ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช
  • ื ื—

ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื™ืงื™ืจื™ื”ื


ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืื• ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”-PDF ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
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12 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 60 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” - ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื”'

ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื ืก ื›ืœื›ืœื™
ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืก ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ 70 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืงืœ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืžืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื”,
ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื’ื“ืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื’ื“ืœื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื’ ื”ืืฉืจืื™. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืคืœืŸ ืฉืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
ื•ึทืึฒื”ึตื‘ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึถืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทืšึฐ ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ื‘ึดื˜ึฐื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืคึฐืจึดื™ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึถืšึธ
ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• (710)
ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
719 - ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ืงื•ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•
720 - ืคืจืฉืช ื ื— ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื ืก ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“
ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื”' ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•. "ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืšึธ ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืช ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื—ึถืกึถื“ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ: ื•ึทืึฒื”ึตื‘ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึถืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทืšึฐ ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ื‘ึดื˜ึฐื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืคึฐืจึดื™ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึถืšึธ ื“ึผึฐื’ึธื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืชึดื™ืจืฉืึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื”ึธืจึถืšึธ ืฉืึฐื’ึทืจ ืึฒืœึธืคึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึทืฉืึฐืชึผึฐืจึนืช ืฆึนืื ึถืšึธ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืœึธืชึถืช ืœึธืšึฐ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื– ื™ื’). ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉืœื ืก ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”
ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”' ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืขืงื™ื“ื” "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื‘ึผึดื™ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ื ึฐืึปื ื”' ื•ื›ื•' ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืึฒื‘ึธืจึถื›ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธื” ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ืึถืช ื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ ื•ื›ื•'" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘). ื•ื›ืš ืงื™ื™ื ื”' ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื "ื•ึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื ื›ึผึธื‘ึตื“ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืงึฐื ึถื” ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผื‘ึทื–ึผึธื”ึธื‘" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื’ ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื• "ื•ึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื–ึธืงึตืŸ ื‘ึผึธื ื‘ึผึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ื•ื”' ื‘ึผึตืจึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึนืœ" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื“ ื).
ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง "ื•ึทื™ึผึดื–ึฐืจึทืข ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ื‘ึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื”ึดื•ื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื” ื”ึทื”ึดื•ื ืžึตืึธื” ืฉืึฐืขึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึตื”ื•ึผ ื”'. ื•ึทื™ึผึดื’ึฐื“ึผึทืœ ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึธืœื•ึนืšึฐ ื•ึฐื’ึธื“ึตืœ ืขึทื“ ื›ึผึดื™ ื’ึธื“ึทืœ ืžึฐืึนื“: ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืœื•ึน ืžึดืงึฐื ึตื” ืฆึนืืŸ ื•ึผืžึดืงึฐื ึตื” ื‘ึธืงึธืจ ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึปื“ึผึธื” ืจึทื‘ึผึธื” ื•ึทื™ึฐืงึทื ึฐืื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ืคึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื•) ื•ื›ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ "ื•ึทื™ึผึดืคึฐืจึนืฅ ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ืžึฐืึนื“ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืœื•ึน ืฆึนืืŸ ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผืฉืึฐืคึธื—ื•ึนืช ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื ื•ึผื’ึฐืžึทืœึผึดื™ื ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจึดื™ื" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ ืžื’). ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
ืขื•ืฉืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ โ€“ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช
ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” "ื›ึผึดื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึตืจึทื›ึฐืšึธ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึถืจ ืœึธืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึทืขึฒื‘ึทื˜ึฐืชึผึธ ื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื” ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒื‘ึนื˜ ื•ึผืžึธืฉืึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ื‘ึผึฐื’ื•ึนื™ึดื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐืšึธ ืœึนื ื™ึดืžึฐืฉืึนืœื•ึผ " (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•). ื•ื›ืŸ " ื•ึผื ึฐืชึธื ึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื’ึผื•ึนื™ึตื™ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ: ื•ึผื‘ึธืื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื’ึปืšึธ: ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ืจ ื•ึผื‘ึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื‘ึผึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื”: ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ื‘ึดื˜ึฐื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืคึฐืจึดื™ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืคึฐืจึดื™ ื‘ึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึถืšึธ ืฉืึฐื’ึทืจ ืึฒืœึธืคึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึทืฉืึฐืชึผึฐืจื•ึนืช ืฆึนืื ึถืšึธ: ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื˜ึทื ึฐืึฒืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐืึทืจึฐืชึผึถืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื—).
ืžื›ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื›ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื–ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื, ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื™ืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”' ืœื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื• ื•ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœื”ื ืฉืคืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื›ืช ืืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืืจ ื™ื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื "ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืื•ึผืœึธื ื•ึฐืœึทืžึผึดื–ึฐื‘ึผึตื—ึท ื™ึดื‘ึฐื›ึผื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดื™ื ืžึฐืฉืึธืจึฐืชึตื™ ื”' ื•ึฐื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ื•ึผืกึธื” ื”' ืขึทืœ ืขึทืžึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึดืชึผึตืŸ ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธืชึฐืšึธ ืœึฐื—ึถืจึฐืคึผึธื” ืœึดืžึฐืฉืึธืœ ื‘ึผึธื ื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื‘ึธืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืึทื™ึผึตื” ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื”ึถื" (ื™ื•ืืœ ื‘). ืžื›ืช ืืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”' ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
โ€ƒ
ื”ืื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ?

ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื›ื ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื•
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื›ื ื” "ื•ื™ืฉืžืŸ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืขื˜". ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื ื“ืจื™ื (ืœื—/ื) "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ืืœื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื—ื›ื ื•ืขื ื™ื•, ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืžืฉื”" ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื›ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ืžื” ื•ืขื ื™ื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื™"ื— ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ. "ื•ึฐืชึตืŸ ื˜ึทืœ ื•ึผืžึธื˜ึธืจ ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”. ื•ึฐืจึทื•ึผึตื” ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืชึตื‘ึตืœ ื•ึฐืฉึนึทื‘ึผึทืข ืึถืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ืžึดื˜ึผื•ึผื‘ึธืšึฐ. ื•ึผืžึทืœึผึตื ื™ึธื“ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืžึดื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ื•ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผืžึตืขึนืฉืึถืจ ืžึทืชึผึฐื ื•ึนืช ื™ึธื“ึถื™ืšึธ ".
ื’ื ื‘ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉึนึธื‘ึธืข ื•ื’ื "ืจึตื™ื•ึทื— ื•ึฐื”ึทืฆึผึธืœึธื” ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน ื™ึดืฉึนึฐืจึธืึตืœ". ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื•ึฐืชึทืฉึนึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืขึท ืึถืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ืžึดื˜ึผื•ึผื‘ึถืšึธ, ื•ึผืžึทืœึผึตื ื™ึธื“ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืžึดื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ื•ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผืžึตืขื•ึนืฉืึถืจ ืžึทืชึผึฐื ึทืช ื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ".
ื™ืื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™?
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” (ื˜/ื‘) ืฉืื•ืžืจืช "ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ืจ ื”ื™ ื”ื™ ื•ืืžืจื™ ืœื” ืœืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ "ื”ื ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืš ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ืš ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืขื•ื ื™'? ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ืžืฆื ืืœื ืขื ื™ื•ืช. ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืื™ืชื™ืžื ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืืžืจื™ ืื™ื ืฉื™ ื™ืื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื–ื ืกื•ืžืงื ืœืกื•ืกื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืจื" [ื›ืžื• ืจืกืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืœืกื•ืก ืœื‘ืŸ]. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœืขื™ืœ.
ื™ืื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชื โ€“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช
ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ (ืื™ื›ื” ื ื’) ืฉื™ืื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื "ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืŸ ืจื‘, ื›ื™ ืขื™"ื– ื‘ืื” ืงื ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื•ื—ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืงืจ". ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืคืœืื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกื–.) "ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื” ืœื ื• ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืงืœื•ืŸ ื›ืž"ืฉ ื—ื–"ืœ ื“ื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื ื›ืจื‘ื•, ื•ื–"ืฉ ื›ืื”ืœื™ ืงื“ืจ ื›ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”".
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ืจื™"ืฉ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื˜:) ื‘ืฉื ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ืฅ, "ืฉืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ืคื” ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช (ื•ื›ืื–ื”ืจืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืข"ื” ืœืžื” ืชืชืจืื•), ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื–ื ืกื•ืžืงื ื“ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืกื•ืกื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืจื ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœื ื›ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื”"ื” ื’ื ื™ืื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื".
ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ืก ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขืœื” ืžืขืœ 610 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”', ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืž-583 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœ-610 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘-27 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฆืคื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืชืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ืข ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-800 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ืžืขืœ 60.000$ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืชื•ืฆืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ืžื–ื ืง ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-60 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ. ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื–ื ืง ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœ-64 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ- 72,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื–ื• ื‘ืจื›ื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ 35 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืคืŸ. ืžืื– ื™ืจื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืœ-34 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœ-60 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸ. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืืžืจื• ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”-OECD. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืืฉื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข 1.2 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ 3.2 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ.
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
ื“ื•"ื— ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025 ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื 0.2%, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” 0.5%, ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” 0.7%, ืฆืจืคืช 0.7%, ืืจื”"ื‘ 2%, ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2.5%. ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื•. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืชืœ"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ. ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” โ€“ 59.9 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชืœ"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ. ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” - 56.6. ืฆืจืคืช 48.9. ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” - 43.16. ืกืคืจื“ - 38.04. ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” - 18.2. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืœ 60 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชืœ"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืจืง ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ืขืœื”.
ื”ืคืขืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
ื”ืคืขืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื“ื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. 13 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชืœ"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ. ืžืื– ื™ืจื“ื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœ-4 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœ-60 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”. ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืžืœ ืื• ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ืชืงื•ืขื” ืขื ืชืœ"ื’ ืฉืœ 35 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื–ื–ื”.
ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื‘-3 ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ืœืฉื ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘-4.6 ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ. ืžืื– ื ืกื’ืจื• ืœื”ื ืžืื’ืจื™ ื’ื– ื•ื ืคื˜ ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืงื ื•. ื ืกื’ืจื• ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืชื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืกื’ืจื• ืœื”ื ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืœืžื” ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืกื•ื’ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืชื— ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื›ืžื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื™ืจืง.
ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื” ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื. ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืฉืœื”ื 89.6 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘-57$. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœืชื "ืš ื•ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืชื "ืš ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”.
โ€ƒ
ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช

ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทื’ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึดื™ื ืฉืึถืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ืคึผึฐืจื•ึผื˜ึธื” ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทื›ึผึดื™ืก ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึถื›ึถืช ื‘ึผื•ึน
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืคืข ืžืฉืžื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง. "ื™ึดืคึฐืชึผึทื— ื”' ืœึฐืšึธ ืึถืช ืื•ึนืฆึธืจื•ึน ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืœึธืชึตืช ืžึฐื˜ึทืจ ืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืชึผื•ึน ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึดืœึฐื•ึดื™ืชึธ ื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื” ืœึนื ืชึดืœึฐื•ึถื”: ื•ึผื ึฐืชึธื ึฐืšึธ ื”' ืœึฐืจึนืืฉื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืœึฐื–ึธื ึธื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ืจึทืง ืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐืžึธื˜ึผึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึดืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืึถืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึนืช ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช".
ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืœืžื“ื• ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื—:) "ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง, ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทื’ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึดื™ื ืฉืึถืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ืคึผึฐืจื•ึผื˜ึธื” ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทื›ึผึดื™ืก ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึถื›ึถืช ื‘ึผื•ึน, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ, (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื—) 'ืœึธืชึตืช ืžึฐื˜ึทืจ ืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืชึผื•ึน, ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ'". ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืฉื ืคืชื— ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืชื™ื—ืชื• ืžื‘ืจื›ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืขื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื
ื‘ืื•ืชื ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฉืคืข ืžืฉืžื™ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ื‘ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ "ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื”' ืึถืช ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึถื™ืšึธ ื”ึทืงึผึธืžึดื™ื ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื ึดื’ึผึธืคึดื™ื ืœึฐืคึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื™ึตืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึธื” ื“ึฐืจึธื›ึดื™ื ื™ึธื ื•ึผืกื•ึผ ืœึฐืคึธื ึถื™ืšึธ". ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื• " ื™ึฐืฆึทื• ื”' ืึดืชึผึฐืšึธ ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ื‘ึผึทืึฒืกึธืžึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึดืฉืึฐืœึทื— ื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึธืšึฐ: ". ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื• "ื•ึฐืจึธืื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึทืžึผึตื™ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึดื™ ืฉืึตื ื”' ื ึดืงึฐืจึธื ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึฐืื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึถืšึผึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื—).
ืื ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื โ€“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช. ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืœื• โ€“ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”. "ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืื ืœื ืืžืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉื - ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•" (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื“ ื”). ืืžื ื ืื ืื“ื ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืจื“, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื” ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื”.
ื›ืžื” ื˜ืœ ื•ื›ืžื” ื’ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื?
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื›-66 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฆืคืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” 29,950 ื“ื•ื ื ืื“ืžื” ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›-120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ. ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจืžื™ื, ืžืฉืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžื”ืžื™ื ืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื ืจืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื˜ืœ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื—ื“ ืœ-3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื˜ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— โ€“ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ "ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—" ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืจื•ื— ืื™ืŸ ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ . ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื”ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืœืืจืฅ ืžื˜ืจ". ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคืช ื’ืฉื ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืžืื“ื” ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื.
ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก
ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืืช ืื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•. ืžืฉื ื ืขื™ื ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืœื—ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉ"ืฉื•ืื‘" ืืœื™ื• ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื— ืžื”ื™ื, ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœื” ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขื ื ื™ื.
ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—, ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื“ืžืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืžืฆืžื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื•ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”: "ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉื". ื”ืจื•ื— ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ืžืชืขื‘ื” ืœืขื ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื›ื’ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉื โ€“ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช
ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ืฉื ืœื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ืฉื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื“ื ืฉืžื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช - ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉื. ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืขืค"ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืžืข, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ; ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื™ืชืคืœืœ ื•ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืžืข ืžืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ" (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื“ ื‘).
ื’ืฉื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
ื›ืฉืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืงืœื”, ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ5 ืœ-6.5 . pH ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ืžื ื’ืŸ ื•ื”ืื‘ืฅ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืฆืžื—. ืื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ื”ื ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื. ืื ื”ื’ืฉื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ (pH โ‰ฅ 8) ืชื™ืคื’ืข ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืžื ื’ืŸ ื•ืื‘ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ื”' ืืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืขื•ืœื.
ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”

ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ืžืชืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืขื™ืœื”. "ื•ึทื™ึผึทื’ึผึดื“ื•ึผ ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืคึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื ึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดืงึฐืขึดื™ืœึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึตืžึผึธื” ืฉืึนืกึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทื’ึผึณืจึธื ื•ึนืช: ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืึทืœ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ื‘ื”' ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื”ึทืึตืœึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึผึตื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ึผึทืคึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื”' ืึถืœ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ืœึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึผึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึทืคึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ื•ืฉืึทืขึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ืงึฐืขึดื™ืœึธื”" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื’).
ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ. ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื™ืงื• ืœื’ืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื™ ื“ึธื•ึดื“ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ืคึนื” ื‘ึผึดื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื™ึฐืจึตืึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ื›ึผึดื™ ื ึตืœึตืšึฐ ืงึฐืขึดืœึธื” ืึถืœ ืžึทืขึทืจึฐื›ื•ึนืช ืคึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื: ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืกึถืฃ ืขื•ึนื“ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ืœึดืฉืึฐืึนืœ ื‘ื”' ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึฒื ึตื”ื•ึผ ื”' ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืงื•ึผื ืจึตื“ ืงึฐืขึดื™ืœึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืึถืช ืคึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ: ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึถืšึฐ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ื•ึทืึฒื ึธืฉืึธื™ื• ืงึฐืขึดื™ืœึธื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดืœึผึธื—ึถื ื‘ึผึทืคึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื•ึทื™ึผึดื ึฐื”ึทื’ ืึถืช ืžึดืงึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึทื™ึผึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ืžึทื›ึผึธื” ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื•ึทื™ึผืฉืึทืข ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ืึตืช ื™ืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ืงึฐืขึดื™ืœึธื”".
ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืžื”/ื) ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืžื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื• ืขืœ ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืชื ื™ื ื ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื• ื•ื›ื•' ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ืื• ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช". ืื‘ืœ "ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืืœื ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ืชื‘ืŸ ื•ืงืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช". ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืฉื›ื˜ ื•).
ื”ื’ืžืจื ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ื™ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืกืคืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจ ืžื ื™ื•ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ืœ ื›ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืกืคืจ ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื ื ื”ืจื“ืขื". ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืคืกืง ื›ื™ "ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืคื™' ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ืŸ, ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ื•ืœื‘ื•ื– ืžืžื•ื ื• ื™ื”ืจื’ื ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื™ ืขืกืงื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช" (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื˜ ื–). ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ, ื•ื”' ืื•ืžืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื”ืœื—ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคืฆืข ื•ืœื”ื”ืจื’, ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ื™ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื”ื โ€“ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื™ื›ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื”ืฆืœืช ืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื”
ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืืžืจื• ืฉื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ ืžืœืš ืขืจื“ ื ืฉื‘ืชื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื™ื‘: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืœึธึผื—ึถื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื‘ึฐึผ ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ืฉึถืื‘ึดื™" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื). ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืืžืจื• ืฉื”"ืฉื‘ื™" ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช (ื™ืœืง"ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืชืฉืกื“). ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืขืฉื• ืขืกืงืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืชื” - ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ื™ืœื—ืžื• ืขืœ ืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืขืœ ืงืฉ ื•ืชื‘ืŸ, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืกืœื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืจื•ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืืจื•ืข ื˜ืจื•ืจ
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืื• ืฉืจื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืชื "ืš, ื”ื’ืžืจื ืื• ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš. ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืฉืจืคื• ื”ืขื–ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืงืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืืจื•ืข ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืืจื•ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืฆืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื•.
ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”
ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื’/ื‘) ืžืชืืจืช ื’ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืงืคื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. "ื“ึผึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ื—ึทื ึผึธื ื‘ึผึทืจ ื‘ึผึดื™ื–ึฐื ึธื, ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ื—ึฒืกึดื™ื“ึธื, ื›ึผึดื ึผื•ึนืจ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืชึผึธืœื•ึผื™ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ืžึดืžึผึดื˜ึผึธืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“, ื•ึฐื›ึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืขึท ื—ึฒืฆื•ึนืช ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื”, ื‘ึผึธื ืจื•ึผื—ึท ืฆึฐืคื•ึนื ึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื ื•ึนืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ึผืžึฐื ึทื’ึผึตืŸ ืžึตืึตืœึธื™ื•, ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืขื•ึนืžึตื“ ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืกึตืง ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืขึธืœึธื” ืขึทืžึผื•ึผื“ ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื—ึทืจ. ื•ึฐื›ึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถืขึธืœึธื” ืขึทืžึผื•ึผื“ ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื—ึทืจ, ื ึดื›ึฐื ึฐืกื•ึผ ื—ึทื›ึฐืžึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืฆึฐืœื•ึน, ื•ึฐืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ืœื•ึน, ืึฒื“ื•ึนื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ, ืขึทืžึผึฐืšึธ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึดื™ืŸ ืคึผึทืจึฐื ึธืกึธื”. ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึธื”ึถื, ื™ึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึฐืคึผึทืจึฐื ึฐืกื•ึผ ื–ึถื” ืžึดื–ึผึถื”. ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœื•ึน, ืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืงึผึนืžึถืฅ ืžึทืฉื‚ึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืขึท ืึถืช ื”ึธืึฒืจึดื™, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึนืจ ืžึดืชึฐืžึทืœึผึตื ืžึตื—ื•ึผืœึฐื™ึธืชื•ึน. ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึธื”ึถื, ืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึผืคึดืฉึผืึฐื˜ื•ึผ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื“ื•ึผื“. ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ ื™ื•ึนืขึฒืฆึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทืึฒื—ึดื™ืชึนืคึถืœ ื•ึฐื ึดืžึฐืœึธื›ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึทื ึฐื”ึถื“ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืึฒืœึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึธืื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืชึปืžึผึดื™ื".
ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืฉืžืขื• โ€“ ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื
ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืขื•ืฉื” " ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืฉืžืขื•" (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื” ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชื ืื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”?
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžืœืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™. "ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืžืชื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืœื”ืจื™ื ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืœืžืœืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆื“ืง ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”' ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ืชื—ืœื” ืืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืฉืคื˜ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื• ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ื ืœื—ื ืืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•" (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ืคืจืง ื“ ื™). ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžืœืš ืœืฆืืช ื’ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื—ื“
ืขื•ื“ ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืขื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ึทื›ึฐืžึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ืขื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืึฒื—ึดื™ืชึนืคึถืœ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉ"ื ึดืžึฐืœึธื›ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึทื ึฐื”ึถื“ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืึฒืœึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึธืื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืชึปืžึผึดื™ื" ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื” "ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื—ื“" (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”: ื‘). ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื–ื• "ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช". ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืขื“ ืจื“ืชื” (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•).
ื”ื ืœืžื“ืช ืฉื’ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ืจืฉืขื™ื, ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื–ืจืข ื”ืจืฉืขื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื• "ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืœึธืชึธื” ืชึดืงึฐืคึผึนืฅ ืคึผึดื™ื”ึธ. ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึดืฉืึฐืขึธื” ื›ึปืœึผึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึถืขึธืฉืึธืŸ ืชึผึดื›ึฐืœึถื”. ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึทืขึฒื‘ึดื™ืจ ืžึถืžึฐืฉืึถืœึถืช ื–ึธื“ื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ. ื•ึฐืชึดืžึฐืœึนืšึฐ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ื”' ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืžึฐื”ึตืจึธื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉึนึถื™ืšึธ. ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทืจ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึทืŸ ื›ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ึถืšึธ. ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ืขึดื™ืจ ืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉืึถืšึธ. ื›ึผึทื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืงึธื“ึฐืฉืึถืš".
ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
ืงื“ื•ืฉื” = ื‘ืจื›ื”
ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื™ ืคืขื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืžื ื•ื”ืœืš ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ืกืง. ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืžื›ืจื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ืกืง ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื”. ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘: ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืกืฃ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื. ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš ืฉืœื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช. ืกื™ืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืืžืจื” ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช: ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืฆื ื•ืขื•ืช - ืืœ ืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ืฉื ื™ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฆื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืžื ื™.
ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื ืืœื™ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืกื”. ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืื– ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื•: ื”ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช? ื›ืŸ, ืขื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืฉ. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื”ืจื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. "ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึถืšึฐ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื•ึทื™ึฐืงึทื“ึผึตืฉื ืึนืชื•ึน" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื‘' ื’'). ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.
ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ื”ืื ืืฉืชืš ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ? ื”ืจื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื•ืืžืจ: ืœื. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘: ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœืืฉืชืš ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืืฉื”. ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืชื‘ื•ื ืœืš ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”.
ื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœืืฉืชื• ื•ืืžืจ ืœื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘. ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืืฉื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ื•ืœื•. ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœืจื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืฉืชื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”.
ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘: ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ืš ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”. ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื’ื ืืฉืชื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื•.


ืฉืืœื•ืช

ื—ื–ืง ื•ืืžืฅ. ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ืคืฆื•ืข ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืขืก ื•ืžืชืคืจืฅ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืœื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง.
ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœืš ื–ื• ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื. ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœืš. ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืš ื•ืœื•. ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”





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ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆืคืช. ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ.
ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
     ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
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    51 ื“ืง'
    ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”

    ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช

    ืืžื•ื ื” ื˜' - ื™'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืคืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืจื”. ื”ืคืกืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืช "ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืขื•ืœื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืžืชืžืžืฉืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื›ื•ื— ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื”ืคืกืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ืขื“ ืฉื’ื ื”ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืื•ืจ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ | ื“' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    31 ื“ืง'
    ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช

    ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื ืชื— ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืจืื‘"ื“ ื”ืื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื "ืžืชืงืŸ ื›ืœื™" ืื• ืžืฉื•ื "ื˜ื•ืจื—" ืžืฉื‘ืช ืœื—ื•ืœ. ื“ืจืš ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืจื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืื• ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื” ืœื—ื•ืœ. ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื” (ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ืฉืžืคืจื™ืข ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื•ื ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ืช) โ€“ ืžื•ืชืจืช, ืืš ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ โ€“ ืืกื•ืจื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ | ื”' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™

    ืฉื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฆ"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช

    ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื˜ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, ื™ื—ืก ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื - ืฉื™ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”' ืœื ื’ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืืช ื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื”..."

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื”' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืคื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื˜ื ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช ื—ืœืง ื‘'

    ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื’ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื” ืฉื’ื’, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    31 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื—ื˜ื ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช ื—ืœืง ื'

    ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉื” ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืขืฉืจื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื˜ื ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    32 ื“ืง'
    ื›ืฉืจื•ืช

    ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื—ืœื‘ ื—ืœืง ื’'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืจื™ ืœื—ืœื‘ื™ ืื• ืœื”ืคืš, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืืกื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœืชืงืœื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืกืงื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื ืช 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื—ืฆื™ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืคืจื˜ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื›ืœื™ื ืœืคืกื—, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืœื™ "ืคืจื•ื•ื”" ืœื‘ืฉืจื™/ื—ืœื‘ื™, ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il