ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™
  • ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžืขืงื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"
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4 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
(ืžืชื•ืš ื—"ื˜)

ืกืืŸ ืคืื•ืœื•, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ Sรฃo Paulo, Brazil
ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืข"ื’

ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ื

ืฉืืœื”
ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื”ืชื’ืจืฉ. ืœื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืœื“ ื™ืœื“ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื•ืืœืช ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ. ืชื•ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžืชืขืฆื ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื ื™ืฉืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช 1 .
ื‘. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืงื™ืคื” ืื• ื—ื•ืฆืฆืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื 2 . ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืœืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™, ื•ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืชื™ืื•ืžื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื’. ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื 3 . ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ 4 , ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžืคื’ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ 5 .
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื. ืืš ืื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื ืชืฉื”ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืชื” 6 . ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื, ืื ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื‘.
ื“. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืจืฉื•, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืื™-ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•.

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1 ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช (ื›ื– ืข"ื‘ โ€“ ื›ื— ืข"ื), ืฉื ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ื. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื›ื, ื›ื–) ืืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ื›ื”ืŸ, ื’ืจื•ืฉื”, ืœื ืชื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ืฆืจ ืฉื’ืจ ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ืจื”, ื•ืืฃ ืื ืœื ื ื™ืฉืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืงื™ื˜, ื–). ื•ืื ื ื™ืฉืื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืจื—ืงื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช).
ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื— ืข"ื), ืฉืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื›ืกืฃ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—. ืœื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ (ืฉื ื“"ื” ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ ืื‘ื™ื”) ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืืฉืชื•, ืืš ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืฉื) ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืฃ ืื ืœื ื ื™ืฉืื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืงื™ื˜, ื—, ื•ืจืื” ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื˜, ื•ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื—). ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
2 ื”ื—ืœืงืช ืžื—ื•ืงืง (ืกื™' ืงื™ื˜ ืก"ืง ื›ื’) ืคืกืง ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื’ืจื•ืฉืชื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืขื•ืœืช ื™ืฆื—ืง (ืœืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจืฆืื‘ื™ ื—ืœืง ื, ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืกื™' ืงื ื, ืขืž' ืฉืคื-ืฉืคื‘) ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืงืช ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื”ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืจ ืจืง ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืงืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื“, ืืš ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื” โ€“ ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš. ื•ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• (ืœืจ' ืืœื™ื”ื• ื›"ืฅ, ื—ืœืง ื’ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืกื™' ืงื) ื”ืงืœ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื ืืกืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืืš ืœื ื ืืกืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืช ื™ืฆื—ืง (ืขืž' ืฉืคื‘) ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”, ืืš ื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•. ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ืœื™ืขืงื‘ (ื—ืœืง ื•, ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืกื™' ื•) ื›ืชื‘ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ. ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื–ื™ืืœ (ื—ืœืง ื– ืกื™' ืฆื”) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืืฃ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื’ืžืจื ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” โ€“ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื“ื™ื ื ืœื ืคืกืงื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื›ืš. ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื•ืฆืฆืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืืกื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
3 ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืžืงืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
4 ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ (ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืกื™' ืงื™ื˜, ืขืœ ื—ืœืงืช ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืก"ืง ื›ื“) ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจื™ืง"ืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืจืื "ื— (ืกื™' ืฆื), ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
5 ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 2.
6 ื”ืจืž"ื (ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืงื™ื˜, ื—) ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ืจื•ืฉืชื• (ื’ื ืื ื ื™ืฉืื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืš ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืž"ื, ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืกื™' ืจืžื’), ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื: ื. ืฉืื™ื ื• ื’ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ื‘. ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชื ืื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 4), ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืื“ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืกื™' ืงื™ื˜) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช, ืžืงื•ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืž"ื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื ืจืื™ื ืœื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš. ืืžื ื ื”ื’ื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ (ืกื™' ืงื™ื˜ ืก"ืง ื ื‘) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื—ืœืง ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ, ื•ืืกืจ ืจืง ืื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ืจื•ืฉืชื• ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืงืจืื™ โ€“ ืžื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงืช ืžื—ื•ืงืง (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื“) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜"ื– (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื˜) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉื“, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ โ€“ ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ืืŸ. ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื” 2.

ื‘ืฉื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”,

ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ
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