ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›' ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ื—ืœ ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ (ืชืจ"ื›-ืชืจืก"ื“, 1904-1860). ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ืืจืฆื• ื•ืคืขืœ ื›ืื•ืžื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืชืจ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื—ืช ืฉืžืžื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ, ื•ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืฉืงื•ืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืฆืœื” ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืžืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช.

ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ
ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื•. ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืืฆื™ืœื™ ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื• ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ืฆืขืจ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืกื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื ื’ืขื• ืœืœื™ื‘ื•, ื•ืžืื– ืฉื ืชืคืก ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืกื—ืฃ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืœื”ื˜, ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืจื“ืคื™ื, ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืื ืงื™ื. ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื ื™.

ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืจ"ืช ื•ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช 'ื”ืกื•ืœื', ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ. ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘, ืื•ืœื ื›ืฉืจืื” ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื—ื–ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ืœืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–'. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื”.
ืกื™ืคืจ ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจืžืจ ื–"ืœ ื›ื™ ืคืขื ื ืขืœืžื” ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื“ ืฉืžื ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจืฆื” "ืœื—ื ื›ื•" ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ, ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฉื•ืช. ื•ื›ืฉืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืฉืžื ื ืคืœื” ืฉื, ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ื•ื›ืฉืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืคื“ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ื•, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื ืชืœืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”. ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื— ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžืฆื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ื—ื ืืช ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆืœ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื” ืข' ื ื“).

ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื™ื™ื ืก
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื™ื™ื ืก ื–ืฆ"ืœ (ืช"ืจ-ืชืจืข"ื”, 1915-1839), ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
ื”ืจื‘ ืจื™ื™ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื™ืžื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืขืžื“ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘. ื›ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืจืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืจื™ื™ื ืก, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจืฆืœ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืขืœ ืžื”ื–ื“ืจื–ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื˜) ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, "ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื’ื•ืข (ืœืคื’ื•ืข) ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืžื”" (ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช, ืขืžื•ื“ 108). ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืชื• ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื• ืœื“ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื—ื• ื‘ื” ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก. ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื™ื™ื ืก ืœื”ืจืฆืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชืœื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคืขืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืช.
ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื™ื™ื ืก: "ืกื”ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื™ืชืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื ื• ืคืขืœื” ืขืœื™ ืจื•ืฉื ืžื“ื›ื ื•ืชืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืจืฉ ื“ื•ื•ื™". "ื•ื™ื‘ื›ื• ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืœื‘ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ื‘ื›ื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื”". ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื "ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™", ืœื ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืืœื "ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจืฆืœ ื•ืขืฉืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”". ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืขื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืฆืœ, ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื“ื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ "ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื ืœืš ื‘ื”". ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืจื“ืžืชื• ื•ื ืคื— ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• (ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช, ืขืžื•ื“ 239).

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืจืฆืœ
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืœืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืคืฉืคืฉื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืฆืื• ืงื˜ืขื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื“ืžื•ืชื•. ืื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื ื•ื›ื— ืฉืžื’ืžืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” - ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืชื•. ื›ืžื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืชื•, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื“, ื‘). ื•ื›ืš ืืžืจ ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ (ืชืจื "ื–): "ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื". ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ (ืชืจื "ื”), ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•: "ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืชื ื• ืื•ืžื” ืืœื ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชื”"; "ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืืžื•ื ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•... ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืื—ื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื•".
ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจืฆืœ ื›ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืก, ื—ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืคืจืกื ื‘'ื”ืฆื•ืคื”' (ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืœ"ื“) ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื” "ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื", ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘: "ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื–"ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืžื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘: 'ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืชื ื• ืื•ืžื” ืืœื ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชื”'. ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ืืคื™ืงื•ืจื•ืก". ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืกื• - "ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื’ื–ืข ืžื—ืฆื‘ืชื•", ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืืฆืื™ "ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืื™ื˜ืืฆืง ื–"ืœ" (ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘, ืขืžื•ื“ ืชืงืฆื’ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ).

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืชื›ืœืช

ืฉืืœื” : ื”ืจื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘'ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื' ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ืชื›ืœืช ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืชื›ืœืช - ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืื‘"ื“ ืื• ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” : ืื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืชื›ืœืช.
ื. ืœื“ืขืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืจื‘ืขืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืชื›ืœืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืœื—, ื "ื”ืชื›ืœืช"), ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืœื—, ื "ื”ืชื›ืœืช"); ืจื"ืฉ (ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื•); ืจื™ื‘ื‘"ืŸ, ืจื™"ื“, ืจ"ืฉ ืžืฉืื ืฅ, ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ืกืž"ืง, ื™ืจืื™ื ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืง"ื™. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื: ื˜ื•ืจ (ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื), ืœื‘ื•ืฉ (ื™ื, ื“), ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ื“ (ื˜, ื”), ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ (ื™ื, ื) ื•ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ื˜, ื–; ื™ื“).
ื‘. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื, ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ืจืคื•) ื•ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ (ืฉื), ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ "ืคืชื™ืœ ืชื›ืœืช" ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืคืฉื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ืคืชื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ืชื›ืœืช ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืขืจื•ืš (ืขืจืš ืชื›ืœืช), ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”, ื‘), ื•ืจื™ื"ื– (ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืจื›"ื’). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ื”ื’ืจ"ื (ื™ื”ืœ ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืคื ื—ืก ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืกืคืจื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื›ื™ ืชืฆื) ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื (ื—ื•ืžืช ืื ืš ื ืฉืœื— ื™).
ื’. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืคืชื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืœืคืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื• ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ (ืชืจืž"ื‘) ื•ื’ื ืจ' ืคืจื—ื™ื” (ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”, ื‘), ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื ื”, ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช (ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื“' ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช) ื•ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื (ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืœื—). ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื’, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— (ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื, ื•).
ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• "ืคืชื™ืœ" ื‘ืœื ืœื‘ืืจ ืื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื›ืจืžื‘"ื ืื• ื›ืจืื‘"ื“, ื•ืžื”ื ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื—ืคื ื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•, ืœื—), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ (ื—ืœืง ื’ ืงืขื”, ื‘).
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“, ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื•ืชื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื. ื•ื›ืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฆื‘ืขื• ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื›ืœืช, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืฆื•, ื‘), ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืคืชื™ืœ ืชื›ืœืช ืฉื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืœืฉื ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช ืžื›ืš ืฉืจืง ื—ืฆื™ื• ืฆื‘ื•ืข.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื›ืจื•ืš
ืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืœื˜, ื). ื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืจืื‘"ื“ (ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื, ื–) ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื‘ ื ื˜ืจื•ื ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•, ืœื—). ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื“), ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืœ"ื˜ ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืช. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื”ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื˜ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ื˜ ืชื›ืœืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืžืœื‘ืŸ, ืœื‘ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื”.
ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ื‘ืฉื‘ืข'



ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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