ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื
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29 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘"ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš

ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”



ื - ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ
ื™ื•ื ื˜ืžื™ืจ ื•ื ืขืœื ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื•ืจื ื”' ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื•. ืฉื•ืจืฉื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœืžืงื•ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื ืกืชืจื™ื, ื•ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ืงืžืขื” ืงืžืขื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื 'ื›ึผึตืกึถื”' ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื’ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช (ืจ"ื” ื—, ื). ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื•ื ืขืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš, ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืกืคืง, ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื–-ื—).
ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืžืœืื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœืงื“ืฉื• ื‘ื›ืกื•ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืชื”. ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื”. ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื›ื’-ื›ื”): "ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ื”' ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืœึผึตืืžึนืจ: ื“ึผึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืึถืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึตืืžึนืจ: ื‘ึผึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื” ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื. ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ืึดืฉึผืึถื” ืœึทื”'". ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื˜, ื): "ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ, ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื".
ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ืงืจื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” 'ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ', ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”' ืืช ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื• ื•ื‘ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”' ื”ื•ื ืคืงื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขื ืงืช ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืกื“ื• ืœื ื™ืชื”ืคืš ืœืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ืœื”ืจืข, ืงื‘ืข ื”' ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ืื ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืจืข, ื™ืชืžืขื˜ ืฉืคืข ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื•ื”ื›ืื‘. ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืกื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ื“ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื ื•ืขื ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“.
ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื”', ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืจื ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื›ืจื ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืŸ ื”' ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืจ"ื” ื—, ื-ื‘; ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™, ื). ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”' ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื•, ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• - ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”' ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืงื‘ืข ื”' ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื• ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘, ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ื ื•ืงื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”, ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื ื ื• ื ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืžืžืชื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืขื•ืœื.
ื‘ - ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื”
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื 'ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื˜, ื). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื—ืจื“ื”, ื‘ื›ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืจื’ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื" - "ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืœื›ื•ืŸ" - ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื. 1
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื”' ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ื™ื—ื“, ื™ืชืงืขื• ืชืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ืขื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื ื• ื•ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื™ืจื™ืขื• ืชืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™, ื-ื–). ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœื, ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื. ื•ืื ื›ืš ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”' ืœืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื•, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ืงืฆื‘ื•, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ืžื™ ื™ื—ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ ื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื™ ื‘ื ื—ืช ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืงืฆื•ื‘ ื”' ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
ืื›ืŸ, ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื ื•ืจืื” ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื• ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื•. ื•ื‘ืื™ืžื” ื•ื™ืจืื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื”ืื ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื›ื–ื™ื‘. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉืžืฉืš ื”ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช ืงืฆืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืงืจื - 'ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”' - ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื™, ื™ืจืื” ื•ื—ืจื“ื”.
ื•ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื™ืข ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื”, ืฉืงื•ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœ ื”ืœื‘, ืงื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืงื•ืœ ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืกื•ื—ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืื ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ื›ืื‘ ืขืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืงืจ ื•ื”ื—ืžืก, ื”ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื“ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื•ืจืื•, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (ืฉืœ"ื” ืจ"ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ ื ื”).
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”' ืœืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื”ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืขืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ืฉืจืžื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืขื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื• ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจ"ื” ื˜ื–, ื‘): "ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืึถืจึธืฉึธืื” (ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื•ื ื™) ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืžืชืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื‘): ืžึตืจึตืฉืึดื™ืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ืฉืึธื ึธื”", ืจึตืฉืึดื™ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ ื•ืจืฉ. ืืžื ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืžื–ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื—ื”, ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืชืงื™ืขื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื, ื’ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.
ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืคืœืช ืขืœื™ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืžื” (ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆ, ื). ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 'ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื”', ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™. ื•ืืžื ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ ื•'ืžืงืจื ืงื•ื“ืฉ' ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื•. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื‘ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ืคื™ื ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ืคื— ื‘ื ื•. ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžืงืจื ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช.
ื’ - ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืื“ื. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™. ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืžื™ืจ ื•ื ืขืœื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืืžืช: ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื' ืชืฉืจื™, ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื' ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” (ืจ"ืช). ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”: "ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ" (ืจ"ื” ื›ื–, ื; ืชื•ืก' ืฉื). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื' ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื“ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื 'ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”', ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื’ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•. 2
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื ื‘ืืจ ืžืขื˜:
ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืืจื™ืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ, ื•ืื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ืชืืจื™ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” (ืจ"ื” ื—, ื). ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืžืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ืฉื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืจ"ื” ื—, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื”, ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“, ื›ื‘): "ืขึทืฉึผื‚ึตืจ ืชึผึฐืขึทืฉึผื‚ึตืจ ืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืชึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืึทืช ื–ึทืจึฐืขึถืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึผึนืฆึตื ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืฉืึธื ึธื” ืฉืึธื ึธื”". ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืจ"ื” ื™ื‘, ื). 3
ื“ - ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื•ื 'ืžืงืจื ืงื•ื“ืฉ', ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื“ืฉื• ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืกื•ืช ื ืื” (ืกืคืจื ืืžื•ืจ ื™ื‘, ื“; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื, ื–). ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื—ืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”', ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื. ืืžื ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืฉืข ืฉืขื•ืช (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื, ื”-ื•).
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงืฉื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” (ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื™, ื), ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื›ืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ืงืจื 'ื—ื’', ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื, ื“): "ืชึผึดืงึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึตืกึถื” ืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ื—ึทื’ึผึตื ื•ึผ ".
ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืชืจื•ืขื”, ืœื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื• ืฉืžื—ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” "ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืฉืฉื•ืŸ" ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื‘, ื—). ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืœืœ. ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืืœื• ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: "ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ืš ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื? ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืืคืฉืจ ืžืœืš ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืกื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ ืžืชื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื”?!" (ืจ"ื” ืœื‘, ื‘; ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื“, ื; ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘, ื–).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื• ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ืžืœื ืฉื•ื‘ืขื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืงืœ ืจืืฉื• ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืจืืช ื”' ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื–, ื). ื”ืจื™ ืฉืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžื—ื•ืช ืžืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืžื• ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืื™ื, ื•ืœื›ื‘ืก ืื•ืชื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื’. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืžื•ืจื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื, ื“; ืž"ื‘ ื›ื”). ืžื™ ืฉืฉืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ - ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— - ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื, ื“).
ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืขื ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœื”'. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจ ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ืฉืžืจื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื•ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื›ื™ื ืกื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืขื–ืจื ืงืจื ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ื•ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื•ืขื–ืจื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ื•ืืžืจื• (ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื—, ื˜-ื™ื‘): "ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืงึธื“ึนืฉื ื”ื•ึผื ืœึทื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื, ืึทืœ ืชึผึดืชึฐืึทื‘ึผึฐืœื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึดื‘ึฐื›ึผื•ึผ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ื•ึนื›ึดื™ื (ื”ื™ื•) ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ื›ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึฐืขึธื ืึถืช ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”". ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช: "ืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึดื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืžึทืฉืึฐืžึทื ึผึดื™ื ื•ึผืฉืึฐืชื•ึผ ืžึทืžึฐืชึทืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉืึดืœึฐื—ื•ึผ ืžึธื ื•ึนืช ืœึฐืึตื™ืŸ ื ึธื›ื•ึนืŸ ืœื•ึน (ืœืขื ื™ื™ื), ื›ึผึดื™ ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึทืึฒื“ึนื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ, ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึตืขึธืฆึตื‘ื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ื—ึถื“ึฐื•ึทืช ื”' ื”ึดื™ื ืžึธืขึปื–ึผึฐื›ึถื. ื•ึฐื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึผึดื ืžึทื—ึฐืฉืึดื™ื ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื”ึทืกึผื•ึผ (ืืœ ืชื‘ื›ื•), ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืงึธื“ึนืฉื ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึตืขึธืฆึตื‘ื•ึผ". ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื’ ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืงื” (ืจื"ืฉ ืจ"ื” ื“, ื™ื“). "ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึถืึฑื›ึนืœ ื•ึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผืœึฐืฉืึทืœึผึทื— ืžึธื ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื”, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึตื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื". ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”' ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื, ืืœื ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ื–ืจืชื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
ืืžื ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ืืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช. ื•ื—ืคืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื”, ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืจืขื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ื. 4
ื” - ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื”
ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“, ื–): "ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึดื™ ื’ื•ึนื™ ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœื•ึน ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึดื™ื ืงึฐืจึนื‘ึดื™ื ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื›ึผึทื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืงึธืจึฐืึตื ื•ึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื•" - "ืื™ื–ื• ืื•ืžื” ื›ืื•ืžื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื•ืคื™ื• (ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื• ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•) ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื”, ืฉืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ื™ืŸ - ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืขื˜ืฃ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ ื–ืงื ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืชืš ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื›ืŸ, ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชืขื˜ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื—ื™ื ื–ืงื ื ื•ืžื—ืชื›ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื ืก" (ื˜ื•ืจ ืชืงืคื, ื“).
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ื”' ื ืก ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืชื™ื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื ืก?
ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื’ ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื•ืื™ื•. ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ื”' ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื•ืจื”. ืืœื ืฉืื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื ืื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืจื•ืื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ื™ืชื™ื™ืกืจ, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื–ื›ืš ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืœืชืงื ื ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื™ืชื’ืœื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื’ื ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื›ืš, ื”ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื•, ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื• (ืฉืœ"ื” ืžืก' ืจ"ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ ื™ื–).
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื“ืื’ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช. ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื’ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžืจื•ื‘ ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืžื–ื™ืง. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื˜ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉื•ื›ื— ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
ื• - ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื”' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช
ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื”' ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ
'ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ' ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ'. ื•ื›ืš ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื˜ืขื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจ 'ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ', ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื‘, ื; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”, ื‘). ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•. "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื™ืชืงื“ืฉ ืฉืžืš ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืžืš, ื•ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื™ืจืš, ื•ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ืš, ื•ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉื™ื—ืš, ื•ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืš ื•ื”ื™ื›ืœืš... ื•ื™ื™ืจืื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœืคื ื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื›ื•ืœื ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ืš ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ ืฉืœื... ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืขื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ืขืฉืŸ ืชื›ืœื”, ื›ื™ ืชืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ืชืžืœื•ืš ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ืš, ื‘ื”ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ืš, ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ื“ืฉืš".
ื•ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื: "ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ". ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช: ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื 'ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช', ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื "ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ". ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืžืœื™ื›ื•. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช' ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช' ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื›ืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ืช ืœื”' ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื’ื ืชืจื•ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ืฉืžืื™ืžืชื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ ื“ืื’ื” ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืจื ืกื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื“ื ื˜ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืื•ืœื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœืชื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืชืชื’ืœื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื’ืืœ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื ื•ืจืื” ื–ื• ื‘ื—ืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”' ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื, ื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื”, ื‘ื—ืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื“-ื™.
ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืฆืขืจื ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืžืœืื›ื™ื: ืจืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™, ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฆืขืจื ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™. ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืกืชืชืžื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืชืงื“ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื“ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ืจืื”, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืจืขื“ื”, ื›ืš ื ื–ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ืช.
ื– - ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื‘ึผึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื” ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื›ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื˜, ื). ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืงื• ื“ืง, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉืื– ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื”, ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœื. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืžืขื˜ืช ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื ืขืœืžืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืงื• ื“ืง, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืจืื• ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ (ื”ืžื•ืœื“), ื•ื™ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืขื“ื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืžื™ื (ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื, ื-ื‘).
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื’ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื™ืžืชื™ ื ืชืงื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืื™ืžืชื™ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื’. ืืœื ืฉืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื˜, ื-ื“).
ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื’ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœ. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื’, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื™ืžืชื™ ื ืชืงื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš, ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง, ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
ืืžื ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืžืชื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช ืžืจืืฉ, ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื’ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืœื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ. ืื ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ื—ื•ืœ. ื•ืื ืœื ื‘ืื• ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื—ื’ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ืจืช. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื’.
ืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ื˜ืžื™ืจ ื•ื ืขืœื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื• 'ื›ึผึตืกึถื”', ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื, ื“): "ืชึผึดืงึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึตืกึถื” ืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ื—ึทื’ึผึตื ื•ึผ", ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจ"ื” ื—, ื): "ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื—ื’ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืชื›ืกื” ื‘ื• (ืฉื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื ืขืœืžืช ื‘ื•)? ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”".
ื— - ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”
ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื™ื, ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ (4119 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, 359 ืœืžื ื™ื™ื ื), ืจืื” ื”ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ืขืžื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื• ื•ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืงื™ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžื• (ืจืžื‘"ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”, ื‘; ืคื ื”"ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื, ื’, 3).
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ืžืชื™ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืืœื ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื ื•ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืžืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื’ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’. 5
ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ (ื—"ื’ ืจืœื, ื), ืฉืžืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืจืื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืžืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ืชืžืชืง, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžืจื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืจื‘.
ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืืจ, ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“. ืžืฉืœ ืœืคื ืก, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื•ืจื• ื—ื–ืง ื•ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง, ืื•ืจื• ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืžืชืคื–ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื˜ืžื™ืจ ื•ื ืขืœื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืื•ืจื•.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”' ืชืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืžื• ื•ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืืคื• ื™ืืžืจ: ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœืš ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื. ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื•ืชืงื ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืชื’ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช. 6
ื˜ - ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื— ืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ: "ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื", ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ: "ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื". ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงื›ื•, ื“; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื–, ื”).
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงื’, ื; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื˜, ื”; ื‘, ื™ื‘).
ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ืงื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง, ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืง ืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืขื“ื•ืชื, ืฉืžื ื™ืงื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื• ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื’ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื• ื›ื—ื’, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืกื›ื ืฉืœื ืœืงื“ืฉื•. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืจืื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” 'ื™ื•ืžื ืืจื™ื›ืชื' - ื™ื•ื ืืจื•ืš. 7
ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ืื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™. ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ืชืงืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง, ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืจื•ืš, ืจืง ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื. ืืœื ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืงืจืืชื• ื‘ื’ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืชื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ืื• ื”ืคืจื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจ, ื‘). ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืคืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ.
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•'. ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•', ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื”ืชื•ืงืข ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•' ื’ื ืขืœื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืž"ื ืชืจ, ื’; ืž"ื‘ ื–).
ื™ - ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช
ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช: ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ: "ืึดืžืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช. ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช - ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืžืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช - ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืžื” - ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ" (ืจ"ื” ื˜ื–, ื). ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืŸ, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข. ื•ื’ื ืกื“ืจืŸ ืžืขื›ื‘, ืฉืื ืืžืจืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื—ืจ - ืœื ื™ืฆื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื’, ื, ืž"ื‘ ื”).
ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื—"ื› ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” (ืจ"ื” ืœื‘, ื-ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื, ื“-ื”). 8
ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื - "ืืชื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื•" ื•ืื—"ื› ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช 'ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื—' ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”' ืขืœ ืฉื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉื’ื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•. ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง 'ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ืฉืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžืœื•ืš ื”' ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื™ืงืจื‘ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืœืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•. "ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจืš ืืžืช ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื“. ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”', ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ".
ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”' ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื "ื™ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืขืฉื™ืš, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ", ืฉื‘ื• ื”' ื“ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•. ื•ืื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”' ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ืคืงื“ื ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ื•ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื: "ื•ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื–ืจืขื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช".
ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื•ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื•ื™ืชื’ืœื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉื™ื‘ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. "ืชืงืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืชื ื• ื•ืฉื ื ืก ืœืงื‘ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ืงืจื‘ ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื ืก ืžื™ืจื›ืชื™ ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื• ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื ื” ื•ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉืš ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื•ืœื... ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืš. ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืขืช ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื".
ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืคืœืœ ืžื•ืกืฃ ื•ืœื ื™ืชืงืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื™ ืื– ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืชื•ื—, ื•ื‘ืœื ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช, ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื•ืืก ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื, ื—; ืž"ื‘ ื˜ื•; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘, ื-ื‘).
ื™ื - ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืื™ืฉื™. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ื”' ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืœืžืขื ื• ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืคื•ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•. ื•ืืฃ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžืงื˜ืจื’ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื• (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—"ื‘ ืงืคื•, ื; ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ืฉ, ืœื”ืœืŸ ื“, ื–).
ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืžืชืคื™ืœืช 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื˜ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: "ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื• ื—ื˜ืื ื• ืœืคื ื™ืš" (ื‘"ื™, ืืจ"ื™). ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกื— 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื˜ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืืœื ื›ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœืœื™ (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื“, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื’).
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืœืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืœืœ (ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื“).
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื, ืฉื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ' ื‘ืžืงื•ื 'ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ'. ื•ืื ื˜ืขื” ื•ืืžืจ ื”'ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ' - ืœื ื™ืฆื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื”, ื‘). ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื• ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ (ื‘, ื™). ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืงืžื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ (ื‘, ื™ื).
ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื’ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื•ืœื™ื (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘, ื—). ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช: "ื•ึทื”' ืคึผึธืงึทื“ ืึถืช ืฉื‚ึธืจึธื”" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื, ื-ืœื“), ื•ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื“, ื‘). ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืคืงื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆื“ืงื ื™ื•ืช: ืฉืจื” ืืžื ื• ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืจื—ืœ ืืžื ื• ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื•ื—ื ื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื (ืจ"ื” ื™, ื‘). ืขืงืจื•ืชืŸ ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืš ืฉืœืจื•ื ืžืขืœืช ืฆื“ืงื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืคืงื“ื•. ืืžื ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื”: ื) ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืื‘, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืงื˜ืจื•ื’. ื‘) ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื“-ื™, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘, ื-ื›ื“), ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช. ื•ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื ื—ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• (ืœื, ื-ื™ื˜). ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื• ืืช ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืคื˜ื™ืจ (ื‘"ื™ ืื•"ื— ืชืคื—, ื‘).
ื™ื‘ - ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™, ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื "ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื™ืœืชื ื”ื•ื" (ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•, ื), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ืฉืื ื™ืขืฉื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืชืžืฉืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ื’ืžืจื (ืฉื) ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืจืชื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื•, ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื‘ื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืชืžืจื™ื ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืชืžื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื•ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื•, ืกืœืง ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืกืชืœืงื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื•, ื“ืœืขืช ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืจื™ ืขื ืง ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื’, ื).
ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืคื•ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ืื• ืžื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืงื”. ื•ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื‘ื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• (ืจืž"ื ืฉื). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืื• ื“ื’, ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ืœื–ื ื‘ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื’, ื‘). 9 ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื’ื™ื, ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื ืคืจื” ื›ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืฉืชืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื• ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื•ืกืคื• ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื ืื• ืฆื•ืจืชื ืื• ื˜ืขืžื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืขื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืฉืคืชื” ื•ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœื”. ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช.
ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ืืœื ืืžืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื”ืชืžืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ืš ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืชืžื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื•. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืฉืœ"ื”, ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืฉื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืกืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืงื” (ืžืก' ืจ"ื” ื ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ื).
ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” 'ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื' ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืžื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืงื” (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื’, ื’). ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืœื—, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืคื’ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืชื•ืง. ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืžื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืžืœื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื”. ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื, ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืจื™ืจื™ื, ืื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืกืจ (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื’, ื, ืž"ื‘ ื”). ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“ (ื—ื™ื“"ื, ืจ"ื— ืคืœืื’'ื™, ื‘ื"ื—, ื›ื”"ื— ื™ื—). ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืื•ื›ืœื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ืื›ืœื• ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืœืคืœื™ื.
ืขื•ื“ ื ื”ื’ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืจืžื– ืœื—ื˜ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ื—ื” ื•ื ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืชืคื™ืœื” (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื’, ื‘).
ื™ื’ - ืกื“ืจ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื—ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ื. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ืžืฆื“ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื (ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜, ื—). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื, ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ืฉื ื’, ื™ื‘).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื”, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืžื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš 'ื”ืขืฅ' ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ, ื•ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื' ืคื•ื˜ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื”, ืฉื”ื 'ื‘ืื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”', ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ืขื ื•ืื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืฉื ื’, ื–). ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืžืจ ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ืœื” 'ืืจืฅ', ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืืช ืฉืืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ (ืฉื ื˜, ื˜-ื™). ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืžืขื˜, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”'ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ' ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื”.
ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ืชื 'ื”ืื“ืžื”' ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›'ื‘ืื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”', ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื'.
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ'. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืขื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืžืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืื›ืœื•.
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืชืฉืจื™ ื‘, ื™ื), ืื•ืœื ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช (ื—ื™ื“"ื, ื"ืจ, ื—ืช"ืก). ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื“ืจื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื (ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืชืงืฆื–, ื“; ื‘ื"ื— ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉ"ื ื—).
ื™ื“ - ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื”' ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื•, ื•ื™ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช. ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืขืก ื•ืœื ื™ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจืขื•ืช, ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืข ืœืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” (ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื’, ื”).
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื’, ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื•ืœืฉืžื— ื‘ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื’ ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืขื™' ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 4; ื•ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื, ื™ื).
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™), ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžื–ืœื• ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืืœื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืฉ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื (ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’). ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื“), ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื—ืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”', ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืฉืข ืฉืขื•ืช.
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืขืจื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื’, ื‘; ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื). ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืจ, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืฉืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ื˜). ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ืงืคื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื (ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ื—, ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ื“, ืž"ื‘ ื˜; ืงืฆื•ืฉ"ืข ืงื›ื˜, ื›). ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื”. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ื™ืงื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืฅ, ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื• ืœืฉืงื•ื“ ืื—"ื› ืขืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื•, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืขืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.
ืœืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจืขื”ื•: "ืœืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชื›ืชื‘ ื•ืชื—ืชื", ื•ืœืืฉื”: "ืชื›ืชื‘ื™ ื•ืชื—ืชืžื™". ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”: "ืœืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชื›ืชื‘" ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื’ืจ"ื). ื’ื ืœืžื—ืจืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”'. ื•ืื ื”ืžื‘ืจืš ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•: "ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืจ", ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื›ืช ืื•ืชื™ ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื’ื ืขืœื™ืš, ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™.
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื‘ืจืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื™ืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื‘, ื›ื”). ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื.
ื˜ื• - ืชืฉืœื™ืš
ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื, ื™ื ืื• ื ื”ืจ ืื• ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื: "ื™ึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื™ึฐืจึทื—ึฒืžึตื ื•ึผ ื™ึดื›ึฐื‘ึผึนืฉื ืขึฒื•ึนื ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืชึทืฉืึฐืœึดื™ืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืฆึปืœื•ึนืช ื™ึธื ื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึทื˜ึผึนืืชึธื" (ืžื™ื›ื” ื–, ื™ื˜), ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ื›ืš ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” 'ืชืฉืœื™ืš'. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืคืจืงื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช.
ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื’ ืืžื™ืจืช 'ืชืฉืœื™ืš' ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืœืจื•ื•ื— ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืื•ืชื•. ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”'ืชืฉืœื™ืš', ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงื™ื™ืžื• (ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”.
ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืœืขืงื“ื”, ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ื ื—ืœ ืžื™ื ืฉืคืชืื•ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ (ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืžื™ื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœื˜ื”ืจื” ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžืชืขืœื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ื”ืจ ื•ืžืชื ืงื”, ื•ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื”ืจื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉืœื™ืš ื”' ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืขื•ื“. ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ืขืจ ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืช 'ืชืฉืœื™ืš' ืืช ืฉื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื, ืœืจืžื•ื– ืฉื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•, ื•ืจืง ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื—ื˜ืื ื• ื‘ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื ืขืจื™ื ืžื”ื.
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ 'ืชืฉืœื™ืš', ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื™ื (ืืœืฃ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืชืงืฆื—, ื–). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ืžื• - ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืชืฉืœื™ืš' ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืื• ืžืงื•ื•ื”. ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื ืื• ื”ื ื—ืœ ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื›ืš.
ื˜ื– - ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช
ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื“, ื˜-ื™).
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื ืชืงื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืชืขื ื™ืช (ืจ"ืŸ, ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื“, ื, ืžื”ืจื™"ืฅ). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“. ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ), ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื–ื”, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“ (ืขื™' ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”, ื•, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”).
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช. ื•ืื ื™ืชืงืฉื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื•ื“ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™ ืœืกืขื•ื“ืช ืœื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” - ื™ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืื›ืœื• ืžื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ื•ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืžืฉืš ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืื• ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื˜ืœื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘, 2).
ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืชืฉืœื™ืš' ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ืืžื™ืจืชื• ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืคื’, ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ื—; ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื›ื”"ื— ืœ-ืœื“).



^ 1.. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื‘, ื˜): "ืชึผึฐืจึนืขึตื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึตื‘ึถื˜ ื‘ึผึทืจึฐื–ึถืœ ื›ึผึดื›ึฐืœึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืฆึตืจ ืชึผึฐื ึทืคึผึฐืฆึตื", ืชึผึฐืจึนืขึตื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื‘ืจื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื›ื“, ื™ื˜): "ืจึนืขึธื” ื”ึดืชึฐืจึนืขึฒืขึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืคึผื•ึนืจ ื”ึดืชึฐืคึผื•ึนืจึฐืจึธื” ืึถืจึถืฅ ืžื•ึนื˜ ื”ึดืชึฐืžื•ึนื˜ึฐื˜ึธื” ืึธืจึถืฅ", ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืจึนืขึธื” ื”ึดืชึฐืจึนืขึฒืขึธื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื ืฉื‘ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ืžื™ื›ื” ื”, ื”): "ื•ึฐืจึธืขื•ึผ ืึถืช ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึทืฉึผืื•ึผืจ ื‘ึผึทื—ึถืจึถื‘", ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื™ืจื•ืฆืฆื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ืืฉื•ืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™).
^ 2.. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื' ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ืื–ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™. ืืœื ืฉืžื‘ืืจ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจ"ื” ื™, ื‘), ืฉื›ืš ืžืชืื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืืจืฆื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ื›ื˜, ื™ื: "ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ". ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ"ืช, ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ, ื•ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื“ืŸ ื”' ืืช ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื•. ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืจ"ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื (ืฉืœ"ื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื“ื, ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื).
^ 3.. ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืงื™ื˜ืชื, ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ. ืขื•ื“ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™', ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™' ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™'. ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ืœื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ืœืื™ืœื ื•ืช ืจ"ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜, ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืื™ืœืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช.
ืขืจืœื”: ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืคืจื™ื• ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืžื ื•ืช ืžื' ืชืฉืจื™, ืฉืื ื ื˜ืข ืขืฅ ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘, ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืจ"ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืขืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ (ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื) ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืืžื ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจ"ื” ืœืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืžืจ"ื” ืขื“ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื ื˜ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืฆื“, ื“).
ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉื ืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ (ื’' ืืœืคื™ื ืชืž"ื˜ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื). ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืขื™' ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ 'ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”' - 'ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” - ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”'.
^ 4.. ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืคื’, ื), ืฉืขืจื‘ ืจ"ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื‘ึดืชื” ืื• ืึดืžื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ "ืึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน ืœึนื ืชึดืฉืึฐื—ึฒื˜ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื‘, ื›ื—). ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• (ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื™, ื) ืฉื”ื•ืงืฉื• ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืจ"ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืขื–ืจื ืœืขื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ื— (ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื—, ื˜-ื™ื‘). ื•ื›"ื› ื™ืจืื™ื ืจื›ื–, ื•ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ืงื›ื—, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจ"ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืฆื˜, ื•). ื•ื›"ื› ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” ืงื‘, ื™ืคื” ืœืœื‘ ื‘, ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ืžื ื’ื“, ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจ"ื” ืื™ื ื• ืจื’ืœ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื 'ืžืงืจื ืงื•ื“ืฉ' ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื›ื‘ื“ื• ื•ืœืขื ื’ื•. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉื›ื‘; ื™ืฉ"ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื‘, ื“; ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืชืงื›ื˜, ื”-ื•. ื•ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจ"ื” "ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืฉืฉื•ืŸ". (ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืจ"ื” "ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื—ื”", ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจื"ืฉ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืก' ืจ"ื”, ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื‘, ื—). โ†
ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•"ื˜ ื•, ื™ื–, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ื—, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื’ื ืœืจ"ื”, ืืžื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ืช ืจ"ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” (ื”ืœ' ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื’, ื•). ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื• ื•ื™ืฉืžื—ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืื›ืœื• ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืจืืช ื”' ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื–, ื. ื•ื›"ื› ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ืจืื”, ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืื—"ื› ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜, ืจืฉืื™, ืฉื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืขื–ืจื ืœืขืฉื•ืช 'ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”'.
ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจ"ื” (ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื“, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘, ืจื ื–. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืจ"ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืž"ืž ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืžืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืจ"ื”, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื—ื’ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ื. ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืจื‘ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืืกืจื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื–, ื. ืืœื ืฉื™"ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืจ"ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•. ื•ืื ื™ืื›ืœ, ื™ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• (ื”ืื’ื•ืจ), ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื–, ื‘-ื’. ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ืœื‘ื• ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืจ"ื ื˜ื™ืจื ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื–ื”. ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉ, ืจืฉืื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืชืจืช ื ื“ืจื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ืž"ื‘ ื˜. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’.
^ 5.. ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืจื‘ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจื–"ื”) ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืชื™ ืงื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืื™ืžืชื™ ื—ืœ ื”ื—ื’, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื™ื, ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื•ืืžื ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื, ืž"ืž ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจ"ื” ืœ, ื‘; ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื“, ื‘, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”), ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืจ"ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”, ื—; ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื, ื“). ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื”ืฉื•ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชืงื ื• ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจ"ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืงื ื• (ืจ"ื” ื›ื, ื) ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— (ืขื™' ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื’, ื, ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”, ื‘, 'ืืžืจ').
^ 6.. ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืคื™ื ื—ืก (ืจืœื, ื‘) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ื ื ืจืคื™ื. ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช (ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ ืจ"ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘) ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื–"ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื–"ื. ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจืžื—"ืœ ืจ"ื” ืขืž' ืงื™, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืœืื” ื•ื›ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ. ื•ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ (ืจ"ื” ืชืจืข"ื’ 'ืื™ืชื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™'), ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ืืœื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ื ื ืจืคื™ื ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” (ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช).
^ 7.. ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื’, ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื”. ื•ืื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืจื• ืžื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืจื•ืš, ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืจื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืงืฆื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจ, ื). ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจ"ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™, ืืœื ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงื’, ื. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื—ื•ืžืจื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื•ืœื ืœืงื•ืœื (ืจื‘ื ื• ืคืจืฅ ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื” ื™ ืœืกืž"ืง ืจืฆื“).
^ 8.. ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืืžืจ ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื - ื™ืฆื. ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืจืง ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื - ื™ืฆื (ืจ"ื” ืœื‘, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืฆื, ื“, ืž"ื‘ ื™ื). ืืžื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืขื™' ืœื”ืœืŸ ื“, 6.
^ 9.. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ืœื–ื ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื•ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื˜ืขื ืžืžื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ. ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉ, ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง.
ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื™ื ืœื•, ื™ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืชื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื (ืขืค"ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื), ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื.
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืจ

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื‘
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื’
  • undefined
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ื•ืจื™ ื•ื™ื ื”

    ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื’
  • undefined
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉื›ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื”
ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืœื™ื”
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืœื™ื”
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il