ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฉื‘ืช
  • ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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23 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืืช

ืจื—ืœ ืจืฉืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืช ืืœื’ืจื”

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’, ื™ื‘): "ืฉืึตืฉืึถืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนืช". ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ืขืฉื”' ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ 'ืœื ืชืขืฉื”', ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื™): "ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืœึทื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื”". ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื• ื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื‘ืจ - ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกืงื™ืœื”, ื•ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื ืขื“ื™ื - ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืจืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื, ื™ื“): "ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ื›ึผึดื™ ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึดื•ื ืœึธื›ึถื ืžึฐื—ึทืœึฐืœึถื™ื”ึธ ืžื•ึนืช ื™ื•ึผืžึธืช ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึนืฉื‚ึถื” ื‘ึธื”ึผ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ื•ึฐื ึดื›ึฐืจึฐืชึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึทื”ึดื•ื ืžึดืงึผึถืจึถื‘ ืขึทืžึผึถื™ื”ึธ". ื•ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืขืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื—ื˜ืืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื, ื; ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื™ื“).
ืืฃ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื”, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืœืื›ื•ืช: ื—ืจื™ืฉ, ืงืฆื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื”. ื—ืจื™ืฉ ื•ืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื“, ื›ื): "ืฉืึตืฉืึถืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึผึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนืช, ื‘ึผึถื—ึธืจึดื™ืฉื ื•ึผื‘ึทืงึผึธืฆึดื™ืจ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนืช". ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื–ื”, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•, ื ืืกืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ). ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื‘ืขืจื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื”, ื’): "ืœึนื ืชึฐื‘ึทืขึฒืจื•ึผ ืึตืฉื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึนืฉืึฐื‘ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช". ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืžืœืื›ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื ืคืจื“, ืฉืื ืื“ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ืื•ืช (ืฉื‘ืช ืข, ื, ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื–, ื). ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื–, ื›ื˜): "ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืชึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึธื™ื• ืึทืœ ื™ึตืฆึตื ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึดืžึผึฐืงึนืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™". ื•ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืฉืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื• ืงืœื”, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื•ืช (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื, ื).
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืกืจื” ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžืœืื›ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ืœื ื ืืกืจื•. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื—ื˜ ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืจืฉื•ืช, ืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืœืื›ื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื, ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืœืื›ื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ืจื™ื•, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืชื• ืื™ื ื ืžืœืื›ื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื•, ื’). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžื“ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืš ืื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื•, ื–).
ื›ืœืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื”, ืœื’): "ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึถืช", ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฉื™ื™ืช 'ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช'. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื• ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื” ืื• ืฉืœื ืœืฉื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื• ืฉืœื ืœืฉื ืงื™ื•ื, ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืœื ืขืฉื” 'ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช', ืืžื ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’-ื—). ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื, ื—): "ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช - ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ื”ืจืจื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืจื”, ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืงืจื ืžื•ืขื˜ ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช", ืฉืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื• ืชื™ืœื™ ืชื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช.
ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื ืขืฉื” ืžื”ื ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ืจื•ื’ืจืช - ื—ื™ื™ื‘ (ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื—ื˜ืืช, ื•ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ืžื™ืชื”), ื•ืื ืขืฉื” ืคื—ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” - ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื ืฉ. ื•ื‘ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืจืฉ, ื–ื•ืจืข, ืงื•ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื• - ื—ื™ื™ื‘. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื”, ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื ืฆืจืš ืœืžืขืฉื”.

ื‘ - ืœ"ื˜ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ
ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืจืฉื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื, ื™ื’): "ืึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ืฉืึทื‘ึผึฐืชึนืชึทื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจื•ึผ", ืœืœืžื“ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืžื˜, ื‘): "ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœื ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ". ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ืœ): "ืึถืช ืฉืึทื‘ึผึฐืชึนืชึทื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจื•ึผ ื•ึผืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉืึดื™ ืชึผึดื™ืจึธืื•ึผ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”'", ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™: "ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืชื™ ืชืฉืžื•ืจื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช".
ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื”. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื”ืืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืชื’ืœื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืื“ื ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืกื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืชืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืชืชืคืฉื˜ ืืœื™ื•. ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขืจื›ืŸ, ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” - ื›ืš ื’ื ืื ื• ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื ื™).
ื ืืžืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืœ"ื˜ (ืฉื‘ืช ืข, ื). ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: ื) ื–ื•ืจืข, ื‘) ื—ื•ืจืฉ, ื’) ืงื•ืฆืจ, ื“) ืžืขืžืจ, ื”) ื“ืฉ,
ื•) ื–ื•ืจื”, ื–) ื‘ื•ืจืจ, ื—) ื˜ื•ื—ืŸ, ื˜) ืžืจืงื“, ื™) ืœืฉ, ื™ื) ืื•ืคื”, ื™ื‘) ื’ื•ื–ื– ืฆืžืจ, ื™ื’) ืžืœื‘ืŸ, ื™ื“) ืžื ืคืฅ, ื˜ื•) ืฆื•ื‘ืข, ื˜ื–) ื˜ื•ื•ื”, ื™ื–) ืžื™ืกืš,
ื™ื—) ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื ื™ืจื™ืŸ, ื™ื˜) ืื•ืจื’ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื›) ืคื•ืฆืข ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื›ื) ืงื•ืฉืจ, ื›ื‘) ืžืชื™ืจ, ื›ื’) ืชื•ืคืจ ืฉืชื™ ืชืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“) ืงื•ืจืข ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืชืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื”) ืฆื“ ืฆื‘ื™, ื›ื•) ืฉื•ื—ื˜, ื›ื–) ืžืคืฉื™ื˜,
ื›ื—) ืžื•ืœื—-ืžืขื‘ื“, ื›ื˜) ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜, ืœ) ืžืžื—ืง, ืœื) ืžื—ืชืš, ืœื‘) ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœื’) ืžื•ื—ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœื“) ื‘ื•ื ื”,
ืœื”) ืกื•ืชืจ, ืœื•) ืžื›ื‘ื”, ืœื–) ืžื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืœื—) ืžื›ื” ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ, ืœื˜) ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช (ืฉื‘ืช ืขื’, ื‘).
ื›ืœ ืœ"ื˜ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืื‘' ืœ'ืชื•ืœื“ื”', ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืืช 'ืื‘', ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงืจืืช 'ืชื•ืœื“ื”' (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื–, ื‘).
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืœืœ"ื˜, ืฉืื ื—ื˜ื ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ื•ืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืœ"ื˜ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœ"ื˜ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื˜ืืช. ื•ืื ืขืฉื” ื—ืžืฉ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ืžืฉ ื—ื˜ืื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ืื‘ ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื—ื˜ืืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื–, ื–-ื˜).

ื’ - ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื”ืœื›ื” ื), ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืกืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื”, ืœื’): "ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึถืช". ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื›ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื“, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืืœื ืฉืขืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืกื™ื™ื’ ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืืกืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืคืฅ ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืชื•, ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืงื• - ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ื ืฉืื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืœื•, ื‘ืคื™ื•, ื‘ืžืจืคืงื•, ื‘ืื–ื ื•, ื‘ืฉืขืจื• - ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื‘, ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืฉืžืืœ - ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื’, ื; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื—, ื‘). ื”ื’ื•ื–ื– ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื - ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื ื’ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ื” - ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื“, ื‘; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื“, ื‘).
ืื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ื–ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก ื•ื›ืชื‘ื•, ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื“, ื›ื–): "ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึถืคึถืฉื ืึทื—ึทืช ืชึผึถื—ึฑื˜ึธื ื‘ึดืฉืึฐื’ึธื’ึธื” ืžึตืขึทื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืึทื—ึทืช ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึนืช ื”' ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ืชึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื™ื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึธืฉืึตื", ื•ื“ืจืฉื• (ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื‘, ื‘): "ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึนืชึธื”ึผ - ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืžืงืฆืชื”", ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืงืฆืชื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืฉื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืจื”ื™ื˜ ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืœื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื ื™ื›ืœ, ื–ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืœื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืจืง ืกื™ื™ืข, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื, ื˜ื–). 1
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ืกืคืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืคืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืื• ืžื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื•. (ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื-ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง).

ื“ - ื™ืกื•ื“ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช
ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื™ื’ ืœืชื•ืจื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืกืžืžื ื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื—, ื“). ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ืœืŸ, ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ ืขื ืฃ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื˜, ื–; ื›, ื). ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื‘, ื”). ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื ื’ืŸ, ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื‘, ื™ื–). ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื”, ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกืจื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื•, ื).
ืขื•ื“ ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืชืงื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืชืงื ื• ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจืื•ืชื, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืช ืœื—ื•ืœ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื‘, ื˜-ื™; ื›ื‘, ื˜ื•). ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืฉืœื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ (ื›ื‘, ื–). ื•ืชืงื ื• ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ (ื›ื‘, ื•). ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชืงื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื•ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืจื— ืื“ื ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืžื—ืกื ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื’, ื).
ื’ื ืžื” ืฉืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื•: ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื›ื“ืจื›ื ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช.
ื•ืœื ืžืขืฆืžื ืงืžื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืื•ืชื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื—, ืœ): "ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ืžึดืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™", ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ืขืฉื• ืžืฉืžืจืช ืœืžืฉืžืจืชื™" (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื›ื, ื). ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ืืช ืžื’ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘, ื–): "ืฉืึฐืึทืœ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐื™ึทื’ึผึตื“ึฐืšึธ ื–ึฐืงึตื ึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึธืšึฐ". ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–, ื™ื): "ืœึนื ืชึธืกื•ึผืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ื“ื•ึผ ืœึฐืšึธ ื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืžึนืืœ" (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื’, ื). ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื ื•ื—, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื“, ื›ื): "ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนืช", ื•ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”, ื™ื’): "ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ืึทืชึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึถืšึธ... ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึธื ื•ึผื—ึท ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื›ึผึธืžื•ึนืšึธ". ื•ืื ื™ืขืฉื” ืื“ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ - ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžื•ืงืฆื” - ืœื ื™ื ื•ื—, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžื•ืงืฆื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื›ื“, ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื, ื; ื›ื“, ื™ื‘).
ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื–ืงื ื™ื, ืฉืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื• ืœืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื ืกืžื›ื• ืื™ืฉ ืžืคื™ ืื™ืฉ ืขื“ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–, ื™-ื™ื): "ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึธ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ื“ื•ึผ ืœึฐืšึธ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึดื‘ึฐื—ึทืจ ื”', ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ื•ึนืจื•ึผืšึธ. ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ื•ึนืจื•ึผืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึฐืšึธ ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื”, ืœึนื ืชึธืกื•ึผืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ื“ื•ึผ ืœึฐืšึธ ื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืžึนืืœ".

ื” - ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื” ื’ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ึตืขืฉื” ืขืžื• ื’ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื˜ื” ื•ืกืคืกืœ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื—ืจื™ืฅ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉื–ื• ืคืขื•ืœืช ื—ืจื™ืฉื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ืจื™ืจื” ืชืขืฉื” ื—ืจื™ืฅ - ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืงื™ืจืช ืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืงืจื, ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ื™ืขืงื•ืจ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื. ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื 'ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ'.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืชื•ืš ื’ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืกืคืกืœ ื™ึตืขืฉื” ื—ืจื™ืฅ ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืกืœ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื˜, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื™ึตืขืงืจื• ืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื˜, ื—). ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื™ึตืขืฉื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื’ื ืžืขืฉื” ืืกื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš, ืืœื ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ืืœื ืฉืื ื”ืื“ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” - ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” - ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•, ื‘) ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื“ืœืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฆื‘ื™. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืฆื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืชื•ืš ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื™ืฆื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™, ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื•. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืชืš ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื—ืง ื‘ื•, ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืืœื ืจืง ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ืจืืฉื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืžืฉ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืชืš ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฃ - ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื–ื• ื ืงืจื ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ - 'ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื•ืœื ื™ืžื•ืช' (ืฉื‘ืช ืขื”, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื, ื”-ื•, ื›ืก"ืž ืฉื).
ื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื, ืฉ'ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ' ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•'ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื' ืืกื•ืจ. 2
ื• - ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื”
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, 'ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช' ืืกืจื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื”. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ืœืฉื ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื’ื—ืœื™ื ืื• ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืชื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ื“ืœืง ืื—"ื› ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืขืฆื ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™. ืืš ื”ืžื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืก ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื•, ืœื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื ืจ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ืœื•ืง, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื”. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื–ื• 'ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื”', ืื™ืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืžืชื• ืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืœื, ื‘; ืฆื’, ื‘; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื–, ื”).
ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื”ื—ื•ืคืจ ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช 'ื‘ื•ื ื”', ื•ื”ื—ื•ืคืจ ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื‘ื• ืขืฅ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช 'ื—ื•ืจืฉ'. ืืš ืื ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืขืคืจ ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžืœืื›ืช ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื”. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืคืจ ื•ืœื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœืช ื—ืคื™ืจื”, ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”.
ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข 'ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื”', ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉืื 'ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื”' ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจื”, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉ'ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื”' ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืจ"ื—, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจื"ืฉ). ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื, ื–), ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื”, 'ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื”' ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. 3

ื– - ืžืงืœืงืœ
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืกืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื”, ืœื’): "ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึธื‘ึถืช". ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื“ืจืš ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื“ืจืš ืงืœืงื•ืœ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื’, ื’): "ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืœืงืœื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื", ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช 'ืคื˜ื•ืจ', ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืงืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ื’, ื).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืงื•ืจืข ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืงื•ืจืข ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื’, ื™ื). ื”ืกื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื›ืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืกื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื•, ื). ื”ืžื•ื—ืง ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ื—ืง ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื—, ื).
ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืœืื›ืช 'ืžื‘ืขื™ืจ', ื”ืžื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื• ืœื—ืžื ืื• ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืคืจ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื—ืชื” - ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื‘, ื, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื–, ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืœืื›ืช 'ื—ื•ื‘ืœ', ืื ืฉื—ื˜ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื‘ืฉืจื” ืื• ืขื•ืจื” - ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ื”ืจื’ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื—ืชื” - ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื“ื•ืจืก ื ืžืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›, ื—). 4

ื— - ืงื™ื•ื
ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช - ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื• ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืฆื‘ืขื ื“ื•ื”ื” ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ืื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ ืขืœ ืขืœื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœ ืื• ืขืœ ืื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื—, ื‘; ื™ื—, ื“).
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืฉืจ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืง ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืงืฉืจ ืืจืขื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืจื•ืคืฃ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืงืฉืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœืœ, ืฉื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื’, ื™ื’). ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืœืื›ืช 'ื‘ื•ื ื”', ืื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืงื™ืจ ืžืชืœื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข - ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื ืงื‘ืข ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš ืืจืขื™ - ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื•, ื’).

ื˜ - ื’ืจืžื
ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื˜): "ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื”", ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืืœื™ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ื’ืจื ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” 'ื’ืจืžื' ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื›ืœื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืฉ ืชื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจืคื• ื•ื™ืชื‘ืงืขื• ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื–ืจืžื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื™ื›ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืืฉ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืœื“, ื›ื‘). ืžื•ืกื›ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชืจ 'ื’ืจืžื' ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื“ ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืจืž"ื ืฉืœื“, ื›ื‘).
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจืš ืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘'ื’ืจืžื', ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื’ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘'ื’ืจืžื' ื—ื™ื™ื‘. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื–ื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—, ืืฃ ืฉืขืฆื ื ื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื•ืจื” ืจืง ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื–ื•ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ืง ืก, ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืงื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ, ืืฃ ืฉืจืง ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื™ืชื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ืชืจ 'ื’ืจืžื' ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจื›ื”, ืฉืื– ืื ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘'ื’ืจืžื', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืœ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืืœื ืจืง ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžื”ื, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” 'ื’ืจืžื'. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืกื™ืจ ืกื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื–ืจื•ื ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช 'ื›ื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ' ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ืื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง, ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช 'ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™', ื•ื”ื™ื 'ื’ืจืžื'. ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”, ืื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžื™ื“, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืชื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” 'ื’ืจืžื'. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” 'ื’ืจืžื' ืืœื ืžืขืฉื” ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื 'ื’ืจืžื' ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื”. 5

ื™ - ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”, ื™ื’): "ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ืึทืชึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึฐืšึธ ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื’ึตืจึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ, ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึธื ื•ึผื—ึท ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื›ึผึธืžื•ึนืšึธ".
ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืืจื• ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื›ื“.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื’ื•ื™. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืขื‘ื“ ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื ืงื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžืŸ. ื•ืื ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžืŸ. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืจ, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื‘ืช.
ื•ืื ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื”, ืืœื ืฉืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืช, ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’, ื™ื‘): "ื•ึฐื™ึดื ึผึธืคึตืฉื ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึผึตืจ", ื•ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืจ. 6
ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืืกืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืœืื›ืช ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืืจื• ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื›ื”. ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
ืขื•ื“ ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื‘ื•ืืจื• ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื›. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• (ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื˜, ื, ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ; ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื•, ื-ื’).

ื™ื - 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ืงืจื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช'. ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืื• ืฉื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœื ื”ืงื™ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืชื•?
ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืจื• 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช'. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‚ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืžืฉืงืœื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ื›ืžื• ื—ืฆื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืฉืงืœื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ืข ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืจ.
ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง, ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืฉื›ื—ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืกื›ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš 'ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื“, ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื”ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื‘'ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช' ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืฉืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช', ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื“, ื“, ื™ื‘ื•ืืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื• ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืกื“ ืื• ืฆืขืจ).
ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื’ื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื–ืืช ืžืžื ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช'. ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช'.
ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืš ื”ืชื™ืจื• 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืœื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื–, ื”), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื–, ื›ื‘). 7

ื™ื‘ - 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช, ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื ืงืจืข, ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉืื– ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืž"ื‘ ืจืขื•, ื›ื”).
ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ื“ื—ื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื“, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช'. ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ, ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ื‘ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื˜, ื—). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”. 8
ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืžื” ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื˜ื•ื ืฃ ื™ืชื‘ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืื• ืงืจื™ืขืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื‘, ื, ืž"ื‘ ื™ื‘; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื’, ื™ื).
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืžืขืœืชื” ื”ื™ืชื™ืจื”, ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” - ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉื˜ืจ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื™ืจืฉืžื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจืื” ืœื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ืžืฆื, ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื—ื“ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช - ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื–ืืช. ืฉื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœ, ื‘; ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ ืฉืคื–; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื•, ื™ื, ืž"ื‘ ืžื”-ืžื–). 9


^ 1.. ื™"ื ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื˜ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•"ื— ื™ื“). ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืื‘ื "ื– ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืฆื’, ื˜-ื™; ื™ื‘ื™"ื ืื•"ื— ื”, ืœื‘, ื–. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉ"ื› ืค"ื, ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืขืจื” ืคื•).
^ 2.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 'ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ' ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืชื™ืขืฉื” ื•ืžื˜ืจืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื• ืฉื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืชื™ืขืฉื” - ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืชื™ืขืฉื” - ืžื•ืชืจ (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื›ื’, ื). ื•ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ ื›ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ. ื•ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื”, ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ (ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื‘, ื). ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ (ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•, ื‘). ื•ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ"ืฉ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืชื•ืก' (ืขื”, ื, 'ืžืชืขืกืง'), ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื"ืฉ (ื™ื“, ื˜) ื•ืจ"ืŸ. ื•ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ"ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืืกืจื” ืชื•ืจื” (ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืก' ืงื™, ื‘, 'ืชืœืžื•ื“').
ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื™ืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื 'ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ' (ืžืื™ืจื™, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืชื”"ื“ ืกื“, ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” ืจืขื–, ื, 'ืฉืžื'). ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื™ืขืฉื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืืกื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืกืคืกืœ ื›ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ื—ืจื™ืฅ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืฅ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื•ื›"ื› ืž"ื (ืฉื™ื“, ื”), ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืชื•ืก', ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืจื"ืฉ, ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืœื–, ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื"ืจ, ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืช, ื’ืจ"ื, ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืฉืœื–, ื, ื’; ื—"ื ืœ, ื‘; ืจืข"ื, ื‘ื"ื— (ืฉ"ืฉ ื•ืืจื ื•); ืž"ื‘ ืฉื™ื“, ื™ื; ืฉื˜ื–, ื™ื—, ื•ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื›ื. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื (ืชื”"ื“, ืžืื™ืจื™, ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื), ื•ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื›ืกื ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืงืœ (ืขื™' ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—"ื“ ืœื“, ืžื ื•"ื ื—"ื‘ ื, ื•).
ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื“ืœื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืขืจื•ืš ื•ื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ 'ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ' ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืชื™ืขืฉื” ืืœื ืฉืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื• ื‘ื” (ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืžืžื ื”). ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ, ืœื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื•, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื•, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ืืฆืœ ื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ืื“ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืขืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื 'ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ' ื•ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืขืจื•ืš ื›ืกื ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืงืœ.
ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื“ืœื ื ื™ื—ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืงื™ืœื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื˜ื–, ื”, ืฉื›ื, ื ื–. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—"ื” ื›ื–, ื, ืฉืœืจื•ื”"ืค ืžื•ืชืจ). ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ืœ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื• (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื-ื™ื‘). ื•ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื“ืœื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ืคืž"ื’ ื"ื ืฉื˜ื– ื"ื ื–; ื“ื’"ืž ืฉืž, ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื—, ื’, 2. ื•ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืฉืž, ื™ื–, ืžืฉืžืข ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจ). โ†
ืกืคืง ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ืจ ื“ืœืช ื•ืกืคืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฆื‘ื™, ืื• ืคื•ืชื— ืžืงืจืจ ื•ืกืคืง ืื ื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ืช. ื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ 'ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ' (ื˜"ื– ืฉื˜ื–, ื’). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืกืคืง ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื• (ืจืข"ื). ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืงื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื˜ื–, ื’, 'ื•ืœื›ืŸ'.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฉืื ื™ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื•ืชืจื™ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื•, ื™, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ื ืจื™ื—ื ื™ื; ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื˜, ื”, ื˜, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืงื“ื™ืจื” ื—ืžื”.
^ 3.. ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜ื–, ื—; ืฉืœื“, ื›ื–, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืกืชื ืืช ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืฉืžื•, ืœืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืฉืœื“, ืคื”; ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—"ื“ ื›ื’, ื. ืืžื ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื” (ืžืฉืืฆืœ"ื’) ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืชื•ืก' ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•, ื‘, 'ื“ื›ืœ'; ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืจืขื—, ื“).
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืืฆืœ"ื’ ืœืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื, ืฉื‘ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื”ืื“ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืืฆืœ"ื’ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืจื•ื”"ืค ืื™ืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื“ืœื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื”, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืืœื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื—ื•ืชืš ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื• ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื•, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ื”ื™ืชืžืžื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืชืš ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื•. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืก' (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื’, ื, 'ื‘ืืจืขื'), ื•ืจืžื‘"ื (ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื ื• ืคืจื—ื™ื” ืžื‘, ื). ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš, ืฉื‘ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื˜ืคืœื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืืฆืœ"ื’ ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืจ"ืฉ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจ, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืืฆืœ"ื’ ื™ืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืขื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื˜, ื•, ื•.
^ 4.. ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื“ืจืš ื ืงืžื”, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืจืข, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืชืงืŸ. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื, ื, ืž"ื‘ ืฉื˜ื–, ืœ). ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื›, ื˜, ื‘, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงืœืงืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
^ 5.. ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื’ืจืžื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ื˜"ื– ืชืงื™ื“, ื™, ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื™ื“), ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœื” (ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืืœ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืจืž"ื ืฉืœื“, ื›ื‘, ืž"ื). ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•"ื˜ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ืžืืž"ืจ, ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืชืงื™ื“, ืœื).
ื’ื“ืจื™ ื’ืจืžื ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขื–, ื‘, ื”ื›ื•ืคืช ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ืคืชื— ืกื›ืจ ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื• ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ื”ื•, ื—ื™ื™ื‘. ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืื• "ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ - ื’ืจืžื ื‘ืขืœืžื ื”ื•ื". ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื˜ื–, ื, ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืฉืื ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื–ืจืžื• ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื’ืœื’ืœ ืขื ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื—ื˜ื”, ืื ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ืื• ืžื›ื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื›ืฉืจื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืกื›ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”. ื•ืื ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ืื• ืžื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื ืฉื—ื˜ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ืœื” ื•ืคืกื•ืœื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื”. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขื–, ื‘, ืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ "ืจื—ื•ืง ืงืฆืช". ื•ืœืจืž"ื” ืžื™ื ืฉื–ืจืžื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช - ื›ื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืจื•ืฆืชื ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืช ืžื—ืกื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš - ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ืจื ืื—"ื› - ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™. ื•ืฉื ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืขื•ื“, ืฉืื“ื ืฉื–ืจืง ืื‘ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”, ืื ื ืคืœื” ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื’ืจืžื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœืชื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœืช ืžืขืฆืžื”, ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื ืžื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืจืง. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืคืœื” ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื ืคื™ืœืชื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ืชื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืž"ืž ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœืช ืœืฆื“ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ื›ื•ื— ืคืขื•ืœืชื•.
^ 6.. ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืžื—, ื‘, ืฉื•"ืข ื“ืฉ, ื, ืž"ื‘ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื: ื, ื˜ื•. ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ 'ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—. ืœืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืชื•ืก' (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืžื—, ื‘), ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’, ื™ื‘): "ื•ึฐื™ึดื ึผึธืคึตืฉื ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึผึตืจ", ืฉืืฃ ืฉื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื’ื•ื™ ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื"ืฉ (ืฉื) ื•ืจืžื‘"ื (ื›, ื™ื“), ืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื 'ืฉื›ื™ืจื• ื•ืœืงื™ื˜ื•' (ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื•) ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืกืชื ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื™, ืฉืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกืจื• ื–ืืช. (ืœืกืž"ื’ ืœ"ืช ืขื”, ื“ืขื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘"ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืžื”).
^ 7.. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืกื–, ื‘) ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ: ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจ"ืŸ ืกื•"ืค ื™ื˜), ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจื• 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืœืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืฉื‘ืช ืค"ื• ื”ืœื›ื•ืช: ื˜, ื™), ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืจืง 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื• ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืœื™. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช (ื‘"ืง ืค, ื‘), ื”ื™ืชืจ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืืฃ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืื—ื“), ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช'.
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื–, ื”, ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' "ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืœื™ ืื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”". ื•ื”ืž"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘'ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื”'.
ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื“). ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืงื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืž"ื ื•ืž"ื‘ ืฉืž, ื’, ื•ืฉืฉ"ื› ืœ, ื”ืขืจื” ืžื˜, ืขืค"ื™ ืจืฉื–"ื. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื ืขืค"ื™ ื"ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืฉืื˜ืฉ ืฉื–, ื”, ืฉืืฃ ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ืื—"ื› ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื›ื“ืจื›ื•, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื–, ื‘), ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• (ืคืž"ื’ ืกื™' ืฉื– ื"ื ื–; ืžื”ืจ"ื ืฉื™ืง ืื•"ื— ืงื›ื). ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื’ื ื‘'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ื”ืืœืฃ ืœืš ืฉืœืžื” ืงืžื•; ืžื”ืจ"ื ื‘ืจื™ืกืง ื‘ ืกื“-ืกื•; ืœื•ื™ืช ื—ืŸ ืœื”). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžืงื™ืœื™ื.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืฉืœ ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืช ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
^ 8.. ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื”"ื’, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ. ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ืจืขื•, ื‘, ืœื™ืžื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ืœืกืขื•ื“ืช ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื“ืขืชื• ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืืจ ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืจืขื•, ื™ื’. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืจืขื•, ื›ื“. ืื•ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื—"ื ืกื‘, ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืคื ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ื, ืœ, ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ. ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืจืขื•, ื›ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคืกืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื›ืจื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™"ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืœ'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืž"ื‘ ืฉื–, ื›ื“). (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื”, ื“, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื™ ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”). โ†
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ืจืขื•, ื›ื). ื•ืž"ืž ื‘ืฉืขื” ื“ื—ื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื•ื™, ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื™ื’; ืคื ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ื, ืœ; ืฉื•"ืž ืžื”"ืช ื, ืคื˜; ื•ืฉืฉ"ื› ื™ื–, ืœื“, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืžืชื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืžืชืจืช ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื•, ื“; ื›ื˜, ื—).
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื–, ืกื˜). ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืกืฃ (ืจืž"ื ืฉื, ืœื’; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืœื“, ื‘). ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื“ืœื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื•, ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืื ื™ืงืœื•, ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื–, ื”, 1.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ืช ืคืฆื™ืขื”, ื”ืงื™ืœื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื—ืœืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืœื“, ื›ื–, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื–, ื—). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื—ื™ื” ืฉื ืฉื™ื›ืชื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืžืื•ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜ื–, ื™, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›, ื™).
^ 9.. ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื›ืžื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœ, ื‘: "ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœื ืชื—ืจื‘ ืืจืฅ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”". ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ ืฉืคื–. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืกืคืจื™ ืจืื” ืคื "ื’), ืฉืฉืงื•ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช. ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช', ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืจืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื"ืจ ืฉื•, ื›ื‘, ืฉื’ื ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืข"ื›. ืืžื ื ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื•

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื“
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœ

    ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื’
  • undefined
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ื•ืจื™ ื•ื™ื ื”

    ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื’
ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกื‘ืจื’
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกื‘ืจื’
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
  • undefined
    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il