ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืืžื•ื ืช ืขื™ืชืš
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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13 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ 1 ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื•ืžืฉืงืœื• ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืกื’ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœ (ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช) 2 . ื’ื•ืคื• ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืคืœื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื’ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฆื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ืงืŸ, ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœื• ืงืฆืจื•ืช 3 . ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉืจื• ื ืื›ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื• (ืกื™ืŸ, ื™ืคืŸ) 4 , ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื• ื ืื›ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืžื“. ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื ืฉืืœืช ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืขื•ืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
ื. ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช
ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขื•ืฃ ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” (ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื”, ื–ืคืง, ืงื•ืจืงื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืงืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื“) ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืžืกืจื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. 5 ื”ื˜ื•ืจ (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืคื‘) ื›ืชื‘:
ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืงื‘ืœื ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืžื–ืงื ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื—ื•ื˜ืžื• ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื” ื›ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื"ื ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื–"ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ืื ื™ืžืฆื ืœื• ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื–"ื”, ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืขื•ืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืื›ื™ืœื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื–"ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืกืขื™' ื’), ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื›ืชื‘:
ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ืขื•ืฃ ืืœื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ (ื‘ืืจื•ืš ื›ืœืœ ื "ื• ื•ื‘ืชื"ื• ื ื˜"ื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก (ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื” - ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก), ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ืืœื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืขื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื ืื›ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื (ืฉ"ืš ืก"ืง ื˜). ื”ืจืž"ื ื™ื™ืกื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”'ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš' (ื›ืœืœ ื ื• ืื•ืช ื™ื—), ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ืฃ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืจืกื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื˜ืžืื™ื; ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื›ืชื‘:
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืก, ืืœื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื• ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื ื“ืจื™ืกื” โ€“ ืœื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื“ืฉืžื ื™ื“ืจื•ืก ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช.
ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืกื‘ ืข"ื‘; ื ื™ื“ื” ื  ืข"ื‘) ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ 'ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืชื ื“ืื’ืžื', ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื“ืจืกื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืขื•ืฃ ืืœื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก 6 .
'ื›ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื' 7 ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืžื ื 'ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”' ื•'ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ' ืคืกืงื• ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื”'ืจื‘ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืฆื“ืง' (ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืื•ืช ื›ื“) ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื. ื“ืขืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืืœื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ื”ืงืœื• ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ืฉื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก ื•ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื.
ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, 8 ื•ื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก. ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื•ืžื–ืงื™ืง ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฃ, ืืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, (ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ); ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฃ, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื ืื›ืœ ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช.
ื‘. ืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื“ื•ืžื”
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืž"ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื”ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช. ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืกื” ืข"ื) ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื”ื˜ืžืื™ื ื•ื ื“ืžื” ืœื”ื โ€“ ื˜ืžื, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื - ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉ'ื ื“ืžื”' ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืžืจืื”, ื•ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื’ืžืจื, ืื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื: 'ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื' ื•'ื ื“ืžื” ืœื˜ื”ื•ืจ' (ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื), ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•. ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจื™"ืฃ 9 ื•ื‘ืจื"ืฉ, 10 ื•ื‘'ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื”' 11 ื•ื‘'ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ' (ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืก"ืง ื˜).
ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื, ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ.
'ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื' 12 ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืฉืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื• - ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช.
ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื ืื›ืœื™ื. ืœื“ืขืช 'ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื', ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” (ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”), ืฉื”ืขื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก ื•ื™ืฉ ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืžืกื•ืจืช. ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื ืฆืจื›ืช ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื” 13 'ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื' ืฉืขื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื• - ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื•, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืจื•ืก, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื. 14 ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื“ืœ ื›ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 'ืœืืœืคื™ื ื•ืœืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช', ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืจืกื™ื โ€“ ืคืกืง 'ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื' ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืืœื ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืฉืกื™ื‘ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืื’ื (ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืืžืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก) ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ื‘ืื’ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื• 'ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช' ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก - ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”.
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ 'ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ') ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืื’ื, ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก. ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื’ื ืฉืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืœื ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ 15 .
ื‘ืขืœ 'ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื' ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช (ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•), ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืื›ื™ืœืชื. 16 ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœื”ืงืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืจืกื™ื (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื”), ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื–ื”. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืืกืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืฉืžื ื”ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก, ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืœืžื ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”. ื›ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช 17 ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจ, 18 ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื•ื™ 19 .
ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช 'ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื' ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื’' ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ 'ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื', ืฉืืกืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ืฉื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•.
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื›ืจืขื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื (ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช) ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” - ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืืœื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ 'ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•' ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ, ืจืง ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืื›ืœื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ 'ืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื“ื•ืžื”'.
ื’. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืงื˜ืŸ
ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘'ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”' 20 (ืกื™' ืค"ื‘ ืก"ืง ื›ื“):
ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื•ืจื™ ื•ื™ืฉืขื™ (ืžื”ื“"ืง ืกื™' ื™ื) ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ื”"ื’ ื“ืž"ืž ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืจืž"ื ืœื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืœื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื (ืกื™' ื˜ื–) ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืขืœื” ื“ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ืš ืื™ืŸ ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจืž"ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ืขื•ืฃ ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืฉื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื•ื›ื“ื•' ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงืฆืช ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืจื™ืขื•ืชื ืœื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™"ืฉ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช...
ื”'ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”' ืกื™ื›ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•:
ื“ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื”ื ื™ ื”ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืจ ื' ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืขืจืš ืฉืืจ ืื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจืื” ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืขื•ืฃ ืžืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื - ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ืžื”ื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื ื“ืžื” ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืงื.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื”'ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”' (ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ 'ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื'), ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ื›ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื–ืงื™ืง ืžืกื•ืจืช.
ื“. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช
ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื•, ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ ื”ืŸ ืคืœื•ืžืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช.
ื™ืฉ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงืœื•ืช (ื›ืฉืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™) ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื•. ื”'ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”' (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืก"ืง ืœื’) ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” (ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ) ื•ืฉื ืจืื” ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื–ืงื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื–ื• ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืืจ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ืกื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืื™ื ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจื•ื. ืื ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื’ื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™, ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื ื•ืฆื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
ื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ
ืฉื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจื•. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื’ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื”, ื•ืœื ื›ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืื›ืœ. ืžืงืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช 'ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง' (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืคื”) ืฉื”ืกืชืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืฉืฆื‘ืข ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืื“ื•ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ืข ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืžืกืงื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืกืคืจ 'ื‘ื™ืช ื ืคืชืœื™' (ืกื™' ื™ื—) ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื™ืŸ, 21 ืฉื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื: ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืฆื‘ืข ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื–ื”. 'ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”' (ืฉื) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื ืงืื˜ืฉ ืืกืจื• ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื•ืืจื ืขืจื•ื ืžื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ื. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืฉื ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื–ื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืื• ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช.
ืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืื• ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืฉืจ, ื”ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™.
ื•. ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื”
ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืจืจื ื• ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ (ืื•ืช ื‘, ื’) ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• (ืื•ืช ื“) ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืื• ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ืื•ืช ื”). ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืฆื‘ืข ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื•"ืช 'ืžื ื—ืช ื™ื—ื™ืืœ' (ืกื™' ืฆื•) ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” 22 ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” 'ืคืื•ื•ืจืœืก'. ื”'ืžื ื—ืช ื™ื—ื™ืืœ' ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช:
1. ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืกื™ืœืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื˜ื”ืจื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉ'ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืžื™' , ื•ืื ื›ืš ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉื ืคื—ืชื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื.
2. ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืจืื”, ื”ืžื–ืงื™ืง ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืž"ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืจ. ื•ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื, ื™ืฉ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื–ืงื™ืง ืžืกื•ืจืช.
1. 'ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืžื™'
ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ืœืจื ื˜ืจ (ืื‘ื“"ืง ืงืœื™ืžืื ื˜ื•ื‘) ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช 'ืžื ื—ืช ื™ื—ื™ืืœ', ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ืกื‘ืจื ืฉ'ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืžื™', ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ื—ืกืจ ืืฆื‘ืข, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจืฃ. ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื˜ืจืคื•ืช, 23 ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื•ื“ืฃ, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจืฃ. ืฉื•"ืช 'ืžื ื—ืช ื™ื—ื™ืืœ' ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉ'ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืžื™' ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื˜ืจืคื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”. ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ื’ื ืœ'ื“ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื' (ืกื™' ืคื˜) ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•, ื”ืื 'ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืžื™' ื ืืžืจ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช. ืžืกืงื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืฉืžื ืืžื ื ื—ืกืจื” ื›ืืŸ ืืฆื‘ืข (ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ืœื•), ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื—ืกืจื” ื›ืืŸ ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”'ื“ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื', ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืกืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉ"ื™ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ื˜ ืข"ื), ืฉืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจ"ืŸ (ืฉื) ื—ื•ืœืง, ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืฉืืจ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ืคืจ"ื— (ืก"ืง ื•) ื”ืขืœื” ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจ"ืŸ, ืฉื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ืชืจื” 24 . ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื” (ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืฆื‘ืข ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ืชืจื”). ืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉ'ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืžื™', ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช 25 .
2. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจืื”
ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื ื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, ืืœื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจืื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ืฃ ืืฆื‘ืข ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืขื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” (ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื). ื›ืš ื ืงื˜ ื”'ืžื ื—ืช ืืœืขื–ืจ' 26 ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช 'ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืฉืจ', ื”ืจื‘ ื ื˜ืข ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœื™ืกืœ, ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื–ืงื™ืง ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื 27 ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืขื•ืฃ ืขื ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื‘ืจืชื ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ืฃ ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื–ืงื™ืง ืžืกื•ืจืช..
ื‘ืขืœ 'ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ' (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ื‘) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืœื›ืš, ืฉืชื•ืกืคืช ืื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื– ืข"ื) ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจืช ื”ืจื™ืื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ึผืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืจืขื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืจืช ื”ืจื™ืื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื•ืจื™ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื ื•ืช (ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœ' ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืค"ื— ื”"ื) ืืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ื–ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื˜ืจืคื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืฆื‘ืข ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ืงื™ืง ืžืกื•ืจืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”'ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ืฉื”ืงืœ ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—ืœื‘, ืฉื”ื ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ (ืคืื•ื•ืจืœืก) ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื ืžืกื•ืจืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื–ืืช.
ืฉื•"ืช 'ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ' 28 ื›ืชื‘, ืฉื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื‘ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืœืž"ื“ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืขื’ื•ื ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื ืื‘ื“ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืขื’ื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”'ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”' (ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืก"ืง ื›ื“), ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื•ืฃ ื–ื”, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืคืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ื›ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืขืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”).
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืจ (ื”ืขืจื” 3) ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช (ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช), ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช (ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช), ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื™. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”, ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ืืžื ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื (ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™) ืœื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืจืง ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•.
ืืžื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื™ืชื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืื™ื ื• ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•. 29 ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ, ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื•, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืงืœ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื ืžืกื•ืจืช (ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื).
ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ื. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืก ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’' ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื•. ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ืกืคืจื“ ('ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืฆื“ืง', 'ื›ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื') ืฉืคืกืงื• ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื, ื•ืœื ื”ืงืœื• ืืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง.
ื‘. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื, ืจืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช.
ื’. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืขืจ ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืช (ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”) ื’ื ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื.
ื“. ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืฉืจ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื–ืงื™ืง ืžืกื•ืจืช.
ื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืœื ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืืฆื‘ืข, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ืฉืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ืชืจื”, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืฉืจ.
ื•. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื”, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข.
ื–. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ืžืฉื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื”ื•ื™ ืกืคืง. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื• ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ.




^ 1.. ื‘ืœืข"ื– ืฉืžื• SILKIE. ืœืชื•ืกืคืช ืžื™ื“ืข:
http://www.petnet.co.il/ofotnoi/13. http://tukipedia.com/forum_topic/37370.
^ 2.. ืฉืชื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ืจื‘ืŸ.
^ 3.. ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ dr. w.f. Hollander โ€“ some comments on the origin of the silkie breed of chicken , ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืชืฉืขื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™.
^ 4.. ื™ืฉ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 13.
^ 5.. ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœ' ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืค"ื ื”ื™"ื—; ืฉื•"ืข, ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืกื•ืฃ ืกืขื™' ื‘.
^ 6.. ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืž"ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—"ื‘, ืกื™' ืคื”.
^ 7.. ื›ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืก"ืง ื›ื˜.
^ 8.. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืืžืจ ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื ืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ืฉืœ 'ืืฆื‘ืข ื™ืชืจื”'.
^ 9.. ืจื™"ืฃ, ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ื›ื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ.
^ 10.. ืจื"ืฉ, ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืค"ื’ ืื•ืช ืกื”; ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ื ื™ ืžืœืš, ืก"ืง ื™.
^ 11.. ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื”, ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืค"ื’ ืกื™' ืงื™ื–.
^ 12.. ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื, ืกื•ืฃ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืกื™' ืคื‘.
^ 13.. ืฉื, ื“"ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™.
^ 14.. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ืงืžื, ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ื›ื‘, ื“"ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ.
^ 15.. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืก"ืง ืœื‘, ื“"ื” ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ) ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื ื“ืžื” ืœื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ื‘ืœื ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ืฃ.
^ 16.. ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืขืœ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ, ื‘ื“"ื“ 13, ืชืฉืก"ื’.
^ 17.. ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืชืฉืข"ื, ืžืืžืจื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ ื•ื“"ืจ ืืจื™ ื–ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืคืกืงื™. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ, ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ, ืขืž' 147-156.
^ 18.. ื‘ืœืขื–: Cairina moschata.
^ 19.. ื‘ืœืขื–: Muscovy.
^ 20.. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžืจ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืขื•ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘. ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื—ืœืงื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“).
^ 21.. ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืคืจื™ ื”ืขืฅ.
^ 22.. ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื“.
^ 23.. ืฉื•"ืข, ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืžื ืกืขื™' ื™; ืฉื, ืกื™' ืžื‘ ืกืขื™' ื“1; ืฉื, ืกื™' ื ื” ืกืขื™' ื“.
^ 24.. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืคืœืชื™, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื›"ืช, ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืก"ืง ื™ื–; ื•ื›ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™' ืคื‘ ืื•ืช ื˜.
^ 25.. ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื, ืžืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื ืœืืกื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืชื™ืจ ืขื•ืฃ ืขื ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
^ 26.. ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ืืœืขื–ืจ, ื—"ื” ืกื™' ื, ื‘.
^ 27.. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื’ืจื™"ื– ืžื™ื ืฆื‘ืจื’, ืกื™' ื‘.
^ 28.. ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืžื ื—ื ืžื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื‘"ื“, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื ืชื ื™ื™ื ื ืกื™' ื›ื•.
^ 29.. ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ (ื—ืงืœ"ืช ืชืฉ"ืž, ืขืž' 46), ื”ืขืœื” ืกื‘ืจื ืฉืื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ื ืคืจื“ืช. ืฉื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืงืจื• ื–ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช.
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