ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›

(ืžืชื•ืš ื—"ื•)

ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืคืŸ, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” Antwerp, Belgium

ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืก"ื”

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืชื• ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ

ืฉืืœื”
ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ื:
"ืืช ืื—ืช ืž-62 ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื”-ืงืœืžื•ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœืš ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ืคื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคื•ืจืจ. ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื•ืชืจื™ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ืš ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”.
ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื 13 ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื ืขื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืื ื’ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช? ืจืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช.
ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืื‘ื™ืš ืื• ืกื‘ืš, ื™ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืœื–ื›ืจื ื•ืœื–ื›ืจ 198 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืœืžื•ื˜ ืฉื ืกืคื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.
ืžืื– ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื‘-1928, ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื™ื–ื•ืง, ืืš ืฉื•ืคืฅ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช. ืขื“ 1998 ื’ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืชื—ื–ืงื” ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื’ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืžื.
ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื ื• ื“ื—ื•ืฃ. ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื™ืขืœื” ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื.
ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื–ื” ื˜ื•ืคืก. ืื ื ืžืœืื™ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืฉืœื—ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื ื•".
ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™:
ื. ืื—ืจืื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.
ื‘. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืคืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช.
ื’. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืคืก?

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช 1 ืื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
ื. ื™ื•ืชื ื” ืขื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืกื‘ื• ืืช ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื•ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื 2 ื•ื›ื“', ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ืคื›ื•ื”ื• ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” 3 .
ื‘. ื™ื•ืชื ื” ืขื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื–ืจืงื• ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ, ืืœื ื™ื’ื ื–ื•ื ืื• ื™ืชื ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจ 4 . ื•ืื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื‘ืขืœืžื ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ 5 .
ื’. ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืคืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืขืžื•ืชื” 6 .




^ 1. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืžื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืœืชืชื• ื‘ืžืชื ื” (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื• ืข"ื‘, ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื’ ืกืข' ื™ื), ื•ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื‘"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ืกื—) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื”, ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง" (ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื’) ืฉื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืชืžื•ืจื”.
ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื• ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื”, ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืจืื” ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื“ืฃ ื›ื• ืข"ื, ื“"ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืขืœืžื), ืจื"ืฉ (ืฉื ืคืจืง ื“ ืกื™' ื) ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืืฉื™ืจื™, ืจ"ืŸ (ืฉื ื– ืข"ื‘ ื‘ื“ืคื™ ืจื™"ืฃ ื“"ื” ืื‘ืœ) ื•ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืคื™ืœื” ืคืจืง ื™ื ื”ืœ' ื˜ื–). ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ("ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื”" ืฉื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–) ืคืกืง ื›ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื›ืจื (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืฃ ื›ื• ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื), ืืš ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ "ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื‘) ื‘ืฉื ืžื‘ื™"ื˜ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื›ืจื•, ื•ืืฃ ืฉ"ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ" (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืœื) ืคืงืคืง ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืœืงื•ืœื "ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ืœื’), "ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”" (ืื•"ื— ื ืกื™' ื ), "ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ" (ื– ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ื›ื“) ื•ืขื•ื“.
ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง" (ื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›), ืฉื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื™ืž"ืฉ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืข ืžื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื›ืชื‘) "ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื", ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืคืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ.
ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคืฆื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืข ืžื”ืžื›ืชื‘.
^ 2. ืืฃ ืฉืฉื•"ืข (ืฉื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื˜) ืคืกืง ืฉืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืฃ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื”, ืคืกืง "ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”" (ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืื ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื•) ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœืง ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืงืžืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืœื›ืš ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ "ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”" (ื’ ืกื™' ื›ื—), ืฉื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื“ืžื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžืงื‘ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื™ื™ื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง" (ื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื—) ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ืกื”.
^ 3. "ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”" (ืื•"ื— ื‘ ืกื™' ืžื”), ืฉื–ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“' ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื–ื•ื™ื™ื.
^ 4. ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืฆืžื• ("ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" ืฉื ืก"ืง ืœื—), ืืš ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืฉ"ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”" (ืกื™' ืงื ื“ ื“"ื” ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”) ืคื•ืกืง ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ืจืงื ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ. ื•ื ืชื™ื ืชื ื›ืืŸ ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืชื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืชื•, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืกืง ืจืž"ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื’ ืกืข' ื™ื) ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืœ ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื•ื›ืชื‘ "ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”" (ืฉื ื“"ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืœ) ืฉืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื–ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื‘ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ื ืื” ื›ืชื‘ื• "ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื–) ื•"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ืกื—) ืฉืžื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืžืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื”ื ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ืคืงืขืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข. ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืœืœื ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.
^ 5. ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื’ืจื–"ื  ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื ืงืจืืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื•ืœื ื’ืจืข ืžื’ื ื™ื–ื”.
^ 6. ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืชื•, ืฉืœื“ืขืช "ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื•) ื‘ืฉื ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืจ"ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืจืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• "ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื" ืžื‘ื™ื ("ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื" ืก"ืง ื›ื•) ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื‘"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ืกื•) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘' ื”ื“ืขื•ืช. ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจ"ืŸ (ืฉื ื— ืข"ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื“"ื” ื›ืžืืŸ), ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืช ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช.
ื•ืืฃ ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืฉ"ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”" ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” (ืกื™' ืงื "ื’ ื“"ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืกืจ) ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืคืŸ, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื™ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ืขืจื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ; ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง" (ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื’), ืฉื ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื ื”, ืฉืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื•.
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ื”ื›ืจื—, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง" (ืฉื), ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื–ื ื— ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ื• ื ืคืกืง ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืœื›ืš ืืช ื“ืขืช "ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”" (ืื•"ื— ื ืกื™' ื ; ื’ ืกื™' ื›ื—) ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื•ืืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื“ืžื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจ, ืคืงืขื” ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ (ื— ืกื™' ืœ) ื”ืขืœื” ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ืœืฆืจืฃ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื (ืืฃ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”.
ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช, ืืš ื’ื ืื ืœื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉ"ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”" (ื™ื•"ื“ ื ืกื™' ื ื”) ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื ืื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืื•ืช ("ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ" ื’ ืกื™' ืžื’, "ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘" ืžื”ื“ื•"ืง ื ืกื™' ืงืคื—, "ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘" ืกื™' ืงืœ, "ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ" ื“ ืกื™' ื›ื’, "ื‘ืืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง" ืื‘ื”"ืข ืกื™' ื” ื•ืขื•ื“), ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ื™ ืข"ื) ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืจืขื™ื ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืงืจ (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ืก"ื—) ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื›ืชื‘.

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il