ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื
  • ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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11 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืืช

ื—ื™ื” ืžืœื›ื” ื‘ืช ืจื—ืœ

ื“ื™ืœื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื“ืœืชื ื™
ื”ืฉืœ"ื” ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืœืง ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ ื
ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจืข ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืื•ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœื”', ื•ืืฃ ืฉื—ืจื” ืืฃ ื”' ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ืœื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืกืจ ืื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื”' ืžื™ื™ืกืจื ื•, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื• ืœื”ื–ื“ื›ืš ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื—ื˜ืืช ื•ืคืฉืข, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืš ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื’, ืจืง ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“. ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžืžืจืงื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืคืจืฉ ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ืื– ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ืžืžืš ื”' ื›ื™ ื“ืœื™ืชื ื™, ื•ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”. ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื ืžื”ื—ืฉืš, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื—ืฉืš. ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ื ื”ืžืชื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ, ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ื”' ืืช ื”ืงืœืœื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืงืœืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ื ืชื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื ืขื•ื ืš ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื– ื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื . ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืžืชื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื“ืชื ืŸ (ืฉื‘ืช ืœื, ื‘) ื”ืกื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช. ื•ืฆื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ืฆื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื•' ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื”ืจืžื– ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘, ื”), ื—ื’ ืœื”' ืžื—ืจ, ื•ืืžืจ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืจืžื– ื›ื™ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœื—ื’ ืœืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื ืงืจื ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื›ื” ื, ื˜ื•), ืงืจื ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืขื“, ืขืœ ืฉื ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื’. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆืื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื” ื“ืœืขืชื™ื“, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ, ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฆืืชืš ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืŸ ืืจืื ื• ื ืคืœืื•ืช (ืžื™ื›ื” ื–, ื˜


ื”ืžืœืš ื™ืฆื ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื
ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกืขื™
ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืœื ื• ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื–"ืœ ื”ื "ืœ ืจืžื– ื‘ืคืกื•ืง (ืื™ื›ื” ื, ื’) ื›ืœ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ื“ืฃ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืื– ืื™ืžืชื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืœื˜ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืื– ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ื• ื•ื™ืื–ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืฆืคื•ืจ ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ืžืงื ื” ื•ื’ื•' (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื–, ื—), ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ืžืœื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื”ื ืขื›"ืœ:
ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”' ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืžืจืื” ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจ ื ืคืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื— ืœื‘ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ืœื“ ืžื ื—ื ื•ื™ื’ืืœื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื•ื™ืฉืžื— ื”' ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื:

ืžืื•ืจ ื•ืฉืžืฉ ืคื ื—ืก
ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื™"ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืขื“ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื›"ื ื™ื•ื, ื”ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›"ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื ืจื‘ื”, ืืœื ืฉืืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื”ืขืœื ื•ืืœื• ืฉืžืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื”ื•ืฉืขื ื ืจื‘ื” ื”ื ื‘ืืชื’ืœื™ื. ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื›ืš ืงื•ืจื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ืคื ื—ืก ืฉืฉื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื

ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ื”ื ื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•"ื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงื ื” ืก"ื) ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื ื—ื ืืช ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉื ื”ื•ื™"ื” ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ืกื’ื•"ืœ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืœ ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืื‘ ืฉืžื™ื™ืกืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื‘ื• ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื‘ื• ื•ืžื ื—ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืื”ื‘ืชื™ืš ื•ืžืฉื›ืชื™ืš ื—ืกื“, ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชืš. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ืจื—ืžื ื ืœื™ืฆืœืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื™"ื” ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉื‘"ื ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœื›ืŸ ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื—ื ืืช ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจืื” ืœื”ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื™"ื” ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ืกื’ื•"ืœ ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ื— ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื– ืฉื ื•"ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ื ื•ื“ืข. ื•ืื– ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ:

ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื—ืœืชืš
ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืœื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื™ื›ื” ื•ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘
ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœืืกืฃ ืืœื”ื™ื ื‘ืื• ื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ื ื—ืœืชืš (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืขื˜, ื). ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ 'ืžื–ืžื•ืจ' ื›ื•'. ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืฉืœ, ืœืžืœืš ืฉื‘ื ื• ื˜ื™ื ืฃ ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืœื•, ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื—ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ืžื—ืžืช ืฆืขืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืœืš ืกื™ืœืง ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ืžืžื ื• ื•ื‘ืื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื•, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžื–ื” ืฉืœื ื—ืจื‘ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืกื’, ื’) 'ืคื•ืจื” ื“ืจื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™', ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื“ืจื•ืš ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื. ื•ื–ื”ื• 'ืžื–ืžื•ืจ' ืœืืกืฃ, ืืœื”ื™ื 'ื‘ืื• ื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ื ื—ืœืชืš':

ื”ืœื™ื“ื”
ืืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืจื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืฉื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ื” (ืงื™ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘). ื•ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื›ื•ืจืขืช ืœื™ืœื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆืขืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืชืœื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฆืขืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื—ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ื’ื ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืฉืชืœื“, ืจืง ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆืขืจ. ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆืขืจ ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืžื• 'ืืฉื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ื”', ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืฉืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขื•ื–.

ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืžื– ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืื™ื›"ืจ ื, ื›ื•) 'ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžื ื—ื' (ืื™ื›ื” ื, ื‘), ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ืื™ืŸ ืœื”' ื”ื•ื” ืœื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจื” ื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื, ืœ) 'ื•ืชื”ื™ ืฉืจื” ืขืงืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื•ืœื“' ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื•ืœื“. ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™, 'ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ' (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื ื•, ื), ื”ืื™"ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข, 'ืžื–ืœ' ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื™ื–ืœ ืžื™ื ืžื“ืœื™ื•' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“, ื–). ื•ื–ื”ื• 'ืื™ืŸ' ืœื” ืžื ื—ื, ื”ืื™"ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื—ื ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื‘ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื•ื™ื ื—ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืคืœื™ ื›ืคืœื™ื:
ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉืœื—
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ืื›ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื ืฉื” [ืœื‘, ืœื’]. ื"ืช ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืฉืขื” ืื‘ ืจืžื– ืฉืœื ื™ืื›ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ (ื–ื•ื”"ืง ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืงืข ื‘) ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืœืข ืขืœ ื™ืจื›ื• ืจืžื– ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจ. ื•ื™ื–ืจื— ืœื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื’ื•'. ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœืจืคืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืจื” ืœื–ืจื•ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืช ืฆืืชื” ืจืžื– ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ืชืจืคืื• ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืžืŸ:

ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื
ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื™
(ืœื’) ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื”ึธืึธื“ื•ึนืŸ ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ืžึฐืกึธืขึตืฃ ืคึปึผืืจึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืžึทืขึฒืจึธืฆึธื” ื•ึฐืจึธืžึตื™ ื”ึทืงึผื•ึนืžึธื” ื’ึฐึผื“ื•ึผืขึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึฐึผื‘ึนื”ึดื™ื ื™ึดืฉึฐืืคึธึผืœื•ึผ:
(ืœื“) ื•ึฐื ึดืงึทึผืฃ ืกึดื‘ึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืจ ื‘ึทึผื‘ึทึผืจึฐื–ึถืœ ื•ึฐื”ึทืœึฐึผื‘ึธื ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืึทื“ึดึผื™ืจ ื™ึดืคึผื•ึนืœ: ืก

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื™ื
(ื) ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื—ึนื˜ึถืจ ืžึดื’ึตึผื–ึทืข ื™ึดืฉึธืื™ ื•ึฐื ึตืฆึถืจ ืžึดืฉึธึผืืจึธืฉึธืื™ื• ื™ึดืคึฐืจึถื”:
(ื‘) ื•ึฐื ึธื—ึธื” ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ื ึธื” ืจื•ึผื—ึท ืขึตืฆึธื” ื•ึผื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืจึธื” ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื“ึทึผืขึทืช ื•ึฐื™ึดืจึฐืึทืช ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง:
(ื’) ื•ึทื”ึฒืจึดื™ื—ื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืจึฐืึทืช ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง ื•ึฐืœึนื ืœึฐืžึทืจึฐืึตื” ืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ื™ึดืฉึฐืืคึผื•ึนื˜ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืœึฐืžึดืฉึฐืืžึทืข ืึธื–ึฐื ึธื™ื• ื™ื•ึนื›ึดื™ื—ึท:
(ื“) ื•ึฐืฉึธืืคึทื˜ ื‘ึฐึผืฆึถื“ึถืง ื“ึทึผืœึดึผื™ื ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนื›ึดื™ื—ึท ื‘ึฐึผืžึดื™ืฉืื•ึนืจ ืœึฐืขึทื ึฐื•ึตื™ ืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึธึผื” ืึถืจึถืฅ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื‘ึถื˜ ืคึดึผื™ื• ื•ึผื‘ึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ืฉึฐื‚ืคึธืชึธื™ื• ื™ึธืžึดื™ืช ืจึธืฉึธืืข:
(ื”) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืฆึถื“ึถืง ืึตื–ื•ึนืจ ืžึธืชึฐื ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžื•ึผื ึธื” ืึตื–ื•ึนืจ ื—ึฒืœึธืฆึธื™ื•:
(ื•) ื•ึฐื’ึธืจ ื–ึฐืึตื‘ ืขึดื ื›ึถึผื‘ึถืฉื‚ ื•ึฐื ึธืžึตืจ ืขึดื ื’ึฐึผื“ึดื™ ื™ึดืจึฐื‘ึธึผืฅ ื•ึฐืขึตื’ึถืœ ื•ึผื›ึฐืคึดื™ืจ ื•ึผืžึฐืจึดื™ื ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึธึผื• ื•ึฐื ึทืขึทืจ ืงึธื˜ึนืŸ ื ึนื”ึตื’ ื‘ึธึผื:
(ื–) ื•ึผืคึธืจึธื” ื•ึธื“ึนื‘ ืชึดึผืจึฐืขึถื™ื ึธื” ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึธึผื• ื™ึดืจึฐื‘ึฐึผืฆื•ึผ ื™ึทืœึฐื“ึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื™ึตื” ื›ึทึผื‘ึธึผืงึธืจ ื™ึนืื›ึทืœ ืชึถึผื‘ึถืŸ:
(ื—) ื•ึฐืฉึดืืขึฒืฉึทืืข ื™ื•ึนื ึตืง ืขึทืœ ื—ึปืจ ืคึธึผืชึถืŸ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืžึฐืื•ึผืจึทืช ืฆึดืคึฐืขื•ึนื ึดื™ ื’ึธึผืžื•ึผืœ ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื”ึธื“ึธื”:
(ื˜) ืœึนื ื™ึธืจึตืขื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึทืฉึฐืื—ึดื™ืชื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืจ ืงึธื“ึฐืฉึดืื™ ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึธืœึฐืึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื“ึตึผืขึธื” ืึถืช ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง ื›ึทึผืžึทึผื™ึดื ืœึทื™ึธึผื ืžึฐื›ึทืกึดึผื™ื: ืค
(ื™) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืฉึนืืจึถืฉื ื™ึดืฉึทืื™ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึนืžึตื“ ืœึฐื ึตืก ืขึทืžึดึผื™ื ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ื™ึดื“ึฐืจึนืฉืื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืžึฐื ึปื—ึธืชื•ึน ื›ึธึผื‘ื•ึนื“: ืค
(ื™ื) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื™ื•ึนืกึดื™ืฃ ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™ ืฉึตืื ึดื™ืช ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ืœึดืงึฐื ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืฉึฐืืึธืจ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึดืฉึธึผืืึตืจ ืžึตืึทืฉึผืื•ึผืจ ื•ึผืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึผืžึดืคึทึผืชึฐืจื•ึนืก ื•ึผืžึดื›ึผื•ึผืฉื ื•ึผืžึตืขึตื™ืœึธื ื•ึผืžึดืฉึดึผืื ึฐืขึธืจ ื•ึผืžึตื—ึฒืžึธืช ื•ึผืžึตืึดื™ึตึผื™ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื:
(ื™ื‘) ื•ึฐื ึธืฉึธื‚ื ื ึตืก ืœึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ื•ึฐืึธืกึทืฃ ื ึดื“ึฐื—ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผื ึฐืคึปืฆื•ึนืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื™ึฐืงึทื‘ึตึผืฅ ืžึตืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ื›ึทึผื ึฐืคื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ:

ืœื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—
ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื‘ ื”ืœื›ื” ื“
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื ื”ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ื”ื•ื” ืงืื™ื ืจื“ื™
ื’ืขืช ืชื•ืจืชื™ื” ืงื•ืžื•ื™
ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื•ืฉืžืข ืงืœื” ื"ืœ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืจื™ ืชื•ืจืš ื•ืฉืจื™ ืงื ืงื ืš ื“ื”ื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื
ื’ืขืช ื–ืžืŸ ืชื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื"ืœ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืื™ ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื™ืš ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืงื ืงื ื™ืš ื“ื”ื ื™ืœื™ื“ ืžืœื›ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื
ื"ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื” ืžื ื—ื,
ื"ืœ ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื” ื“ืื‘ื•ื™ ื"ืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”
ื"ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื
ื"ืœ ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืช ืžืœื›ื ื“ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
ืื–ืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื•ื™ ื•ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื ืงื ื•ื™ ื•ืื™ืชืขื‘ื™ื“
ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ื™ื ื•ืงื
ื•ื”ื•ื” ืขื™ื™ืœ ืงืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื ืคืงื ืงืจื™ื™ื” ืขื“ ื“ืขืœ ืœื”ื”ื•ื ืงืจืชื
ื•ื”ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ื–ื‘ื ืŸ
ื•ืื™ืžื” ื“ืžื ื—ื ืœื ื–ื‘ื ื”
ืฉืžืข ืงืœืŸ ื“ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืžื ื—ื ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืžื ื—ื ืื™ืชื™ื™ ื–ื•ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš
ืืžืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื ื ืžื™ื—ื ืงื•ื ื™ื” ืกื ืื™ื”ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื“ืื™ืชื™ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื
ื"ืœ ืจื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืื ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื ื™ื™
ื"ืœ ืœื™ืช ืœื™ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ืŸ
ื"ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื™ื”
ืื™ืชื™ื™ ื–ื•ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืช ืงื•ืžืš ื™ื•ืžื ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืื ื ืืชื™ ื•ื ืกื™ื‘
ื‘ืชืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืขืืœ ืœื”ื”ื™ื ืงืจืชื ืืžืจ ืœื”
ืžื”ื• ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืงื ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื"ืœ ืžืŸ ืฉืขืชื ื“ื—ืžื™ืชื ื™ ืืชื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœืขื•ืœื™ ื•ื—ื˜ืคื™ื ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื™.
ื"ืจ ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื ืžืงืจื ืžืœื ื”ื•ื [ื™ืฉืขื™' ื™ ืœื“] ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื™ืจ ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื™ื” [ืฉื ื™ื ื] ื•ื™ืฆื ื—ื•ื˜ืจ ืžื’ื–ืข ื™ืฉื™.
ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื‘ ื”ืœื›ื” ื“
ืงืื™ื ืจื“ื™. ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื•ืฆืขืง ื”ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืฆืขืงื” ืื—ืช ื•ื"ืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ ื' ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืชื™ืจ ืฆืžื“ ื”ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงื ืงืŸ ื”ืžื—ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืš ื•ืชื ื™ื— ืžืœื—ืจื•ืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืฆืขืง ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ืช ื"ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจืš ื•ืชื—ืจื•ืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืœื›ื:
ืžืŸ ื”ืŸ. ืžืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื:
ื•ืื™ืชืขื‘ื™ื“ ื–ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžื™ื™ื ื•ืงื. ื•ืขืฉื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืจื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืงื•ื ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืœื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ืœื ื‘ืืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื” ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืžื ื—ื ืชื‘ื ื”ื ื” ื•ืชืงื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื ืš ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื ืงื• ืœืฉื•ื ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื ื” ื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื ื™ ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ื›ืš ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชืงื ื” ืœื• ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืช ื•ื"ืœ ื•ืžื” ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืงื— ืขืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžืขื•ืช ืื‘ื•ื ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืืงื— ื”ืžืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืขื” ืฉืจืื™ืช ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื ืจื•ื— ืกืขืจื” ื•ื—ื˜ืคื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืื• ื•ื ืขืœื ืžืขื™ื ื™:
ืžื” ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”. ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื ืžืงืจื ืžืœื ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื™ืจ ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืื– ืžื™ื“ ื•ื™ืฆื ื—ื˜ืจ ืžื’ื–ืข ื™ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—:

ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืกื›ืช ื™ื•ืžื ื“ืฃ ื ื“ ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘
ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ: ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ื ื›ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ืจืื• ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืง ื•ืืžืจื•: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉื‘ืจื›ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืงืœืœืชืŸ ืงืœืœื”, ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•? ืžื™ื“ ื”ื–ื™ืœื•ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ +ืื™ื›ื” ื+ ื›ืœ ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ื–ื™ืœื•ื” ื›ื™ ืจืื• ืขืจื•ืชื”.

ืกื™ื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘
ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– - ืื‘ ืžืืžืจ ื’ - ืฆื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™
ื) ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืจ' ืคื ื—ืก ืžืงืืจืขืฅ ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ, ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื• ืจื–"ืœ [[ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื“] ื‘ื˜' ื‘ืื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“, ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืžืช ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืœื™ื“ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื–ื•ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื” ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉ ืขื ืืฉืชื•, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื"ื› ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื ื“ื•ื“ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืื– ื™ืชืคืขืœื• ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœืคืงื•ื“ ื•ื›ื•' ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš [ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืกื‘ ื‘], ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืชืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœืคื™"ื– ื“ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื•ื•ื’ ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืงืจื™ ื–ื•ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื–ื” ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื”"ืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืžื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ื”"ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื“ืจืš, ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื–ื” ื”ื–ื•ื•ื’ ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ื”ื‘ืŸ.
ื•ืขืคื™"ื– ืชืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื”ืงืฉื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื”"ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ ืœืจื‘ื, ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื• ืจื–"ืœ [ื™ื•ืžื ื ื“ ื] ืฉืžืฆืื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืขืจ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•' [ืž"ื ื– ืœื•], ื”ืœื ืืžืจื• ืจื–"ืœ [ื‘"ื‘ ืฆื˜ ื] ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืคืš ื—"ื• ื”ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื "ืœ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœืคืงื•ื“ ื•ื›ื•' ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื•ื›ื•', ื•ืืชื” ื”ื‘ืŸ.


ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘
ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ - ืคืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžื ื—ื ืื‘
ื•ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื™ื“ ืขืœื” ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘ ื›ืฉื ืฉืจืฃ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืฉื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื”ื ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืฉื‘ืื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืชื). ืจืง ืžืงื•ื“ื ืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉื™ื—ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”' ืืชื ื•. ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืจืื• ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื”ืจื”ืจื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืžื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืฉื™ื— ื•

ื™ื•ืืœ ืคืจืง ื’
(ื) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื›ึตืŸ ืึถืฉึฐืืคึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืึถืช ืจื•ึผื—ึดื™ ืขึทืœ ื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ ื•ึฐื ึดื‘ึฐึผืื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ื•ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื–ึดืงึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื—ึฒืœึนืžื•ึนืช ื™ึทื—ึฒืœึนืžื•ึผืŸ ื‘ึทึผื—ื•ึผืจึตื™ื›ึถื ื—ึถื–ึฐื™ึนื ื•ึนืช ื™ึดืจึฐืื•ึผ:
(ื‘) ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืคึธื—ื•ึนืช ื‘ึทึผื™ึธึผืžึดื™ื ื”ึธื”ึตืžึธึผื” ืึถืฉึฐืืคึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืึถืช ืจื•ึผื—ึดื™:
(ื’) ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืžื•ึนืคึฐืชึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึดื ื•ึผื‘ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื“ึธึผื ื•ึธืึตืฉื ื•ึฐืชึดื™ืžึฒืจื•ึนืช ืขึธืฉึธืืŸ:
(ื“) ื”ึทืฉึถึผืืžึถืฉื ื™ึตื”ึธืคึตืšึฐ ืœึฐื—ึนืฉึถืืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึธึผืจึตื—ึท ืœึฐื“ึธื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึผื•ึนื ื™ื•ึนื ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึผื•ึนืจึธื:
(ื”) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึนึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึดืงึฐืจึธื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง ื™ึดืžึธึผืœึตื˜ ื›ึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐึผื”ึทืจ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึทื ืชึดึผื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืคึฐืœึตื™ื˜ึธื” ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธืžึทืจ ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง ื•ึผื‘ึทืฉึฐึผื‚ืจึดื™ื“ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึฐืงึนื•ึธืง ืงึนืจึตื:

ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ
ืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ - ืคืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื“ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื–ื•ื”"ืง (ื—"ื‘ ืค"ื— ื) ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ืืŸ ื•ื›ื•' ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื‘ื™ืขืื” ืชืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘', ื’') ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ื•ื™ืงื“ืฉ ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื•. ื•ืžื”ืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื–ื” ืฉื—ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื“ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืœืœื ื“ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ืืŸ ื•ืงื“ื™ืฉื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื— ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื” ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื™ืงื•ื™ื ืืฉืคื•ืš ืืช ืจื•ื—ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื’ื•' ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื›ื ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืจืื•:


ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืงืจื

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ื•ื’ื•' [ื, ื]. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืงื“ืžื” ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื•'. ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื ืจืฉ"ื™ ื–"ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืงืจื™ืื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ื”' ืžืžื“ืจื™ื’ื” ืœืžื“ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื”. ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื™"ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืงื ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ื ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื” ืขื“ ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื•ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืžื—ืช ืืช ื”ืœื‘, ื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื•ืœืื‘ืœ (ืชืขื ื™ืช ืœ ื). ืื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”' ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืžื—ื™ ืœื‘ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื™ื˜, ื˜). ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ื”' ื•ื”ืกื•ืœื ื ืขืœืžื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื›ื’) ืœื ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื”. ื›ื™ ืชื’ืœื” ืขืจื•ืชืš ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื—"ื• ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื ื›ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ื ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื”. ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ืืœ ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ื”' ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฉื• ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื•ืœื ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื” ื‘):

ื–) ื•ึฐืขึทืœ - ื›ึตึผืŸ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืขึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืึธื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ืชึทึผืขึฒื ึดื™ืช ื—ึธืžื•ึผืจ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดืฉึธึผืื” ืขึดื ึผื•ึผื™ึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึทืคึฐืกึดื™ืง ืžึดื‘ึฐึผืขื•ึนื“ ื™ื•ึนื ื›ึฐึผืžื•ึน ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทื›ึดึผืคึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื ืžึทืžึธึผืฉื, ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึทึผืขึฒื ึดื™ืช ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืขึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืึธื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื‘ึดื™ืœ ื—ึปืจึฐื‘ึทึผืŸ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช - ื”ึทืžึดึผืงึฐื“ึธึผืฉื, ื•ึฐืขึดืงึทึผืจ ื”ึธืึฒื‘ึตืœื•ึผืช ืขึทืœ ื—ึปืจึฐื‘ึทึผืŸ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช - ื”ึทืžึดึผืงึฐื“ึธึผืฉื ื”ื•ึผื ืžึทื” ืฉึถึผืืคึธึผื’ึทืžึฐื ื•ึผ ื‘ึทึผืขึฒื•ื•ึนื ื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึดืชึฐืจึทื—ึทืงึฐื ื•ึผ ืžึดืงึฐึผื“ึปืฉึทึผืืช ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ืงึธื“ึธืฉึดืื™ื ืฉึถืื”ื•ึผื ื”ึธืึถื‘ึถืŸ ืฉึฐืืชึดื™ึธึผื” ื ึฐืงึปื“ึทึผืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ืฉึถืืžึดึผืฉึธึผืื ืขึดืงึทึผืจ ืงึฐื“ึปืฉึทึผืืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืช - ื”ึทืžึดึผืงึฐื“ึธึผืฉื ื•ึฐืึถืจึถืฅ - ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐื›ื•ึผ' ื›ึทึผื ึทึผ"ืœ. ืฉึถืืฉึธึผืื ื ึดื›ึฐื ึทืก ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ ื”ึทื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทื›ึดึผืคึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืชึทึผืขึฒื ึดื™ืช ืœึฐื›ึทืคึตึผืจ ืขึทืœ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐืงึทืฉึตึผืืจ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธืจึฐืฆื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืฉึดึผืื ึผื•ึผื™ึดื™ื

ืฉืขืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ ืฉืขืจ ื–
ืงื™ืžื” ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืœื”, ื–ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืื‘ืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืคืจืง ืก"ื•) ืฉื™ืฉื• ืืชื” ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืžืชืื‘ืœ ื•ืฉื•ืื’ ื›ืืจื™. ื’ื ื‘ืขืกืงื• ืื– ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ (ืฉื”"ืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื”' ื–') ืื™ืŸ ืจื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ (ืข"ื– ื“ืฃ ื’' ืข"ื‘) ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื“ ืžืฉื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ (ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื‘ ืข"ื‘) ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ื•. ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืื™ื›ื” ื‘' ื™"ื˜) ืงื•ืžื™ ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืข"ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™"ื˜ ื™"ื˜) ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืืงื•ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืš. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ, ื’ื ืžืฉืจื” ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืช (ื™"ื— ืข"ื‘):
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il