ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื—ืžืฅ, ืžืฆื” ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื—
  • ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื—ืžืฅ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื—ืžืฅ, ืžืฆื” ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื—
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื”
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20 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ื›ืืฉืจ ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ืžื” ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•? ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื˜ืžืื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื—ืžืฅ โ€“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื? ืชื ืื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื•, ื•ืื ื• ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. 1
ื. ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืชืจื•ืžื”
ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื, ื“-ื”; ื’ืžืจื ื™ื ืข"ื‘) ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืฉืจื™ืคืชื• ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ:
ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืื•ืžืจ: ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ, ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืœืช ืฉืฉ.
ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข, ื•ืชื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ, ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืœืช ืฉืฉ.
ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ืื›ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข, ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ, ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืฉ.
ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื (ื, ื“) ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”:
ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ: ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ื” ืคืกื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืื™ืกื˜ื‘ื”. ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื ื™ื˜ืœื• ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ื•ืื™ืœื•.
ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื—ืžืฅ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช. ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืžืฅ ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื. ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืชืจื•ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช.
ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ืกื™ืคืจ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืชื•. 2 ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื, ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืจื™ืคืช ื—ืžืฅ, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื”, ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืื—ืจืช. ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื‘ื ื”, ื•ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ื—ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ. ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืจื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ.
ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื, ื”) ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื. "ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" (ืื‘ื ืฉืื•ืœ: "ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ื”" [ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™ื“ ืข"ื]), ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืคืจื” ืื—ืช - ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื›ืฉื’ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื ืจืืชื” - ืฉืจืคื• ืื•ืชื•; ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ื–ื›ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืฉื ื™ ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืฉื ื™ ื ืจื•ืช. ื ื˜ืœื• ื ืจ ืื• ืกื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ - ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื ื˜ืœื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื - ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ. "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ื—ืก: ื•ืœื ืคืœื™ื’ื•ืŸ. ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื ืจื•ืช - ื‘ื—ื•ืœ. ืžืืŸ ื“ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ืกื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ - ื‘ืฉื‘ืช" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื). ืขื•ื“ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืฉื): "ืืžืจ ืจ' ื™ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ืคื–ื™: ื ืจืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื”ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืืชื ืจ' ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื“ืง: ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ืŸ". ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืจืคืช ื—ืžืฅ ืกื‘ืจ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื›ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ.
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืง ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืขื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ืืš ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืžื ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš. ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื’, ื•) ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื (ื’, ื˜-ื™ื) ื ืืžืจ ืฉืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืื›ืŸ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืืš ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขืจื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™.
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ (ื™ื’ ืข"ื) ื ืืžืจ: "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืขื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืฉืขื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช - ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฉื™ืช - ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื.
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืจื‘ ืคืกืง ื›ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช:
ื•ืื™ื‘ืขื™ืช ืื™ืžื: ืจื‘ ื“ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ ืชื ื, ื“ืชื ื™ื:
ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช โ€“
ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช.
ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื˜ืžืื•ืช, ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช. ื•ืžืฉื™ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข. 3
ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉืจืคื•, ืฉืžื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืœื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ.
ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ: ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื•.
ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืฉืžื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื” ืœื ื•?
ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื›ื, ืืฃ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉืจืคื• ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ื˜ื”ืจื.
ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื”ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ืœื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื—. 4
ืืžืจื•: ืœื ื–ื–ื• ืžืฉื ืขื“ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข.
ืžืื™ ืœืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ? ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืคืคื ืžืฉืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื: ืœื, ืœื‘ืขืจ.
ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื ืืžืจ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“: "ืžืฉื™ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช". ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืขื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš, ื’ื ืจื‘ ืคืกืง ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืจื‘ ืคืคื ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื” ืžืฉื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื•.
ืืžื ื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื ื“ื—ืชื”, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืื ืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ืื•ืชื•. ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืื•ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื•ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช.
ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื’, ื•; ืžื˜ ืข"ื):
ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ.
ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ: ืชืจื•ืžื” - ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ - ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ.
ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืฉื) ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื:
ืชื ื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ: ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ื ื‘ื™ื‘ื ื”, ื•ื—ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ื ื–ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ื•ืืžืจ: ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืช ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืื—ืจ ืื‘ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืขืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ.
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื’, ื•) ื ืืžืจ ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ:
ืืชื™ื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืจื™ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ. ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœ ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืžืฆื. ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืื•ืžืจ: ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืœ ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืžืฆื.
ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืืžืจ ืฉืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ืœื ื™ื™ืžืฆืื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉื›ื— ืœื‘ืขืจื• ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืžืฆื. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ืืžืจ ืฉืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื’, ื’): "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื—ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘? ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ: ืœื ืชืงืจื ืœื” ืฉื ืขื“ ืฉืชืืคื”". ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ื•ื™ื ื™ื— ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘, ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืžืฆื. ืื•ืœื ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื•ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกืคืง ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืžืฆื.
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื’, ื•) ื ืืžืจ:
ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ืืชื™ื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ. ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืืžืจ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ืŸ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืืžืจ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ืžื”. ื›ืžื” ื“ืชื™ืžืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ื“ื›ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘"ืจ ืฆื“ื•ืง.
ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื”ื• ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, ืฉืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ. ื›ืฉื ืฉืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ืžื”, ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ืื›ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืš ืกื‘ืจ ื’ื ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื”) ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง.
ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื (ื’, ื˜-ื™ื) ืžื•ื‘ื ื›ืš:
ื˜. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื•ืคื” ืœื• ืžืฆื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช.
ื™. ืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื˜ืžืื” ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ.
ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ. ืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื˜ืžืื” ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
ื™ื. ืจ' ืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื™ ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ: ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืจ' ืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื™ ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง: ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ื•ืืžืจ: ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืช ืœื‘ืขืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืื ื™ ื•ืื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืขืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ.
ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืžื˜ ืข"ื) ืืœื ืฉื ื•ืกืคื• ื’ื ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื”. ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืืคื•ืช ืžืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืžืฉื ื” ื˜), ื•ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ืžืฉื ื” ื™). ืœืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืžืฉื ื” ื™). ื•ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื).
ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืืžืจ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื’ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ืื•ื›ืœื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื• ืขื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ - ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื‘ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ืื›ืœื• ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืขืจื• ืื•ืชื•.
ืžืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื—ืžืฅ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืš:


































ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ



ื”ืชื ื



ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง



ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช?



 


ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช



ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข



 



 "ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช" (ื™ื’ ืข"ื)



ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ



"ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืœ ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืžืฆื".


(ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™)


 



"ื•ืื•ืคื” ืœื• ืžืฆื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช"


(ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื˜)



 


ื‘ื–ืžื ื• โ€“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช



ื—ื›ืžื™ื



 



ื—ืžืฅ [ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืขื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช]


(ืžืฉื ื” ื’, ื•; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื™)


 



ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง



ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ


(ืชื•ืกืคืชื)



ื—ืžืฅ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืขื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช


(ืžืฉื ื” ื’, ื•; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื™ื)





ื‘. ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ - ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื™"ื’ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ
ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืชืจื•ืžื”. ืื ื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง, ื—ื›ืžื™ื
ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืขื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื™ื‘ ืข"ื‘) ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืžื” ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืงื˜ ืขืฆื™ื, ืื• ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ืŸ. ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื, ื”) ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™ื ืข"ื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžื”).
ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื? ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืืžืจ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืฉืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ (ืžืฉื ื” ื’, ื•; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื™ื), ื•ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื–ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื’, ื˜). ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื).
ื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืข ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื” (ื™ื’ ืข"ื):
ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื˜ืžืื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉื™ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช... ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉืจืคื•, ืฉืžื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืœื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ? ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ: ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื•. ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืฉืžื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื” ืœื ื•?
"ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช", ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉ"ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื•" ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืช "ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืื•ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืงื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืืฆืœื•" (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื›ื‘ืจ). ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืื•ื›ืœื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื.
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืžืฅ - ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ืขืจื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืœื•ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœืชื•. ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง, ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื” ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื™ื):
ืืžืจ ืจ' ืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื™ ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ: ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืจ' ืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื™ ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง: ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ื•ืืžืจ: ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืช ืœื‘ืขืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืื ื™ ื•ืื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืขืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ.
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืžื˜ ืข"ื), ืื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื‘ื ื”, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ - ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืื‘ื™ื• ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื ืื›ืœื• ื•ื‘ื™ืขืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื– ืข"ื‘), ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืคื—ื•ืช (ืžืฉื ื” ื“ืžืื™ ื’, ื), ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ. 5 ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื’, ื•) ื ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช, ื›ืš ืกื‘ืจ ื’ื ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
ืืžื ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ื’ื ื”ื ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืกื‘ืจื• ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืžื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื•ื’ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ืžืื” ื™ื‘ืขืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
2. ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื, ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ
ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืืžืจ ืฉืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช - ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื—ืžืฅ (ืžืฉื ื” ื, ื”; ื’, ื•; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื˜-ื™). ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื—ืžืฅ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื: "ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืœ ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืžืฆื" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื’, ื˜). ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉื›ื— ืœื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืžืฆื. ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื—ืฉืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืคืง ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืžืฆื.
ืื ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืžื” ื™ืื›ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช? ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ: "ื•ืื•ืคื” ืœื• ืžืฆื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช" (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื˜), ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. 6 ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืœื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ืฉืืžืจ: "ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืฆื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืคืกื—, ื›ื‘ื ืขืœ ืืจื•ืกืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืžื™ื•, ื•ื”ื‘ื ืขืœ ืืจื•ืกืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืžื™ื• ืœื•ืงื”" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื™, ื). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ, ืืš ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืืš ืœื ื›ืฉืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืžืขืœื” (ืจ"ืŸ, ื˜ื– ืข"ื ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ), ืื• ืžืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืžืขืœื” (ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจ, ื˜ื• ืข"ื‘ ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ) ืื• ืžื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืขืœื” (ืจื"ืฉ ื’, ื–), ืื• ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืื›ืœื• ืžืฆื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” (ืจ"ืŸ, ื™ ืข"ื ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ), ืื• ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฆืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืœื” ืข"ื‘ ืชื•ื“"ื” ื•ืžื™; ืฆื˜ ืข"ื‘ ืชื•ื“"ื” ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ; ืจื"ืฉ ื‘, ื™ื’). 7
ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืฉืืจ, ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื’ื ื—ืžืฅ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื“ื ื• ืืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื‘ืขืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืชืžืขื˜ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื”. ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืื•ื›ืœื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืขื˜ โ€“ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื“ื ื• ืขื ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืžืฅ, ืœื–ื” ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•. ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช.

ื’. ืจืžื‘"ื: "ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช... ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ืขืจื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช"
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื’, ื’) [ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื•"ื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืžื“, ื)] ืคืกืง ื›ืš:
ื—ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืœื™ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื™ืœ ืฉืœืฉื” ืขืฉืจ. ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืข. ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ืขืจื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืœื•, ื•ื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœื™ ืขื“ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื•.
ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื:
ื—ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'. ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืคืกื•ืง ื›ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช (ื“ืฃ ื™"ื’) ื“ืชื ื™ื "ื™"ื“ ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช... ืืžืจื• ืœื ื–ื–ื• ืžืฉื ืขื“ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ". ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• "ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ" ืืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื”ื• ืงืื™, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™.
ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื”, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืคืกืง ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข. ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื™ื’ ืข"ื) ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื’ืžืจื ื“ื—ืชื” ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื "ืœื‘ืขืจ" ืฉืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื’ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื›ืžื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช. ืืš ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื, ื˜-ื™) ืคืกืง ื›ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืžืฅ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช, ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืžื• ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืฉืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช. 8
ื”ื’ืจ"ื (ืื•"ื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืžื“, ื) ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“:
ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ื›ื•'. ื›ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื, ื“ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื (ืฉื ื™"ื’ ื') ืกื‘ื™ืจื ืœื™ื” ื›ื•ื•ืชื™ื”. ื•ืื™ืคืกืง ืฉื ื”ืœื›ืชื ื›ื•ื•ืชื™ื” ืจืžื‘"ื.
ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืคืกืง ื›ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ, ืฉืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืคืกืง ื›ืžื•ืชื•. ืื›ืŸ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: "ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช", ืื ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื—ืžืฅ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืืคื•ืช ืžืฆื” ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื‘ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื˜). 9
ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ (ืฉื) ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื›ืชื‘:
ื—ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ืืžืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื”ืจื‘ ื–"ืœ ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื‘ืขืจ ื•ืžืฉื™ื™ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืขืจ ื›ืœื•ื ืืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื•ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ื“ืชืจื•ื•ื™ื”ื• ืกื‘ื™ืจื ืœื”ื• ื“ื”ื“ื“ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ. 10
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ "ื”ืจื‘ ื–"ืœ...", ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ (ื” ืข"ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ). ื›ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” (ืฉื) ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“:
ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ, ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื "ื”ื›ืœ" ื“ืงืืžืจ, ืืžื™ื ื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืงืื™. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืคืกืงื• ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ ื•ืคืกืงื• ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ. ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืŸ.
ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“. ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ืช.
ื”ื˜"ื– (ืื•"ื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืžื“ ืก"ืง ื) ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืš ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื’, ื•):
ื™ืฉ ื’' ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช: [ื] ื“ืชื ื ืงืžื (=ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ) ืกื‘ืจ "ืžื‘ืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช", ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื™ืจ ื‘' ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ื“ืžืฉืขืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื ืœื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
[ื‘] ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื ืœื”ื• "ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ" ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื™"ื“, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื›ืœืœ.
[ื’] ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืกื‘ื™ืจื ืœื™ื” ื“ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ืืœื ื“ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง. ื“ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื” ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื“ืื™ ืชื™ืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืงืฉื” ืžืื™ ืฉื ื ืžืชืจื•ืžื”. ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉืืžืจ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง "ืคืขื ืื—ืช... ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืช ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ". ื“ืงืฉื” ืœืžื” ืืžืจ "ื”ื—ืžืฅ" ื‘ื”"ื, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืช ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ? ืืœื ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ื ืฉืืจ ืงืืžืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืชื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉืœืคื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื˜). ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜"ื– ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” "ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ" ืืฆืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืืฆืœ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜"ื– ืœืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืกื‘ืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.
ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ โ€“ ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฆื”. ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืœื ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืจ' ืœื•ื™ "ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืฆื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ื›ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืืจื•ืกืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืžื™ื•" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื™, ื), ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืขื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืื• ืžื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื• ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืื›ืœื• ืžืฆื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืื• ืžืฆื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฆืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
ืœืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง โ€“ ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื—ืžืฅ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช.
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” (ื’, ื•) ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื›ืš:
ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช -
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ: ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช,
ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: [ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื] ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ.
ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ: [ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื] ...ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ.
ืœืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืืš ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื‘ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ" ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืื” ืœืจืžื•ื– ื’ื ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืขืฆืžื•: ืฉืขื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ืฉืขื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ, ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื›ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืœื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉ"ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ" ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ - ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ื—ืžืฅ "ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ", ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจืง ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืฉืงืจื ืœืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืœืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืœืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื™ื), ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ืžืฅ ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”; ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ื”ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื•ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืœืฉื‘ืช. ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช (ืžื˜ ืข"ื) ื“ื™ื™ืง ื’ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื: "ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืช ืœื‘ืขืจ' ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช". ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืชื ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื›ืœื• ืžื”ื—ืžืฅ, ืืš ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžืจืืฉ, ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื’, ื’) ื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• "ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช" ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื, ืืœื: "ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช", ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” (ืฉื ื“). ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืžื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืฃ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, 11 ืืš ืื ื• ื ืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื•" ืœื ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืง, ืืœื ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื”ื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. 12 ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืœื•. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื, ืืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื•", ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืžืืคื™ื ื•ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช), ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ. ืื•ืœื™ ืœื–ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื• ืžื ื•ื— (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื’, ื“) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื "ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ืขืจื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช" - "ืขืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืงืž"ืœ ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ". ืื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ืืš ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™.
ื™ื•ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœื•ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช: "ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช", ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘: "ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ืขืจื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช". ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ. ืžื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžื” ื—ืžืฅ ื ืฆืจืš ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ โ€“ ืžืขื˜ ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™. ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืจืืฉ, ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื›ืชื‘: "ื•ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืœื• ื•ื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœื™ ืขื“ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื•".
ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื–ืžืŸ - ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช (ืžืฉื ื” ื, ื”), ื•ื’ื ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืฉืืžืจ ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ื™ื’ ืข"ื). ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ, ืืฃ ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืœืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ, ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื›ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ.
ืื ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” (ื, ื“-ื”), ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืžืฉื ื” ื’, ื•; ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื˜-ื™ื), ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื - ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืกื™ืคืจ ืžื” ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
































ืžืฉื ื” ื, ื“-ื”: ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ



ืžืฉื ื” ื’, ื•: ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช



ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื˜-ื™ื: ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช



ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ: ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืœืช ืฉืฉ


 



ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ:


ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช



ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ:


ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช



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ื—ื›ืžื™ื: [ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื] ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ



ื—ื›ืžื™ื: [ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื] ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ



ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ืื›ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื“', ื•ืชื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”', ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืฉ:



 


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ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ: ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ืื›ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื“', [ื•ืชื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”'], ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืฉ.



ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง:


[ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื] ื‘ื–ืžื ืŸ.



ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง:


...ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.





ื™ื•ืฆื ืืคื•ื, ืฉืจืง ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืœืฉื‘ืช. ืœืคื™ื•, ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื”. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืคืกืง (ื”ืœ' ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื•, ื™ื‘) ื›ืจ' ืœื•ื™:
ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืคืกื— ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจ ืœืื›ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืขืจื‘, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื›ืœ ืžืฆื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืคืกื— ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืช ืžืจื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืชืฆื ื ืคืฉื•.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” (ื”ืœ' ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื’, ื’), ืฉื ื ืจืื” ืฉืคืกืง ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” (ื’, ื•), ืฉื ืคืกืง ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง. ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื”, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื’, ื“) ืคืกืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืคืกืง ื›ืžื•ืชื•. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืžื”.
ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ:









































ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ



ื”ืชื ื



ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง



ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช?



ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื



"ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช"


(ืžืฉื ื”)



ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ



ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืžืฆื.


(ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™)


 



"ื•ืื•ืคื” ืœื• ืžืฆื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช"


(ืชื•ืกืคืชื)



ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื˜; ืžืฉื ื” ื’, ื•;


ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื’, ื•



 


 


 


ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘   ื”ื—ืžืฅ


 "ื•ื”ืฉืืจ - ืžื‘ืขืจื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช" (ืจืžื‘"ื)


 



ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข



 



 "ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช"


(ื’ืžืจื)



ื’ืžืจื ื™ื’ ืข"ื



ื—ื›ืžื™ื



 



"ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช"


(ืจืžื‘"ื)



ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื™; ืžืฉื ื” ื’, ื• (ืžื˜ ืข"ื);


ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื’, ื•



ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง



ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื) โ€“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ



"ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช" (ืจืžื‘"ื)


 



ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื’, ื™ื;


ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื’ืžืจื ืžื˜ ืข"ื;


ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื’, ื•





ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ื›ืฉื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”. ืชื ืื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ืื ื• ืขืกืงื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื ื•, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœืกื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื• ืขื“ ืฉืขื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ืจืง ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื”.
ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืืš ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืคืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื•ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืžื”.




^ 1.ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื: ืžืฉื ื” (ื, ื“-ื”; ื’, ื•); ืชื•ืกืคืชื (ื, ื“; ื’, ื˜-ื™ื); ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื’ืžืจื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืคืกื—ื™ื ื, ื”; ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™ื ืข"ื‘, ื™ื’ ืข"ื); ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื’ืžืจื ื ื•ืกืคืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืคืกื—ื™ื ื’, ื•; ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืคืกื—ื™ื ืžื˜ ืข"ื). ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•: ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ื”ืจ"ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจ, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจืื‘"ื“, ืจื"ืฉ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืจืื” ืœืžืฉืœ: ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืžืœืš ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ, ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืžืืžืจ ื“ - ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•. ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืžืŸ ืจืื”: ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”, ืคืกื—ื™ื ืžื˜ ืข"ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื; ื”ืจืž"ืž ื›ืฉืจ, ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ืขืž' 151-150. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.
^ 2.ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ: ืžืฉื ื” ืกื•ื›ื” ื“, ื˜; ืกื•ื›ื” ื ื ืข"ื‘, ื•ืขื•ื“.
^ 3.ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื›ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื (ืžืฉื ื”, ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ื’, ื“-ื”). ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืจืื” ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื“ ืข"ื.
^ 4.ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื’, ื•) ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ. ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™.
^ 5.ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื”ืœ' ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื’, ื’, ื“ื™ื™ืง ื–ืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื›ืชื‘: "ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช" ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืžืฅ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” (ืฉื ื“). "ื”ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื. ื‘ืจื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘ ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื‘ื™ืขืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ". ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง, ืฉื•"ืช ื“ืขืช ื›ื”ืŸ, ืกื™' ืจืœื– (ืกื™' ืชื›ื–), ื“ืŸ ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื”ืžืช ื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชื™ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชื ื• ืœืžื“ ืฉ"ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืŸ [ืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”] ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™"ื“ ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช". ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™, ื•ืื– ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ื’ื ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจื•, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช.
^ 6.ื™ืฉ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ืฉืื•ืคื” ืžืฆื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช - ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžืฆื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ. ืจืื”: ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืคืกื—ื™ื ืคืจืง ื ืจืžื– ืชืงืžื’ ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืข ืฉื. ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื, ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืคืกื—ื™ื ื’, ื˜.
^ 7.ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื™"ื“ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง, ืจืื”: ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืื‘ ืคื™ืง, ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘, ืขืž' 125-114, 138-126.
^ 8.ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช (ื™ื’ ืข"ื ื“"ื” ื•ืžืฉื™ื™ืจื™ืŸ) ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืชื•ืชื "ืžืฉื™ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช" โ€“ "ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืžืฉื™ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืคืจืง ื’". ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืจ ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง, ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ืœื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
^ 9.ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืื”: ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื‘, "ืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช", ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ืขื–ืจ, ืขืž' 292-287.
^ 10.ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ (ื” ืข"ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ).
^ 11.ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 5.
^ 12.ื”ืžื™ืœื”: "ื›ื“ื™" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื• ื ื™ืžื•ืง. ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื›ื“ ืข"ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™: "ืฉืื™ืœืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื", ื—ื’ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืž' 226-217, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืž' 226-223.



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