ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  • ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ
  • ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“
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7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื ื”

ื• - ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืœืงื—ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืื• ื ื—ื˜ืคื•, ื•ืชื‘ืขื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘. ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื.

ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืชืจื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืขื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืจืขื‘, ืฆืžื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื” (ื‘"ื‘ ื—, ื‘). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื ื‘, ื).

ืื•ืœื ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืงืข, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ืžื”, ื): "ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ื“ืžื™ื”ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื". ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืชืงื ื” ื–ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืจืฉ ืชืงื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืžื•ืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•. ืื•ืœื ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืœื ื”ื ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืชืงื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื ื‘, ื“).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’, (ื“"ื ืชืชืงืข"ื” - ื”"ื ื "ื’; 1215-1293), ืฉื ืชืคืก ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, ื•ื”ื•ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœื ืื ื–ื™ืกื”ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืœื–ืก. ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจืฉืข ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืชื‘ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื• ืกื›ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“-ื—ื›ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ-ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื• ื›ืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื”ืจ"ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืฉืœื ืœืคื“ื•ืชื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืขืชื•, ืฉืื ื™ืฉืœืžื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš, ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื™ืชื‘ืขื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง. ื•ื›ืš ืฉื”ื” ื”ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืืกืจ, ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื’ื“ืจ ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืคืจืฆื”, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ืžืฉื‘ื™, ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช.

ืืžื ื, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ืžื•ืคืงืข, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืื“ื ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉื ื—ื˜ืฃ, ื•ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื• ื›ืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืฆื”. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืงืคืช ืžื–ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืขื•ื“ ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจืื• ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฉืœื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง. ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื™ืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื ื‘, ื“).

ื– - ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช
ืฉืืœื”: ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืื ืœื ืชืฉืœืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ, ื ืจืฆื— ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ?

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื›ื•ืคืจ ืžื•ืคืจื– ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ืืœื ื™ืฉื ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืื• ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื•ื”ื• ืืฆืœื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื•, ืื–ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื—-ื ืคืฉ ืžืžืฉ, ืฉื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื“ื•ืชื•.

ืื•ืœื ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื•ืคืจื–. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ื™ื›ื ืขื•, ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื• ื•ืืฃ ืœืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืœืกื›ื ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœื”ื.

ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื›ืจืขื”, ื•ื’ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื” (ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื ื‘, ื“).

ื— - ื”ืื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืกื—ื™ื˜ืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ?
ืฉืืœื”: ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื™ืจืขื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ื™ืžื•, ืฉืื ืœื ื ืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืจืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืชื ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืกื—ื˜ื ื•ืชื?

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉื›ื›ืœืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืกื—ื™ื˜ืช ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืคืฆื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืžื•ืŸ. ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืฉื•ื ืกื—ื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื ื›ื ืข, ื™ืจืื• ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ื”ืžื•ืจืืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืขืœื”, ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืžืจืฅ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ "ื”ืฆืœื—ื”" ื›ื–ื•, ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืืœื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•, ืœื ื™ื—ืฉืฉื• ืœืขืชื™ื“ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ื™ืชืคืกื•, ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืกืงืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ. ื•ืขื•ื“, ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืกื—ื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื“ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ืื“ื.

ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื ืขื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ืชื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ื•ืื ืชืคืกื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•. ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื, ื): "ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึทืข ื”ึทื›ึผึฐื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืขึฒืจึธื“ ื™ึนืฉืึตื‘ ื”ึทื ึผึถื’ึถื‘ ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึธื ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึธืึฒืชึธืจึดื™ื, ื•ึทื™ึผึดืœึผึธื—ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึฐ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืฉืึถื‘ึดื™", ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™) ืฉืจืง ืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช ืชืคืกื• ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืœื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ, ืืœื ื™ืฆืื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืขืžืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืงืœื’ ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, ืœื ืขืฉื” ืขื™ืžื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ, ืืœื ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื, ืœ). ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื‘ืื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืงืฉ ื•ืชื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื ื›ื ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ (ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”, ื).

ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ ื“ืžื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืขืค"ื™ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื›ืœืื‘ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื“' 108). 1

ื˜ - ื”ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœ?
ืฉืืœื”: ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื—ื‘ืœ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืจืฆื•ื— ื ืขืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”' ื”ื ืขืจ ื ืคืฆืข ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžืœืื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ืงื, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ, ื•ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืœืคืชืข ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืฉื”, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช "ื—ืจื“ื™ืช", ืกื•ื›ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ืื ืื•ืชื” ืืฉื” ื ื”ื’ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”?

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืืœื”, ืžืฆื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืฃ, ื•ืžืฆื“ "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš". ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืงืคืช ืกื›ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืคืง ืงืœ ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ืฃ. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืจื“ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ื“ืฃ. ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืฆืจื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• - ืขื“ื™ืฃ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื’ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ืชืžื ืข ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”, ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœื ืจื“ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื“ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืจื“ืคื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืชื›ื”, ื).

ื•ืื ืื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืฉืงืคืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื ืกื›ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืจ ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ืข"ื– ื›ื•, ื‘) ื ืืžืจ, ืฉืืช ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉื•ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, "ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžืขืœื™ืŸ". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ, ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ืชื. ื•ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ืžื”ื, ื•ืœื ื ื™ื›ื ืก ื›ืขืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœื”ื, "ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื ืžืขืœื™ืŸ". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื. ื•ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืจืฉืข ื›ื–ื” ื ืคืœ ืœื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืจื•ืฆื— ื”, ื™), ื•ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ-ืขืจื•ืš (ื—ื•"ืž ืชื›ื”, ื”).

ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืžื—ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื ืœืจืฆื•ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘, ื ื›ื ืก ืœื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืจืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“: "ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžืขืœื™ืŸ", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•. ื•ืืžื ื "ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื“ื™ื ื", ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืฉืงืคืช ืžืžื ื• ืกื›ื ื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื—ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื "ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ืŸ", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืจืฉืข ืฉื›ื–ื”.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™, ื›ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืื• ื—ื™ื™ืœ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืื™ื‘ื” (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืช"ืก ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืœื, ื•ืื’"ืž ื“, ืขื˜, ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื’). ืื‘ืœ ืื–ืจื— ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ, ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื•, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื™ื—): "ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืจื—ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืื›ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืจื—ืžื ื™ื". ื•ื›ืŸ, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืงืคื” ืกื›ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื™ - ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื‘ืช ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
ืœื ืจืง ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ืกื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื›ืจื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.

ื•ื›ืš ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘"ืจ ื , ื“), ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื• ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื‘ืง ืฉื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ืจืฅ ืœืงืจืืชื, ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื ืœื‘ื™ืชื•, ื•ืฉื—ื˜ ืœื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงืจ ืจืš ื•ื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืฆืžืื™ื ื•ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืจืขื‘ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœืœืžื“ื ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื.

ื•ืืžื ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ื—ืกื“ ืขื ืจืฉืขื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœืงืจื‘ื ืœืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืืžืช, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ: "ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ื ืฉืžื”, ืื”ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“, ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœื, ื—ืคืฅ ืขื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืงื•ืžืชื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ืื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืขื” ื•ื”ื–ื•ื”ืžื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ 'ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”' ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•' ื‘ืœื ืื”ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืžืขืžืงื™ ืœื‘ ื•ื ืคืฉ, ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืขืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœื, ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™), ื•ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื" (ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื). ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘, ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— (ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ื”).


^ 1. ืืžื ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื—"ื ืกื™' ื˜ื–, ื•ื‘ืืกื™ื ื—"ื– ืข' 8. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืงืข. ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืžืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื‘ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื ื’ื“ ืฉื‘ื™, ืฉื™ืคื“ื•ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜, ื”ืื ืœืคื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื—ืœืงื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ืžื•ืจืืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•, ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืขื“ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•. ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืงืข ืืกื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื˜ื ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื’ ืข' 262, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื ืžืฉืš, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืงืข. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉ"ืข. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื‘"ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 424-436, ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืกื—ื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžืชื, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืคื“ื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื•ืžืกื™ืง ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืœื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืชืขื” ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื, ื›ื™ ื™ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืขืกืงืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื.

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