ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื
  • ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  • ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช
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16 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืจื‘ืงื” ื‘ืช ืฆื™ืœื”

ืžื‘ื•ื
ืฆื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื ืืกืชืจ ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื—ื” (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื—, ื™ื˜). ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื’ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืžื™ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื›ื•ืœื•? ื”ืื ื›ืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ืืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœืชื•? ื•ืžื™ื”ื• ืฉืจืฉืื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืชืขื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ?

ื. ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“
ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื, ื“) ื”ื•ื‘ื ืกื“ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื:
ื”ื’ื™ืข ื™"ื– ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ืจื“ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื’' ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช (=ืฉื ื™, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฉื ื™): ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉื—ืฉื™ื›ื”, ื•ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื‘ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”.

ืชืขื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช. ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื (ื, ื”) ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ืจื“ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืกืœื•:
ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ : ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉื—ืฉื™ื›ื”, ื•ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื‘ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”.

ื›ืืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืจื“ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื (ื, ื•):
ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœื• ื•ืœื ื ืขื ื•, ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ : ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ื•ืืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื‘ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื ื•ืขืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช.

ืื ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื•, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
ื‘ืืœื• ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืขืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœื• ื•ืœื ื ืขื ื•, ืžืžืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื˜ื™ืขื”, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื–ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืขื ื™ืŸ.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืขื ื• ืจืง ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืขื ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ืžึดืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชืขื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ: ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช? ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ? ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ? ื•ื”ืื ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื’ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ? ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืื ื’ื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ.
ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืชื ืื™ื ื•ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื’, ื“) ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืจ' ื—ื ื™ื ื, ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ืจ' ืื—ื ื•ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื™ื“ ืข"ื) ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช:
ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฆืขืจื. ื’ื–ืจ ืชืœืช ืขืฉืจื” ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืื™ืขื ื™. 1

ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื›ื“ ืข"ืโ€“ืข"ื‘; ื›ื” ืข"ื) ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืฆืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ: ืจื‘, ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ, ืจื‘ื”, ืจื‘ ืคืคื, ืจื‘ ื—ืžื, ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™, ืœื•ื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ โ€“ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
ืžื” ืชื•ืงืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ?

ื‘. ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ
ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื™ื ืข"ื‘) ื ืืžืจ:
ืืžืจ ืจ' ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื: ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืืœื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ? ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื:

1. ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ
ืชื•ืก' ืฉื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: "ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืฉืžื™ื". 2 ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื™ ืข"ื) ื ืืžืจ: "[ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ] ื˜ื‘ืขื ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ืฉื ื™". ืžื›ืืŸ ื ืกื™ืง, ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื’ื ืฉื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื’ืฉื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ. 3
ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœืคืกื—ื™ื ื ื“ ืข"ื‘, ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ, ืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื•ืก' ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ โ€“ "ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืฉืžื™ื". ื’ื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ ืข"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™, ื“"ื” ืขืชื™ืจื”: "ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืฉืงื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืœื ืžื˜ืจ, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืฉืžื™ื". ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืชื•ืก' ื›ืืŸ (ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืžื ื ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื), ืื• ืฉื‘ื‘ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ืฉืžื™ื; ืืš ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื“ื•ืžื”: ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื.
ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืจืฉ"ื™: "ืื ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืืกืจ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื". ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฉืžืข, ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื’ืžืจื: "ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ" ืœื ื‘ื ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืืœื ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”: ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืืกืจ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืจืง ืžืฆื•ื, ืื™-ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืื™-ืฉืชื™ื”, ืžื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื™ื“ ืข"ื) โ€“ ืœื ื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืชื•ืก' ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื’ ืข"ื, ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืœ:
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืืœื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืžื™ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™"ื– ืชืžื•ื– ื•ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”. ื›ืš ืคืกืง ืจืื‘ื™"ื”. ื•ืจ' ื™ื•ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืืกืจ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืŸ.

2. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ
ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจ"ืŸ, ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ" ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ืงืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ; ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ืื• ืœืื•ืกืจื ื‘ืžืœืื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื; ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืกืจื ื‘ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ืื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื‘ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ โ€“ ื”ื•ืชืจื• ืœื”ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœื. ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื”ื "ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืฉื™ื". 4

3. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ
ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื, ื, ืžื ืžืง ืืช ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืื‘ื™"ื”:
ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืื‘ื™"ื” 5 , ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื ืฉื™ื, ื“ื’ืจืกื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื‘, ื): "ืจ' ื—ืœื‘ื• ืืžืจ ืœืจ' ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืื”: ืคื•ืง ืขืžืš ื•ืฆืขืจืš ืขื‘ืจ. ืืžืจ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™: ื”ื“ื ื“ืชื™ืžื ืืœื• ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืชื ื ืชืขื ื™ืชื, ื“ืœื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืื” ืขืžื ื•".

ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ืžืคืจืฉ: "ืื™ื ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืชื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขืžื ื•". 6 ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื•ืืจื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘:
ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื™ ืข"ื) ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจืชื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื‘, ื) ื›ืชื•ื‘: " 'ื™ืฆื ื—ืชืŸ ืžื—ื“ืจื• ื•ื›ืœื” ืžื—ื•ืคืชื”' (ื™ื•ืืœ ื‘, ื˜ื–) โ€“ ื—ืชืŸ ื–ื” ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœื” ื–ื” ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ืจ' ื—ืœื‘ื• ืืžืจ ืœืจ' ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืื”: ืคื•ืง ืขืžืŸ ื•ืฆืขืจืš ืขื‘ืจ. ืืžืจ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™: ื”ื“ื ืืžืจื” ืื™ืœื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ืื ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืŸ. ืœืžื”? ื“ืœื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืขืžืš". ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื•"ืœ, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ืŸ ืขืžื”ื ื•ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ืขืชื ื•ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื”. ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘, ืฉื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ" โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™: ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื, ื”โ€“ื•) ื ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื (ื‘, ื) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ" ืื• ื‘"ื ืฉื™ื" โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื”, ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื‘, ื) ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืจืืฉ ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ: "ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืืคืจ ืžืงืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ , ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•. ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ืŸ". 7 ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืฉื ืกื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื•, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื; ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช (ื, ื”โ€“ื•), ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื ืœืžื“, ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, 8 ืืœื ืœืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื. ืชืขื ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืง ืื ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืžืงืจืœื™ืŸ, ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื” ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจืชื ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช.
ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื›ื“ ืข"ื):
"ื“ื‘ื™ ื ืฉื™ืื” ื’ื–ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืชื, ื•ืœื ืื•ื“ื•ืขื™ ืœืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ืœืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืœืงื™ืฉ. ืœืฆืคืจื ืื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื•. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืœืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, ื”ื ืœื ืงื‘ืœื™ื ืŸ? ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื™ื™ื”ื• ื’ืจืจื™ื ืŸ" โ€“ ื”ื™ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืงื‘ืœื” ื ืžื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื•ื™ ืœื™ื” ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจืจื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืขื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• "ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ" โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื‘ืœ"... ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื ืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื–ื• ืืœื ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืืกืจื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช โ€“ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ืŸ ื›"ื“ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื•ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ืขื™ืœื”.

ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“. 9 ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“. 10

ื’. ืื•ืคื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ
ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ืžื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘, ืืš ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืžืœืื›ื”, ืกื™ื›ื”, ืจื—ื™ืฆื”, ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ ื•ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”. ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ื” ืชืคื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. 11 ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื’ ืžื›ืš, ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ.
ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืžืกื›ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืš:
ื ืžืฆืืช ืœืžื“, ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืชื”ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืื—ื“; ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจืขื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืš, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืช ืฆืจื” ืฉื–ืžื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืขื” ื“ื—ื•ืงื” ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืจื—ืžื™ื.

ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, 12 ืื•ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื’, ื™ื, ืคื•ืกืง ื›ืš:
ื›ืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืฉืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.

ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื•ื”ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืกื™ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ "ื›ื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ".
ื”ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื, ื™, ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช. ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืกื‘, ื“"ื” ื’ื. 13 ื”ืจืื‘"ื“, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจื"ืฉ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื, ื™ื’, ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืจืžื‘"ืŸ:
ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ืจื™ื– ื•ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ืžืชืคืœืœื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช. ื•ืื™ืชื ืœื”ื ืžื™ืœืชื ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื›ื“ ืข"ื), ื“ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉื™ืื” ื’ื–ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืชื. ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืœืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ืœื ืงื‘ื™ืœื ื? ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื“ื‘ื™ ืจื™ืฉ ื’ืœื•ืชื ืกืžื›ื™ื ืŸ. 14

ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“, ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืงื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“. ื”ื•ื›ื—ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ืื“ื‘ื™ ืจื™ืฉ ื’ืœื•ืชื ืกืžื›ื™ื ืŸ", ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื’ืžืจื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื”: "ืื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื™ื™ื”ื• ื’ืจืจื™ื ืŸ" โ€“ ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช.
ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื• ืืฃ ืจื™ืฉ ื’ืœื•ืชื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื”ืœืœื•, ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืื‘ื™"ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื, ื˜.
ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช, ื” ืข"ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ืžืขืœื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœืื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืื ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื”ื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืืœื™ื•. ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืžืจื, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ื–ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืจ"ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื’, ื™ื, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจ"ืŸ, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•"ืœ ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœืื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.
ื’ื ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื‘ ืข"ื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘, ืฉืื ื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื’ื–ืจื• ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”. ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจ, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืขื”, ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ืœืชืขื ื™ืชื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ืื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืื•"ื—, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืกื‘, ืœื‘, ื›ื•ืชื‘, ืฉื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ื™ื ืงื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืžื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆืจื” ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืฆืจื” ื”ืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืชืขื ื™ืช (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ ืข"ื ื•-ื™ื‘ ืข"ื‘). ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื“ ืข"ื ื•-ื›ื“ ืข"ืโ€“ืข"ื‘). ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื‘, ื), ื‘ืจื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื.
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ื” ืข"ื): " 'ืœื ื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื”' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜, ื™) โ€“ ืืœื• ืจืืฉื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ". ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ืžืคืจืฉ: "ืฉื‘ื˜ โ€“ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืจืจื”". ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”: "'ื•ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื•' โ€“ ืืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืœ ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื", ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™: "ืžื—ื•ืงืง โ€“ ืฉืจืจื” ืžื•ืขื˜ืช". ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื— ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื•. ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ืจืง ืจืืฉ ื’ืœื•ืชื. ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืืžื ื, ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื‘, ื) ืฉืืžืจ: "ืืœื• ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืชื, ื“ืœื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืื” ืขืžื ื•" โ€“ ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื— ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช-ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื ืกื•ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืจืืฉ ื’ืœื•ืชื ืขื•ืกืง ืจืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” โ€“ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช โ€“ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื“. ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืื™ืคื•ื, ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืฃ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื. ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœื ื“ื ื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื ืกื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื. 15
ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื”ืื ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœืื”? ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื ื—, ืขืž' ืจื ื‘:
ื”ื ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื โ€“ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืฉืืจ ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•. ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืืกืชืจ, ื”ื™ื• ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉื“ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœืœ. ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื“ืœื’ืฉืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš, ื•ืœืฉืืจ ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•. 16

ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื ืฉื™ื.
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ โ€“ ืžืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืžืชื•ืก' ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘ ืžืฉืžืข, ืฉืจืง ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืฉืืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื—ื•"ืœ ื™ืฉ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ืฉื™ื. ืืš ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื’, ื™ื, ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•"ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืžื™ื.
ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืื•"ื—, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืขื”, ื”, ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืžืขืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืื’ื™ื–, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฆ, ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืงืžืื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืŸ" ื ืืžืจ ืจืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืก (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืคื“ ืข"ื‘); ื•ืขื•ื“: ืื ื›ืš ื”ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืจืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ โ€“ ืœื. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืกืžื•ืš; ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื ืฉื™ื, ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืกืชื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ื›ืš ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื’, ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืš ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื ืฉื™ื; ื•ื”ืจืื™ื”โ€“ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื’, ื™ื, ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ืฉื™ื.
ื”ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื’ื ืื ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืก, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ; "ืืš ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ืฉื›ื™ื— ืชื“ื™ืจ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืชื“ื™ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™, ืื•ืงืžื•ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืื•ืจื—ื”, ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื•, ื“ืฉื›ื™ื— ื•ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ื” ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืก ื›ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ". ืืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืžืžืฉ, ืืœื ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืจืง ืืžืจื• ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืชืจืฆื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืขืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. 17
ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ; ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืฉ"ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื• ื“ืงืžืื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืŸ". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืขื”, ืก"ืง ื›ื”, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ.
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืื‘"ื“, ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžืฆื•ื” ืจืคื“, ืื•ืช ื›ื“, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืจ"ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ. ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื›ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ ืข"ื, ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื "ืงื”ืœ", ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื›ืš ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื’ื’ื•ืช ื™ื’, ื‘, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“, ื“: "ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื 'ืงื”ืœ', ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืงืจื ืื•ืชื 'ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ' โ€“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื–ื•ืœืชื ืฉื‘ื—ื•"ืœ".
ื”ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, ื™ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ื–ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื‘, ื). ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืขืžื”ื" โ€“ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืœื ืจืง ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ.
ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื ืจื™ื”, ืฆื ื™ืฃ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืขืž' 115โ€“116, ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื™ื ืข"ื‘), ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื โ€“ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืืœื ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื ืฉื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืช ืงื”ืœ ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื ืฉื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืงื”ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืžื” ื’ื ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื). 18
ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืง ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื "ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ", ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืจืง ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ืฉื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื’, ื™ื, ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื”.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ:
ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื ืฉื™ื, ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื•ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช-ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช. ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ "ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“.
ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืฉืื™ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช-ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจืช, ื›ืœืœ ืืจืฆื™ืช ืื• ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื ื”ืฉืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืš.

ื‘. ืื•ืคื™ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ:
ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื: ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืฉืชื™ื”, ืจื—ื™ืฆื”, ืกื™ื›ื”, ืžืœืื›ื”, ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ ื•ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”. ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื• ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื’ื ื ืขื™ืœื”.
ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ โ€“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘. ื’ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื‘ื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœื”ึผ ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช. ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืื•ืกืจืช ืจืง ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื”. ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื• ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื ืขื™ืœื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.


ืžืชื•ืš:
ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืชืฉืก"ื“,
ืขืž' 539-529


^ 1. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื, ื“"ื” ื’ื–ืจ, ืชื•ืก' ื“"ื” ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉื™ืื”, ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจื‘ื ื™ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื•ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื.
^ 2. ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉื•: ืชื•ืก' ืฉื, ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื‘ ืข"ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘, ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, ื•ืขื•ื“.
^ 3. ื›ืš ืžืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘, ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื‘ ืข"ื‘.
^ 4. ืจ"ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช, ื” ืข"ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืื‘"ื“.
^ 5. ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืชื ื“.
^ 6. ื›ืš ืžืคืจืฉ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืžืงืจืœื™ืŸ, ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื” ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘.
^ 7. ืจืื”: ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœ, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื›"ื˜, ืขืž' 212โ€“214, ื•ื”ืขืจื” 79. ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, "ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื", ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ 2001, ืขืž' 68, 125โ€“131.
^ 8. "ื‘ื‘ืœ" ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจืื”: ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง, ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™"ื”, ื‘, ืขืž' ืชืฆื˜.
^ 9. ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื‘ ืข"ื; ืฉื•"ืข, ืื•"ื—, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืกื‘, ื”โ€“ื•.
^ 10. ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืจืื”: ื”ื’ืจื™"ื“ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื‘ื ืžืืจื™, ื—ืœืง ื, ืขืž' ืกื˜โ€“ืคื˜.
^ 11. ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืชืขื ื™ืช ื˜ื– ืข"ื‘; ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื“, ื”โ€“ื˜ื–; ื‘ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื, ื”ืœื›ื” ื˜ื•; ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืข, ืื•"ื—, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืขื˜.
^ 12. ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช, ื” ืข"ื ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ; ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘; ื”ื˜ื•ืจ (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ), ืื•"ื—, ืชืงืกื“, ื“"ื” ืชืขื ื™ืช; ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•"ื—, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืขื”, ื“"ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช. ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœืคืกื—ื™ื ื ื“ ืข"ื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื ืื•ืช.
^ 13. ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืคื•ืกืง ื’ื ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ืื•"ื—, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงืขื”, ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื, ืก"ืง ื™, ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ืื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš.
^ 14. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื ื˜.
^ 15. ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื˜ื• ืข"ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื”, ื˜; ืฉื•"ืข, ื—ื•"ืž, ื, ื.
^ 16. ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื“ื” ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ ืข"ื, ื“"ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื ืข"ื‘, ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช.
^ 17. ืจืื” ืขื•ื“: ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™, ืฉื•"ืช ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื˜.
^ 18. ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื’, ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื ืกืง, ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืœืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื. ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ืขื, ืจืื”: ื”ื’ืจื™"ื“ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืขืž' ืงืžื”โ€“ืงืกื“; ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื ืจื™ื”, ืฆื ื™ืฃ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืขืž' 55.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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