื™ ืึธืชึธึผื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื˜ ื™ื“) ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื• ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขืฆื ื•ืžืฆื“ ืืžื• ืจื‘ืงื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ื‘ืฉืจ. (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื)
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื“ื โ€“ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื•, ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืคืœื™ื. ืžื ื ืœื™ื” ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ื ื”ื ?
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืฉืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื• ื™ื•ื“, ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื, ื•ื–ื” ื™-ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืคืœื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื ืขื”"ืช)
ื“. ื“ึตื™ืŸ ื—ึทื“ ืžึตืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ื“ึดื™ื ึดื™ืŸ ื“ึฐืขึธืœื•ึผ ืœึดืงึฐื“ึธื ืžืฉึถืื” ื‘ึดึผืชึฐืจึตื™ืŸ ืžึดื ึฐื”ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืžืฉึถืื” ืžึฐื–ึธืจึตื™ื– ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึฐืจึตื™ืŸ ืžึดื ึฐื”ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืžืฉึถืื” ืžึธืชื•ึผืŸ ื‘ึดึผืžึฐืกึทืึฒื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื“ึฐืœึธื ื™ึธื›ึดื™ืœื•ึผ ืœึฐืžึถืขึฑื‘ึทื“ ืคึดึผืกึฐื—ึธื ื‘ึดึผื–ึฐืžึทื ึตื™ื”ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื’ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื ึธืชึธื ื“ึดืฆึฐืœึธืคึฐื—ึธื“ ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืžืฉึถืื” ืžึฐื–ึธืจึตื– ืžึดืŸ ื‘ึดึผื’ึฐืœึทืœ ื“ึทื”ึฒื•ึธื” ื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนืŸ ื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ื”ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึธื—ึฒืจึธืคึธื ื“ึดื—ึฒืจึทืฃ ืฉึฐืืžึธื ืงึทื“ึดื™ืฉึธืื ื•ึผื‘ึดืžึฐืงื•ึนืฉึฐืืฉึธืื ื“ึฐื—ึทืœึตืœ ืฉึทืื‘ึฐึผืชึธึผื ื‘ึดึผื–ึฐื“ึธื ื•ึผ ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืžืฉึถืื” ืžึธืชื•ึผืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื‘ึดึผื’ึฐืœึทืœ ื“ึดื™ ื”ึฒื•ื•ึน ื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ื”ื•ึนืŸ ื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึทืคึฐืฉึธืืชึธื ื‘ึฐึผืึดื™ืœึตืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืึดื™ืœึตืŸ ืึฒืžึทืจ ืœึธื ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึดื™ืช ืœึฐืžึทืœึฐืคึธื ื“ึดื™ื ึทื™ึธื ื“ึทืขึฒืชึดื™ื“ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐืžึตื™ืงึทื ื‘ึธึผืชึทืจ ืžืฉึถืื” ืœึฐืžึถื”ึฑื•ึตื™ ื–ึฐืจึดื™ื–ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ ืžึธืžื•ึนื ึธื ื•ึผืžึฐืชึดื™ื ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื“ึดื™ื ึตื™ ื ึทืคึฐืฉึธืืชึธื ื“ึฐืœึธื ื™ึฐื‘ึทื”ึฒืชื•ึผืŸ ืœึฐืžึตื™ืžึธืจ ืœึธื ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึดื™ืช ื‘ึฐึผืจึทื ืžืฉึถืื” ืจึทื‘ึธึผืŸ ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึธื ืฉึฐืืžึธืขึดื™ืช ื•ึทืึฒืžึทืจ ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืŸ ืงื•ึผืžื•ึผ ื•ึผืฉึฐืืžื•ึผืขื•ึผ ืžึทื” ื“ึดื™ ืคึทืงึตื™ื“ ืžึตื™ืžึฐืจึธื ื“ึทื™ึฐื™ึธ ืœึฐื›ื•ึนืŸ.
ื–. ื—ึฒื–ึทื ึฐื”ื•ึผ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืึตืœ ื“ึผึทื”ึฒื•ื•ึน ืžึฐื”ึทื“ึผึฐืจึดื™ ื‘ึผึธืชึทืจ ื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸ ืœึฐืžึดื™ืฉืึฐื—ึทื˜, ืึฒืžึทืจ ืœึฐื”ื•ึผ: ืœึฐืžึธื” ืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืœึฐืึทื”ึฐื“ึผื•ึนืจึตื™ ื‘ึผึธืชึทืจ ื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸ ืœึฐืžึดื™ืฉืึฐื—ึทื˜? ืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ื˜ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื–ึธืจ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึตืจึธื”! ืึทื™ึฐื™ืชื•ึผื”ื•ึผ ืœึฐืงึทืžึผึตื™ื”ึผ ื“ึผึฐืขึตืœึดื™. ืึฒืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ: ืžึฐื ึธื ืœึธืšึฐ ื”ึธื? ืึฒืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ: ืžึดื™ ื›ึผึฐืชึดื™ื‘ ืดื•ึฐืฉืึธื—ึทื˜ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸืด?! ืดื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดื™ืืด ื›ึผึฐืชึดื™ื‘, ืžึดืงึผึทื‘ึผึธืœึธื” ื•ึฐืึตื™ืœึธืšึฐ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึทืช ื›ึผึฐื”ื•ึผื ึผึธื”, ืžึดื›ึผึธืืŸ ืœึทืฉึผืึฐื—ึดื™ื˜ึธื” ืฉืึถื›ึผึฐืฉืึตืจึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื–ึธืจ . (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื:)
ืž. ืฉืœืฉื” ืืœื• ืฉืึฐ ืจึธืฆึดื™ื ืžึฐ ื ื•ึนืจึธื” ื—ึน ื“ึถืฉื ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ' ืฉื‚ึธืžึทื— ' ื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืข"ื” ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืชื—ืœืชื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืžื— ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืชื ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื• (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื’ ื™ื‘) (ืื ื›ื™) ื™ึฐื“ึทืขึฐืชึดึผื™ืšึธ ื‘ึฐืฉึตืื - ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ 'ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉ 'ืจืฆื™ื ืž 'ื ื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื ื ืชื™ืš ื“ืขืช ื‘ื”ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื˜.)
ืžื” ืฉื ืชืงืฉื” ืžืฉื” ื ืจืžื– ื‘ืฉืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืจ"ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืž ื ื•ืจื”, ืฉ ืงืœื™ื, ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. (ื”ื’ืจ"ื)
ื . ืœึฐื”ึทื’ึดึผื™ื“ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐื—ื•ึน ืฉึถืืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ, ืฉึถืืœึนึผื ืฉึดืื ึธึผื” โ€“ ืงืฉื” ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื“ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื—? ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ. ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื˜.) ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืจื ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืžืจื™ื; ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืžืชื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: ื‘ืืจ ื•ืขื ืŸ ื•ืžืŸ. ื‘ืืจ - ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืจื™ื, ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ - ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื”ืจืŸ, ืžืŸ - ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื”. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื™ืืžืจื• 'ืœืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš' ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื•, ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• 'ืœืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš', ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื“ื’ืฉ ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืžื” ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช. (ืžื“ืจืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ)
ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืช ืžึนืฉึถืื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื” ื”'. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›"ื” ื‘ื›ืกืœื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืก' ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืžืœื ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื”. (ื‘. ื. ื—. ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื)
ืื”ืจืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืžืฆื“ ืžืขืœืชื• ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืชื•ื“ืœืง ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงืชื• ืฉื‘ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืฉืคื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื”, ืฉืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ืžื ื•ืจื” ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืœื™ืง, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื ื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืœื™ืง, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื’ืจื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืื•ืจ ืื‘ื ืœืฉื‘ืข ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ. (ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช)
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ืฉืœื ืฆื•ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืจ ืœื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืชื” ืชืฆื•ื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื– ื›ื) ื™ึทืขึฒืจึนืšึฐ ืึนืชื•ึน ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืขืฉื”. (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื)
ืœึฐื”ึทื’ึดึผื™ื“ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐื—ื•ึน ืฉึถืืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ, ืฉึถืืœึนึผื ืฉึดืื ึธึผื” โ€“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื• ื•ืฉื›ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื•ืืขืค"ื› ืœื ืกืžืš ืขืœ ืฉื›ืœื• ื•ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฆึดื•ึธึผื” ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืช ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื•. ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”' ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื ืคืœืื” ื•ืืขืค"ื› ืœื ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ื ืฉืคืš ืœื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืœื ื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช. (ืื’ืจื ื“ื›ืœื”)
ืฉึดืื™ื ึธึผื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื 365 โ€“ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. (ื”ื’ืจ"ื)
ืค. ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ึดื™ืŸ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื”ึทืคึผึถื”. ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื‘ืก"ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉื™ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื•ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื ื” , ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ื’' ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ืคื” ืฉื‘ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ื— ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ึดื™ืŸ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื”ึทืคึผึถื”, ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืขืฉื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืึทื—ึทืจ ื”ึทืคึผึถื”.
ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืคึผื•ึนืชึฐืจึตื™ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ื•ึผืคึผึดืชึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ืœึธืึธื“ึธื ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืคึผึดืชึฐืจื•ึนื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื›ึปืœึผึธื ื ึดืชึฐืงึทื™ึผึฐืžื•ึผ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืคืœื ื›ื™ ืžืžื” ื ืคืฉืš ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืœื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื“ ื“ื•ืงื, ื•ื‘ืฉืœืžื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืกื— ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื™ื™ ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื•ืจื‘ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืจืื” ื—ืœื•ื ืื—ื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื—ืง ืฉืจืื” ื ื•ืกื— ืื—ื“ ื›"ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื›"ื“ ืขืชื™ื ื•ืžื–ืœ ืฉืขื” ื’ื•ืจื. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื”:)
ืจ. ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”ื•"ืœ ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื•. (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื–.) (ืจื–ื ื“ืžืื™ืจ)
ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื ืขื ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื - ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืœึตื•ึดื™: ื›ึผื‡ืœ ื“ึผึฐืžื•ึนืชึตื™ื‘ ืžึดืœึผึธื” ืงึทืžึผึตื™ื”ึผ ืจึทื‘ึผึตื™ื”ึผ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื• ืึธื–ึตื™ืœ ืœึดืฉืึฐืื•ึนืœ ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ื•ึธืœึธื“, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: 'ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉืึปืขึท ื‘ึผึดืŸ ื ื•ึผืŸ ืžึฐืฉืึธืจึตืช ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืžึดื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืจึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึทืจ ืึฒื“ื•ึนื ึดื™ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ื›ึผึฐืœึธืึตื'. ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืœืจื‘ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช, ื ืขื ืฉ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื•. (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื’:)






ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” , ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” , ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื•ืช ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”
ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช [email protected]



ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il