ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื•ื™ืงืจื
  • ื•ื™ืงืจื
undefined
3 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœื ื", ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• "ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ" โ€“ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื (ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื”'ืช"ืค 1720). ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื ื. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืคืขืœื• ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขืžื ื• ืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช:
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• - ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืœื•ื–ื™ืŸ, ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• - ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื•ื‘ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืงืœื•ื‘, ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืงืก"ื— 1808. ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžื•"ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ื–ื›ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืขืžื•, ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืœืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•"ืข (ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช).
ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœื ื ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ "ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”", ืฉืคืจื ืกื” ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื“ ืื–, ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืงืค"ื— 1816 ืขืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื˜ืจ ื”"ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ืชื• ื ื—ืงืง: "ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื– ื”ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืื™ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื“ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืชื•, ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ืžื•"ื” ืžื ื—ื ืžื ืขื ื“ื™ืœ ื–ืœืœื”"ื” (ื”)ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™, ืืฉืจ ืื–ืŸ ื•ื—ืงืจ ื•ืชืงืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื”"ืง ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”".
ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืงืฆ"ื– (1836) ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ืžื ื—ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืชื™ืœื• ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ "ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื”" ืฉื ื”ืจืก ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืช"ืค 1720 (ืฉื ืช ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื). ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ืš ืงืฉื”. ื‘ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืงืฆ"ื– (1837) ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืžืืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ (ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžื ื™). ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฆื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฆื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื”ืจื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจื™"ื (1851), ื‘ื ื™ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืืœื” ืจืฆื—ื•ื”ื• ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ื‘ื ืืช ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื•. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ืฉืžื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืจืฆืœ, ื›ืžื™ ืฉืกื™ืžืœ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœื ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืืช ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื ืช ื”'ืช"ืจ (1840). ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืžื™ืš ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืคืกื•ืง ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืคืกื— "ื”ึทื ึผึดืฆึผึธื ึดื™ื ื ึดืจึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืขึตืช ื”ึทื–ึผึธืžึดื™ืจ ื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืขึท ื•ึฐืงื•ึนืœ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึทืข ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึตื ื•ึผ" (ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘, ื™ื‘). ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืงืฆ"ื– (1837).
ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช. ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืฉื ืคืชื— ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืขื. ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืช"ืจ (1840) ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืกื’ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืจ"ืœ, ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื˜ (ืกืคื˜' 1939). ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”.
ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ, ืฉืœื ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจื• "ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื•ืกื™ื›ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื– (1897): "ื‘ื‘ืื–ืœ ื”ืงืžืชื™ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื". ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช: "ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™"; "ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื• ืืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื".
ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื•ืžืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” - ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ, ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช. ืื•ืžื ื, ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืœื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืœื•ื–ื™ืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ". ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื.
ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— โ€“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• "ืงื•ึนืœ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึทืข ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึตื ื•ึผ", ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.

ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœืฉืืœื”: ื”ืื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื?

ื ื•ื“ื” ืœืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื•ื ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš
ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉืœืžื”.
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขื ืžืคืงื“ื™ื”ื.
ื ืงืจื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.


(ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘)


ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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