ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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8 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื•ืกื•ืช
ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื ื• - ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™, ื•ื”ืฆืœืชื™, ื•ื’ืืœืชื™, ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื ื• ื’ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช: ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื•ืก ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืœืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื ื”ื’, ืืœื ืืฃ ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืจ' ื˜ืจืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™ื—,ื): ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืœืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืก ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืŸ - ื›ืฉื“ื™ื, ืžื“ื™, ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื•ื - ืฉื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื ืจืžื– ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืชื ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื•ืกื•ืช. ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉื•ืขื”. [ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ืชืจืขืœื” ืฉืžื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืงื• ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช; ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” 'ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™' ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช.]
ืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืกืจื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ "ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ", ื•ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ื˜ืจืคื•ืŸ ื›ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื™ืกื˜ื ื™ืก ืื• ื—ื•ืœื”, ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื•ืก ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืœืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ืข"ืค ื”ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจืš ื‘

ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช (84)
ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
16 - ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ื” ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•
17 - ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืืจื ืชืฉืข"ื–
18 - ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื ืชืฉืข"ื–
ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“
 ืืฆื˜ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืช
ืคืจืขื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืื™ืฆื˜ื’ื ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื•ืื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ืื ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ืœืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ?
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืช. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื ื•ื›ื–ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืžืฉ. ืืš ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื›ืš ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื”ืœื›ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•.
ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื™ืฆื˜ื’ื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ืกืงื•ืค. ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืข, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืงื‘"ื”, ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”' ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชืื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืชื, ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืื ืจืื” ืื“ื ื‘ืืฆื˜ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ื™ืžื ืข ืžืื•ืชื• ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื™ืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื ืก, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช.
ืืš ื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืืœื ืืฃ ืœื•ืงื” ื•ื ืขื ืฉ. ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืข ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืื“ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื”.
ืข"ืค ื”ืขืจืš ืืฆื˜ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจืš ื‘


ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื”

ื“ื‘ืจ

ื”ึดื ึผึตึจื” ื™ึทื“ึพื”' ื”ื•ึนื™ึธึ—ื” ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืงึฐื ึฐืšึธึ™ ืึฒืฉืึถึฃืจ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถึ”ื” ื‘ึผึทืกึผื•ึผืกึดึคื™ื ื‘ึผึทึฝื—ึฒืžึนืจึดื™ืึ™ ื‘ึผึทื’ึผึฐืžึทืœึผึดึ”ื™ื ื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึธืงึธึ–ืจ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฆึผึนึ‘ืืŸ ื“ึผึถึ–ื‘ึถืจ ื›ึผึธื‘ึตึฅื“ ืžึฐืึนึฝื“ [ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ ื’]

ืžืชื•ืš: ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชืฉืก"ื•, ื›ืจืš ื“, ืขืจืš ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื˜ื•ืจื™ื 404-412

ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื”, ืจื•ืช ื‘ ื›: 'ื™ื“ ื”' - ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ื™ื“ ื”' ืžื›ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื.

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ:'ื“ื‘ืจ' - ืžื•ืชื.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื:'ื“ื‘ืจ' - ื•ืžื™ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื›ืœืœ, ืœื ืžืฆืื ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืคืขืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืช 'ื•ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืจืข ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”', ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ 'ื•ืชืื‘ื“', ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจื—ื•ืง ืจืง ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื ื•.

ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ: 'ื“ื‘ืจ' - "ื“ื‘ืจ ื”'", ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืข.

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ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื“ืขื™
ื”ืžื•ื ื— 'ื“ื‘ืจ' ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง, ืืฉืจ ื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1894 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื™ืจืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืคืกื˜ืจ. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืœืงืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื”, ืฉืกื™ืžื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ืžื•ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืฉื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืœืื—ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ - ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ, ื”ืงืื•ืช, ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื, ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื›ืจื”. ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืœืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื“. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ืจื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืงื™ืฆืช ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื—ื–"ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืงืช, ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื. ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืื™ืคื•ื, ืฉื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœืžื’ื™ืคื” ื•ืœื ื’ืฃ [1]. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ื›ื™ ื ื’ืฃ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ [2], ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื 'ื“ื‘ืจ' ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืœ. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื "ื“ื‘ืจ ื”'", ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืข [3].
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงืœืœื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” [4]. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช [5], ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื [6]. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื”ืจ [7]. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื [8]. ื’ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข [9], ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื• ืขืฆื” ืืคื™ื“ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื [10]. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืื–ื”ืจื” ื•ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ [11].
ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื: ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื [12], ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช, ืคื’ืข ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืชื™ืจื’ืžื• 'ืžื•ืชื ื', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช; ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื’ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื•ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื [13]; ื‘ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ืจื— ืžืชื• 14,700 ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœ-250 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืงื•ืจื— [14]; ื‘ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืจ ืžืชื• 24,000 ืื™ืฉ [15]; ื‘ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืชื• 70,000 ืื ืฉื™ื [16]; ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”' ื”ื•ื›ื• ื•ืžืชื• ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืขืคืœื™ื = ื”ื˜ื—ื•ืจื™ื [17]. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื–ื ื˜ืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื [18], ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืขื•ืคืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ [19]; 50,070 ืžืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืžืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืื• ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”' [20]; 185,000 ืžื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื‘ื ืืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื›ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” [21]. ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื“ื ื• ื—ื–"ืœ [22], ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• [23], ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื [24], ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื• ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื”. ื•ืืžื ื, ื’ื ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืคื” [25] ื•ื ื’ืฃ [26]. ื•ืืžื ื ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื›ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื’ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ืœืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช-ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘, ื•ืžื“ืข ื”ืืคื™ื“ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืงืจื• ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื’ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
ื‘ืžืื” ื”-6 ืœืžื ื™ื™ื ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื•ืžื”, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื ืกืคื• ื‘ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื›-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”- ื™"ื– ืชื•ืืจื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 150 ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›- 6 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1352-1346, ื’ืจืžื” ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”'ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ' ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื›- 25-20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื›ืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื [27]. ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืคืจื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื‘ืื• ืžืืกื™ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืœื’ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื ืฉืื• ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืžืฉื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื•ืจื“ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืœื’ื” ืขื“ ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžืœื™ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืžื”ื ืœื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื’ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื’ืขื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืขื–ื” ืžืชื• ื›- 22000 ืื™ืฉ, ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื” ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืื“ื ื—ื™, ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ืžืชื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื›- 10000 ืื™ืฉ ืœื™ื•ื, ื•ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื” [28].
ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ืจืฉืžื• ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1799, ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืื• ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืคื• ื•ื‘ืขื›ื•. ืžืชื•ืš 2200 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ื™ื• ื›- 1000 ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื 44 ืจื•ืคืื™ื [29].
ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื•. ื”ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•, ืชื™ืืจื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืชื ื• ืขืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘, ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื [30]. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช [31], ื•ืœื”ืคืœื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช [32]. ืžื™ ืฉื—ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืŸ, ื•ืœื ื—ืœื” ืขื•ื“ [33].

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื
ืขื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืชืขื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื. ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ? ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉ, ื•ืžืชื• ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ; ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืืœืฃ, ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžื ื” ืฉืฉื” ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ; ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื• ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ; ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชืขื ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• [34]. ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื ืžืชื• ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” [35]. ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืกืงื•, ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš [36].
ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ [37]. ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืงื‘ืขื•, ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื, ืคืจื˜ ืœืืœื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืงื‘ ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืื• ืืœื• ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื [38]. ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื”, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืขื™ืจ [39]. ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืงืจืื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” [40].
ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืืžืจื” ืืฉื” ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ืžืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ - ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืืžื ืช [41], ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืืžื ืช [42].
ืžื ื”ื’ ืงื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื›ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช [43].
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ืขืงื‘ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช [44].

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช
[1] ืจืื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื– ื™ื; ืฉื ื™ื– ื™ื’; ืฉื ื›ื” ื˜; ืฉืžื•"ื‘ ื›ื‘ ื›ื; ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื›ื‘ ื™ื–; ื“ื‘ื”ื™"ื‘ ื›ื ื™ื“; [2] ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•"ื ื›ื” ืœื—; ืฉืžื•"ื‘ ื™ื‘ ื˜ื•; ื“ื‘ื”ื™"ื‘ ื™ื’ ื˜ื•; [3] ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืงื ื•; [4] ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื• ื›ื”; ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื›ื— ื—; ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื“ ื™ื˜; ื•ืขื•ื“; [5] ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื• ื›ื”; [6] ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื– ื˜ื•; [7] ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื ื‘; [8] ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืงืขื• ื’; [9] ืชื•ืก' ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื ื‘ ื“"ื” ืืžืจื•; [10] ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื• ื›ื”; ืฉืžื•"ื‘ ื›ื“ ื˜ื•; ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื™ื“ ื™ื‘; [11] ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื›-20 ืคืขื; ื‘ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื›-15 ืคืขื. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื” ื—-ื˜. ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”, ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืื•ืช' ืงื™ื–-ืงื™ื—; [12] ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื ื•; [13] ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืฉืœื— ื–; [14] ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื– ื™ื“; [15] ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื” ื˜; [16] ืฉืžื•"ื‘ ื›ื“ ื˜ื•; [17] ืฉืžื•"ื ื” ื˜,ื™ื‘; [18] ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•, ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื 300:2; [19] ืจืื” ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ื, ืข' ื“ื‘ืจ, ืขืž' 871; [20] ืฉืžื•"ื ื• ื™ื˜; [21] ืžืœ"ื‘ ื™ื˜ ืœื”; ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืœื– ืœื•. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ื”ื™"ื‘ ืœื‘ ื›ื; [22] ืจืื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื“ ื‘-ืฆื” ื; ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ื‘; ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื— ื”; ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™, ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืค"ื™ ืจืžื– ืชื˜ื•; [23] ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืกืคืจ ื™, ืค"ื ืกืข' 21. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื; [24] ืจืื” ื–. ื™ืขื‘ืฅ, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืจืค"ื–, ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' 140 ื•ืื™ืœืš; ื“. ื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื—ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื: ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจืื•ืช (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•), ืชืจืฆ"ื˜, ืขืž' ืฆื ื•ืื™ืœืš; ื™. ืžืจื’ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืงืœื—:171, 2000. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื—ื•ื ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช, ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”, ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืฃ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื“ื™ืจ; [25] ืฉืžื•"ื ื“ ื™ื–; ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื™ื“ ื™ื‘; [26] ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื• ื™ื–; ืฉืžื•"ื‘ ื™ ื˜ื•; [27] ืจืื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™ื, ืข' ื“ื‘ืจ, ืขืž' 871 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”; [28] ืจืื” ืจ. ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ืื—', ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืงื›ื—:242, 1995; [29] ืจืื” ื . ืœื•ื™, ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืงื›ื—:820, 1995; [30] ืจืื” ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืกื™' ืก; [31] ืฉื•"ืช ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืชืจืคื‘. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ; [32] ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉื“"ื ื—ืื‘ื”ืข"ื– ืกื™' ืงืฆ; [33] ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉ"ืฉ ื‘"ืง ืค"ื• ืกื™' ื›ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ื•ืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืกื™' ืก; [34] ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื ื-ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ ื‘,ื”; ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืงืขื• ื‘; [35] ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื’ ื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืœื—"ืž ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ื•ืž"ื‘ ืฉื ืกืง"ื”; [36] ืžื’"ื ืกื™' ืชืงืขื• ืกืง"ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘; [37] ื‘"ืง ืก ื‘, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ืกื™' ื ; ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื˜ื– ื”. ื•ืขืฆื” ื–ื• ื ืจืžื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื ื˜-ื™. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื˜ื– ืกืงื˜"ื–; ืชื•"ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืœ"ื‘ ืื•ืช ืขื”; [38] ื™ืฉ"ืฉ ื‘"ืง ืค"ื• ืกื™' ื›ื•; [39] ื™ืฉ"ืฉ ืฉื; ืจืž"ื ืฉื; [40] ืจืื” ืฉืœ"ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืกื’ ื‘; ืžื’"ื ืกื™' ืชืจื›ื• ืกืง"ื’; [41] ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืงื™ื“ ื‘, ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ื ืืžื ืช ืื ืœืื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื’ ื–; ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืฉื•"ืข ืื‘ื”ืข"ื– ื™ื– ื ื”; [42] ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืจืž"ื, ืื‘ื”ืข"ื– ื™ื– ื ื”; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืกื™' ื’; ื™ืฉ"ืฉ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื˜"ื• ืกื™' ื’; [43] ืจืื” ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ืž; ืžืฉืžืจืช ืฉืœื•ื, ื—ืœืง ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ืื•ืช ื— ืกืงืœ"ื˜; ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ื–. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืก' ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืž' 358 ื•ืื™ืœืš, ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”; [44] ืจืื” ืฉื•"ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืฆื–; ืฉื•"ืช ืขืจื•ื’ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ื—"ื‘ ื—ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจื ื. ื•ืจืื” ืคืช"ืฉ ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืกื’ ืกืง"ื”. ื•ืจืื” ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื’, ืชืฉืก"ื’, ืขืž' 93 ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืœืœื™ ืื‘"ื›.
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ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื

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    ื•ื™ื—ื™

    ืฉื‘"ืฆ - ื–ื”ื• ืขืฆื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ | ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”

    ื•ื™ื—ื™ ืชืฉืข"ื–

    ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข"ื–
  • undefined
    ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”

    ืœื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื’

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื’
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš ืคืจืฉืช ืงื•ืจื— ืชืฉืค"ื‘

    ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 423

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื‘
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    ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉื ื”

    ืžืกื›ืช ืคืจื” ืคืจื” ื– ืžืฉื ื” ื”-ื•

    ื›ื— ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืค"ื
ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช
ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
     ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืœื™ื”
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืœื™ื”
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il