ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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675
41 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉื™ืจื” ืงื•ืคืจืžืŸ ื–"ืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื” ื•ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืชืžืฉืš ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืžืžื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื’ืœื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”', ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ืจื›ืชื•, ื•ืžืžื ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืงืฉื” ืœื’ืœื•ืชืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”' ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืจืง ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื•: ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืœื›ื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ - ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื›ื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืข"ื– ื“, ื”). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืงื•ืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืกืคืจื™ ืจืื” ืค; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื—, ื›ื”).
ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ: "ื›ึผึดื™ ืึทืชึผึถื ืขึนื‘ึฐืจึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืŸ ืœึธื‘ึนื ืœึธืจึถืฉืึถืช ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึธื›ึถื, ื•ึดื™ืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึถื ืึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึดื™ืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ. ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื. ืึตืœึผึถื” ื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืจื•ึผืŸ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ ืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืšึธ ืœึฐืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธื”ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึถื ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ืœื‘ - ื™ื‘, ื‘). ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืื•ืœื ืžื ื’ื“ ื ืืžืจ (ืฉื ื™ื, ื˜ื–-ื™ื—): "ื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื ืคึผึถืŸ ื™ึดืคึฐืชึผึถื” ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื ื•ึฐืกึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึถื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื—ึฒื•ึดื™ืชึถื ืœึธื”ึถื. ื•ึฐื—ึธืจึธื” ืึทืฃ ื”' ื‘ึผึธื›ึถื... ื•ึทืึฒื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึถื ืžึฐื”ึตืจึธื” ืžึตืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื˜ึผึนื‘ึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”' ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึธื›ึถื. [ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช] ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึทืžึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึทื™ ืึตืœึผึถื” ืขึทืœ ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐื›ึถื ื•ึผืงึฐืฉืึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึนืชึธื ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึถื“ึฐื›ึถื ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื˜ึธืคึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื›ึถื". ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืงืจืงืข, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ - ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ื ื“ืข ืœืงื™ื™ืžืŸ ื›ืฉื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื’ืื•ืœืชื ื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•, ื; ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื, ื—; ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื–, ื; ืกืคืจื™ ืขืงื‘ ืžื’-ืžื“).
ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ: ื—ืœื”, ืขืจืœื”, ื›ืœืื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื, ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืงื˜, ืฉื›ื—ื”, ืคืื”, ืคืจื˜, ืขื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื, ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื–, ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ื”ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื•). ื•ืืฃ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื”). ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืœื ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื”. 1
ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืขืžื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฆื• ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื•, ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื—ืœืชื• (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื“). ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ืœื”, ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” - ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ื‘ืืจืฅ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘, ื™, ื™ื).

ื‘ - ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘
ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขืจืœื”, ื›ืœืื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื. ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื—ืœื• ืขืœื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื“), ื•ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื—ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื”. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื’ื ืืœื™ื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืžื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช, ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 2
ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื—ืœืงื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื ื—ืœืชื•, ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื. ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ืฉื ื” ื”-15 ืœื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”-21 ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”-64 ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืกืคืจื™ ืขืงื‘ ืžื; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”, ื). 3
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื ื˜ืข ืจื‘ืขื™ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืœื” (ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื“, ื“-ื—), ื•ืœืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 369 ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ 57 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉื ืขืœื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืขืžื“ 410 ืฉื ื” (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืงื™ื—, ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื, ื‘).

ื’ - ืกื•ืจื™ื”
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื ื—ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืืจื ื“ืžืฉืง, ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืืจื ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืช ืœื—ื™ื“ืงืœ. ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ืฉื ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื‘ื• ืžื”ื ืžืก ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘' ื—, ื’-ื™ื’; ื™, ื˜ื–-ื™ื˜). ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืจืื•ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื“), ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ื (ืกืคืจื™ ืขืงื‘ ื ื). ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžื”ืกื“ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื“ ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžื™ืœื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ. ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืžืก ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืจืื•ื™. ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื ืงืจื - 'ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“', ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ.
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื›ืกื“ืจ ื”ืจืื•ื™, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื•. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ, ืืฃ ืฉืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื™. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืจืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื” (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—, ื-ื‘; ืข"ื– ื›ื, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืข"ื– ื™, ื’). ืืžื ื ื’ื ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช ื”ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื™ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื•, ื™ื). 4

ื“ - ื™ืžื™ ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื’ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžื ืฉื” (3,188 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื), ื›ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ - ื‘ื˜ืœื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื”, ื™): "ื•ึผืงึฐืจึธืืชึถื ื“ึผึฐืจื•ึนืจ ื‘ึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื™ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึถื™ื”ึธ" - "ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื’ืœื• ืžืงืฆืชืŸ", ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘, ื‘; ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•, ื. ื”ื˜ืขื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื, ื˜; ื”, ื’).
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ืกืคื™ืจืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ืขื™' ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™, ื”; ื•ืขื™' ืชื•ืก' ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘, ื‘, 'ื”ื ืš ืฉื ื™').
ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ืื—"ื› (3,206 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื), ื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ืœื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื. ื•ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื; ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื; ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื; ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื; ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื—ืœืชื. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื–, ื): "ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืฉืขืชื” ื•ืœื ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื", ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ืขื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืžื• ืขืจืœื” ื•ื›ืœืื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืขืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืœืืจืฅ, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื ื—ืœื•ืชื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ. 5

ื” - ืชืงื ืช ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ
ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืชืงื ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื’ื ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื. ื”ืชืงื ื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชืงื ื• ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืชืงื ื• ืฉื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™' (ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื’).
ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื' ื‘' ื“' ื”' ื–' - ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™', ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื’' ื•' - 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™' (ืขื™' ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™, ื”). ืื•ืœื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš, ืขื“ ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช.
ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื ืชืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ืชืงื ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื ื–ื–ื” ืžืžืงื•ืžื”. ื•ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื•ืชืงื ื• ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืฉื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืืœื ืฉืชืงื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™', ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืื‘, ื•ื ืคืกืง ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™' (ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื“, ื’). 6

ื• - ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื
ื—ืžืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืชืŸ ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืžืœืš ืคืจืก ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืืš ืจืง 42 ืืœืฃ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื• ื•ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ. ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื ื” ืฉืฉืœื—ื• ื’ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคืจืก, ื ืคืกืงื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืžืฉืš 18 ืฉื ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืืกืชืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื”, ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื, ื‘ - ื™ื‘, ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื).
ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคืœ. ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ืช ื•ื“ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื˜ืื• ื•ื ืฉืื• ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื– ืฉืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืœื” ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื ืง ื”ืจื•ื—, ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื, ื‘): "ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื–ืจื ืฉืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ืืœื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืžืฉื”". ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• (ืกื•ื›ื” ื›, ื): "ื›ืฉื ืฉืชื›ื—ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืœื” ืขื–ืจื ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืกื“ื”". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ื›ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืฉืžื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื™ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•, ื). ื›-13 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืขื–ืจื ืขืœื” ื”ืฉืจ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืช ืžืœืš ืคืจืก, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื–ืจื ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื“ืชื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“.
ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ืืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืœื‘ื™ืืชื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืืชื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืืชื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืœืืจืฅ, ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ื’ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืจ ืขื™ื‘ืœ, ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื˜-ืœื‘; ื›ื–, ื-ื›ื•), ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•, ื; ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘, ื‘).
ื•ื›ืš ืื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืงื‘ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง. ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื™, ื-ืž): "ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ื–ึนืืช ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึนืจึฐืชึดื™ื ืึฒืžึธื ึธื”, ื•ึฐื›ึนืชึฐื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึถื—ึธืชื•ึผื ืฉื‚ึธืจึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื•ึดื™ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ. ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒืชื•ึผืžึดื™ื (ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขื)... ื•ึผื‘ึธืึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืึธืœึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผืขึธื” ืœึธืœึถื›ึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืจึทืช ื”ึธืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืชึผึฐื ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทื“ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื”ึธืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืžื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึนืช ื”' ืึฒื“ึนื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื—ึปืงึผึธื™ื•. ื•ึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ื ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืขึทืžึผึตื™ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ (ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื) ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื ืœึนื ื ึดืงึผึทื— ืœึฐื‘ึธื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ. ื•ึฐืขึทืžึผึตื™ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทืžึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึทืงึผึธื—ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึถื‘ึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืœึดืžึฐื›ึผื•ึนืจ - ืœึนื ื ึดืงึผึทื— ืžึตื”ึถื ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื (ืœื ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื—ื’), ื•ึฐื ึดื˜ึผึนืฉื ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ืช (ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช), ื•ึผืžึทืฉึผืึธื ื›ึธืœ ื™ึธื“ (ืฉืžื™ื˜ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื)... ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื‘ึผึดื›ึผื•ึผืจึตื™ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึตื ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึดื›ึผื•ึผืจึตื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ื›ึธืœ ืขึตืฅ ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื‘ึฐืฉืึธื ึธื” ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ื”'. ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึทื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจึตื™ ื‘ึฐืงึธืจึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืฆึนืื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึทื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดื™ื ื”ึทืžึฐืฉืึธืจึฐืชึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ. ื•ึฐืึถืช ืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ืขึฒืจึดื™ืกึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ (ื—ืœื”) ื•ึผืชึฐืจื•ึผืžึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึผืคึฐืจึดื™ ื›ึธืœ ืขึตืฅ ืชึผึดื™ืจื•ึนืฉื ื•ึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื”ึธืจ ื ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืœึทื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดื™ื ืึถืœ ืœึดืฉืึฐื›ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ, ื•ึผืžึทืขึฐืฉื‚ึทืจ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึตื ื•ึผ ืœึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึผึดื..."
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื™ืกื“ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืงืจื 'ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”', ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืข ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืคื•ื–ืจ, ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืชืงื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืืช ื–ืžื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•. ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืงื•ืžืžื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ื‘ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืกืœื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืฉื™ืชืงื ื• ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ. 7

ื– - ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชื•ืงืคื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืคืงื“ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื›ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ืžืชื’ืœื” ืฆื‘ื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืชื•ืงืคืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืขื–ืจื ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื•, ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื—ืœื”, ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื ืชืงื“ืฉื” ืœืฉืขืชื” ื•ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ื ืฉืืจื” ืœืชืžื™ื“. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ื˜ื ื•ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช - ื™ืฉื™ื‘ ื”' ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืืจืฆื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ, ื’-ื”): "ื•ึฐืฉืึธื‘ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืช ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผืชึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืจึดื—ึฒืžึถืšึธ, ื•ึฐืฉืึธื‘ ื•ึฐืงึดื‘ึผึถืฆึฐืšึธ ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึฑืคึดื™ืฆึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืฉืึธืžึผึธื”... ื•ึถื”ึฑื‘ึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ ืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึดื™ืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธื”ึผ ..." ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ - ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ึดื™ืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธื”ึผ - ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืชืžื™ื“, ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ืชืชื‘ื˜ืœ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื‘, ื‘). ื›ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืœืงื—ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืืชื ื• ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ - ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•, ืฉื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” (ืขืค"ื™ ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื”; ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•, ื˜ื–). ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื”, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ืœื): "ื•ึดื™ืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึถื ืึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึดื™ืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ", ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื” ืืช ืืจืฆื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื ืฉืืจื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื.
ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ (ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ), ืื•ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื. 8

ื— - ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” - ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื 'ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ'. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™, ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืœื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืขื›ื•, ืœื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืœื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืชื—ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื™ื›ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืชืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ 'ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื' ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืœื ืฉืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื ืฉื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืฉืžื˜ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ื ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ื•ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืช ืžืœื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื‘; ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื–, ื). ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืœื™ืžื™ื ื ืฉืชื›ื— ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื‘).
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”, ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืœื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื ืฉืืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคืงืขื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• (ืœืขื™ืœ ื–), ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืืžืจื ื•, ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™. 9

ื˜ - ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื
ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ 'ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ืžื ื™ื ืืช ืžืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืœื ืงื‘ืจ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืชื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืคื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืคืจ ืขื“ ืฉืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืฆื ืžืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ืžื˜ืžืืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขืคืจ ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืช ื•ื ื˜ืžื.
ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืชืœื•ื•ืชื” ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื’ืžื”, ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืคื”, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืชืคื–ืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื”ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืฆืืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜. ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ืฉืืฃ ืงืจืื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื•, ื‘). 10
ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžื ืœืžืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื• ืœืฉืืช ืืฉื” ืื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฆืืช (ืข"ื– ื™ื’, ื). ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. 11

ื™ - ื—ืœื”
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•, ื™ื—-ื™ื˜): "ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึนืึฒื›ึถื ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึตื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ืฉืึธืžึผึธื”. ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึทืึฒื›ึธืœึฐื›ึถื ืžึดืœึผึถื—ึถื ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืชึผึธืจึดื™ืžื•ึผ ืชึฐืจื•ึผืžึธื” ืœึทื”'". ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”, ื): "ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึนืึฒื›ึถื - ื‘ื‘ื™ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืืžืจืชื™, ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืืช ืžืงืฆืชื›ื", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื - ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจืง ืžืงืฆืชื ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ. ืื•ืœื ืชืงื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ืฉื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื‘ืืจืฅ - ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื—ืœื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”, ื”).
ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืชืงื ื•, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื—ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืฉืชื›ื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ืœื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื–, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื”, ื–). ื•ืชืงื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืœื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื™ืฉื” (ืชื•ืก' ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื•, ื‘). ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื›ืœ, ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจืง ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืงื•ืจืงื•ืก ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”, ื–).
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืช, ื—ืœื” ืื—ืช ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉืจืคื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ืžืื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื—ืœื” ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื•ืื•ืชื” ื™ืชื ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื. ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ืงืจื™ ืื• ื ื™ื“ื”, ื•ืื ื ื˜ืžืื• ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื‘ืœื• ืœื˜ื”ืจืชื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืœื” ื–ื•.
ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื˜ืžื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื’ื•ืคื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื˜ืžื ื›ืœืœ, ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื˜ื‘ืœ, ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื” ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื”ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื’ื•ืคื•, ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืช, ืื—ืช ืชื™ืฉืจืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืœื—ืœื” ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืื›ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื” ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” (ืžืฉื ื” ื—ืœื” ื“, ื—; ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื–, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”, ื–-ื™ื). 12
ืžืขืช ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื—ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื—ืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืฉืจื™ืคื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— (ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื, ื“, 2).

ื™ื - ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื
ืžื•ืกื›ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืงื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช.
ืื•ืœื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืœื“ืขืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืขืช ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื—ืจื‘ ื ื—ืœืงื•, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืชืงื“ืฉื” ืœืขื•ืœื (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื—ืจื‘, ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืชืจื•ืžื”).
ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœื”, ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื‘ืืจืฅ - ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ - ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื“ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. 13

ื™ื‘ - ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื—), ื‘ืขืช ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื 'ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ', ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžื›ื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืช ืชืงื ืช 'ื“ืžืื™', ืœืคื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืง ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืงื‘ืข ืฉืชืงื ื” ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ืคืกืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžื“ื’ืŸ ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื”ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—). 14
ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืกื›ื ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ, ื›ื™ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื’ื ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืฉื ืงื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœืš, ื•ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืžืจ ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื–, ื; ืœืขื™ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื” 4). ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžืงืจืงืข ืฉืจืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 15

ื™ื’ - ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”), ืชืงื ื• ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ: ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืื‘. ื•ืืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืฉื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื™). ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™' ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื, ื™ื“). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืื– ืฉืคืกืง ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื ืคืกืง ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืืจืฆื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื›ืœืœ. 16

ื™ื“ - ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช
ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ืฉื›ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื” ืžืœืš ืืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžื ืฉื”, ื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื—ืœืชื•, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘, ื‘; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”, ื“, 3). ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืงื‘ืขื”, ืฉืืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ืžืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ืžืŸ ืžืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืขืช ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื, ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื ื—ืœืชื•, ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ.
ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ืืžื ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ืื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขืช ืฉื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืจืง ืžืฆื“ ืžื ื”ื’ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” (ืจื–"ื” ื•ืจืื‘"ื“). ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”, ื•-ื–, 5-6).
ื’ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืกืคื™ื—ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• (ืจืžื‘"ื, ืกืž"ื’, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื•ื“). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืืฃ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. 17

ื˜ื• - ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืงื˜, ืฉื›ื—ื”, ืคืื”, ืคืจื˜ ื•ืขื•ืœืœื•ืช, ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช, ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืชืงื ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืš ืชืงื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ (ืจืžื‘"ื; ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื‘, ื), ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืชืงื ื• ื–ืืช ืจืง ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ (ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉ"ืš ื‘).
ืืฃ ืฉืชืงื ืช ืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ืชืงื ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื”. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•'ืžืขืฉืจ-ืฉื ื™' ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืง ืžืฆื“ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืฉืžื ื ืงื‘ืขื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”. ืืžื ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืœื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืœืงื—ืชืŸ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื•, ื˜).
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ (ื”ืœื›ื” ื“, ื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื” 2). ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจื˜ื–, ืคืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื“, ืœื˜). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจื˜ื–, ื˜ื•; ื“ื’ืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื—"ื‘ ื›ื—-ื›ื˜), ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื (ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ืžืœื›ื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื›ื•).

ื˜ื– - ืžืชื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™
ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื–: ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื– ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืงืœื•, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืœื’, ื). ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื–' ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช. 18
ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” : ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื™ื ืชื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ืืžื ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื ื—ืœืงื•. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืชื™ื ืชื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื– ื•ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืชื•ืก', ื”ืžืื•ืจ, ืจืฉื‘"ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื– ืฉื”ื•ืฉื•ื•ืชื” ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื˜, ื). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื›ื), ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื™ืชื ืŸ. 19

ื™ื– - ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ื
ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขืžื“ ืชื—ื•ื ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ืœ ื‘ื”ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื - ืงื™ื“ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ, ื”): "ื•ึถื”ึฑื‘ึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ ืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึดื™ืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธื”ึผ..." ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืžื–ื” ืœืžื“ื•, ืฉื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ - ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื” (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื‘, ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื”; ืœืขื™ืœ ื–). ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืจืง ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ืชืจื—ื‘, ื’ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืชืชืจื—ื‘ ืขืžื•. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืง ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ืฉ, ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืขื™ืžื”. ื•ืืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืœื ืคืงืขื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื•ื’ื ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืขื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื‘): "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงืจื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื". ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”, ื•): "ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ - ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ". ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ (ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ ืงืžื“), ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœืš, ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืœื. ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื” (ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’, ื). 20
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื, ื’-ื“, ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื). 21



^ 1.. ืขืจืœื” - ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืกืคืง, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื). ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื - ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช (ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื“). ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืชืงื ื• ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืขืชื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื’). ืœืงื˜ ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ืคืื”, ืชืงื ื• ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื•). ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™). ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืื•ืœื ืฉืžื™ื˜ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•, ื). ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื–, ื; ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื”), ืื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื’ื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืขื•ื ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ื‘ืืจืฅ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื‘), ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฅ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื“). โ†
ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ: ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื”, 'ืœึนื ื™ึตืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืšึธ', 'ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึฐื—ึธื ึผึตื', ืขืจื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ ืžืงืœื˜, ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”. ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืœืš ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืžืขืžื“ื” ื›ืžืœืš. ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืกืžื™ื›ืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื’ืœื” ืขืจื•ืคื” ื•ื–ืงืŸ ืžืžืจื. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื™ ืขืจื™ ื—ื•ืžื”, ื ื’ืขื™ ื‘ืชื™ื, ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ืช.
^ 2.. ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ 'ื—ื“ืฉ' (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื–, ื‘), ื—ืœื” (ื ื™ื“ื” ืžื–, ื), ืขืจืœื” (ืžืฉื ื” ืขืจืœื” ื, ื‘), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื ื ื›ืขืจืœื”. ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื›ืขืจืœื” ื•ื›ืœืื™ื™ื, ื—ืœื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืžืฉืš ืžืื– ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ (ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ืžืœื›ื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื›ื•; ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•"ื˜; ืฉืื™ืœืช ื“ื•ื“; ื›ืจื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ; ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื, ื™ื’). ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ (ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื, ืžื–; ืžื•ืจ ื•ืงืฆื™ืขื” ืื•"ื— ืฉื•; ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืฆื“, ื™). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืจืœื” ื•ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืจืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” (ืฆืœ"ื— ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื•, ื). ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื—ื•"ืœ, ืขืจืœื” ืž'ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™', ื•ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืขื™' ืžืฉื ื” ืขืจืœื” ื’, ื˜).
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื˜ื•), ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืฆื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืขื•ื–ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื”, ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช.
^ 3.. ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื—ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื”, ื’; ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘, ื‘; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”, ื. ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื•, ื›; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™, ื‘; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื.
ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื ื—ืœืชื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื” ืžื–, ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”, ื, ื•ืฉื ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ 'ื•ืœื ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•', ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•"ืž ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื' ื‘' ื“' ื”' ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื’' ื•' ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™, ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืžืคืงื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช.
^ 4.. ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืขืงื‘ ื ื, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื“ื•ื“ "ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื›ืชื•ืจื”", ืฉืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืœื˜ืจื™ืŸ (ืืจืžื•ืŸ) ืฉืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื (ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืก' ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื). ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื• - 'ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“'. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—, ื‘), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื• ื•ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืก ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘' ื—, ื•).
ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื’), ืฉืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ื›ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื“; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืข"ื– ื›ื, ื). ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื, ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ (ืขื™' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื’, ื‘), ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืžื”ืกื“ืจ, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื.
ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื’-ื“; ื˜) ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืืจื ื“ืžืฉืง, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืืจื ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช ื•ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื”ึนืจ ื”ื”ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืจื ืฆื•ื‘ื (ืคื ื”"ืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื’, ื˜ื–). ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืขื™ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื’ื ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื“): "ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึดื“ึฐืจึนืšึฐ ื›ึผึทืฃ ืจึทื’ึฐืœึฐื›ึถื ื‘ึผื•ึน ืœึธื›ึถื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื”", ื•ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื (ืขืงื‘ ื ื).
ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืžืขืžื“ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื“), ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—, ื-ื‘, ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขื” ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื—ื•"ืœ ื—ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื•ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื• (ืข"ื– ื›ื, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืข"ื– ื™, ื’), ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉื ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžืคืงื™ืข ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืืฃ ืื ื ื’ืžืจื” ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื–, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื“; ื˜ื•). ื•ื’ื ืœืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื•, ื™ื), ื•ื ืœืขื "ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ื—ืœืงื•, ืœื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื (ืžืขืฉืจ ื, ื™ื“), ื•ืฉื•"ืข (ืฉืœื, ืงืœื), ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืœื ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™' ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ืœืจืื‘"ื“, ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื”ื’ืจ"ื (ืฉืœื, ืงืฆื–), ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื“ืžื™ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
^ 5.. ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ, ืื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื‘; ื”; ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•, ื˜ื–). ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื’ื ืจื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ื—ืœืชื• (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘, ื‘), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื’ื“. ื•ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื ื—ืœืชื, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื–ืจ ืื– (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืœื’, ื; ื•ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”, 3). ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื’ืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื. ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ื—ืœืงื•. ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจืื‘"ื“, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื). ื•ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื›ื•). ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื›ื™ ืขื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ืœื” ื•ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืœื ืคืขื•ืœืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื—ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืœื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืงื•ืจืงื•ืก ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื‘, ื˜ื•; ื“ืจืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื ื).
ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืชืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ื ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื” ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืœื— ืžื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืจืข, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืืช ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื”ืŸ (ืืœืฃ ืืžื” ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ื—). ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘, ื‘, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื“ืฉืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ "ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืฉืขืชื” ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื". ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื›ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืžืฆืื• ืืœื• (ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”) ื•ืงื™ื“ืฉื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื• ืžืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ". ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขืชื, ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืขื–ืจื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืจืง ืขืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ (ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™, ื, ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื‘, ื˜ื•; ื“ืจืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” 'ื›ื™ื•ืŸ'. ื•ืขื™' ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืž, ื, 'ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ').
^ 6.. ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืœ ืชื•ืจื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™' ื•ื™ืขืœื• ืืช ื“ืžื™ ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื, ื™ื“). ืื•ืœื ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืื‘. ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™' ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื“ืžื™ 'ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™' ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื–ื‘ื—. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”'ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™', ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื™ืœืœื•ื ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
^ 7.. ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘, ื‘ - ื™ื’, ื), ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืœื” ืขื–ืจื ื•ืงื™ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ. ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื›-13 ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœื” ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื–ืจื ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืžืคืขืœื•. ืืžื ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื ื” (ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื—-ื™) ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช (ืขื™' ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื–, ืขื’; ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ). ื•ื ืœืขื "ื“, ืฉืขื–ืจื ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืขืœื• ืขื ื–ืจื•ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื– ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืขื–ืจื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืื– ื›ืกื•ืคืจ ืœื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื›ืจืชื• ืืช ื”ืืžื ื”, ื•ืื—"ื› ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืŸ ื ืจื™ื” (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื˜ื–, ื‘). ื•ื’ื ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื—ื–ืจ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 24 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื™ืช ื–ืจื•ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืŸ ื ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืขืœื” ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืงื•ืžื ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ืชื ืืช ืชืงื ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขืœื” ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ืžืคืขืœื•. ื•ื”ืืžื ื” ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื.
ืื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช, ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื™ื•ื‘ืœ (ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื ื“ืจื™ื ืกื, ื). ื•ืœื’ืจืกืช ืจืฉ"ื™ (ืข"ื– ื˜, ื‘) ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’. ืืžื ื ืœื’ืจืกืช ืจ"ืช (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘, ื‘), ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ (ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช).
^ 8.. ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื‘, ื‘) ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื”: ืœื“ืขืช ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื ืฉืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื“ืจืฉ 'ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื', ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืฉืขืชื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื (ืฉื ืคื‘, ื) ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื. ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืจ"ืŸ, ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ). ื•ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™, ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจืื‘"ื“, ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™ ื•ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—). ื•ื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื’ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™, ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื ื“ื” ืžื–, ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื›ื•). ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืžืกืž"ื’ (ืขืฉื” ืงืœื’), ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืชืงื–), ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” (ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื›, ื’), ื•ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ (ื, ื›ื”). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ืชืงื“ืฉื” ืœืชืžื™ื“, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืง ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืจื“ื‘"ื–, ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืœื, ื‘; ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ).
ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (ื•, ื) ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื: "ื”ืงื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ืœื‘ื™ืืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืžื” ื‘ื™ืืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื•ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•, ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื•ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•". ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื, ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ ืจ' ื—ื ื™ื ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื–ื” ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื•ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœืชื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ, ื”): "ื•ึฐื”ึตื™ื˜ึดื‘ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึฐืšึธ ืžึตืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ". ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืืจืฆื ืœืขื•ืœื. ืขื™"ืฉ. ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืžื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš (ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื™, ื; ืœื’; ืœื•-ืœื—). ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ืฉืื– ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืชืชืงื“ืฉ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืข"ื›. ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ. ืืœื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืืจื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ื•ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื (ืžื”ืจ"ื ืคื•ืœื“ื, ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ืจืฉ"ืก), ืืš ื’ื ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืขืฆื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื”, ื‘ืœื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืชื—ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจ"ืฉ (ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•, ื), ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉืœืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ ืจ' ื—ื ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื” ื ืฉืืจื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืจืง ืœืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื‘ - ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ (ื•ื–ื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ). ื•ืœื’ืจ"ื (ืฉืœื, ื•), ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชืงื“ืฉื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ืืžื ื ื’ื ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื›ื™ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉืœืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืชืจื•"ืž ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”.
^ 9.. ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื—ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื“, ื™ื; ืกืคืจื™ ืขืงื‘ ื ื; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื˜, ื‘. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืขื–ืจื ืคืจืง ื‘), ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืขื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•, ื): "ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื (ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ) ืœื ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉืขื” ืฉืงื ื• ื›ื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื - ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘" (ื•ืขื™' ื‘"ืž ื›ื—, ื). ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืจืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืชืงื“ืฉื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืžื•ืจ ื•ืงืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื•. ื•ืขื™' ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”, ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื” 7). ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืฉื’ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื–, ื): "ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช". ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืชืจื•"ืž ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื ืฉื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืชืจื•"ืž ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (ืขื™' ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื”, ื•ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื•). ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืœืงื˜ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืงืจ, ืœื ืจืฆื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืงื ื• ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืกืคื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื“ืžืื™, ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื (ืขื™' ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ืคืจืง ื”).
^ 10.. ืฉื‘ืจ ืขืฆื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžื˜ืžื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ื•ื‘ืžืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื˜ืžื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืื•ื”ืœ. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืžืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื• ื•ื ืชืคื–ืจื•, ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ืขืคืจ ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืคืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื• ืื• ื ื•ืฉืื• ื ื˜ืžื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื ื˜ื”ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืืช ืžื™ ืืคืจ ืคืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืžืฉ (ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื), ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื• ื ืฉืจืคืช (ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘, ื’; ืฉื‘ืช ื˜ื•, ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ื‘, ื˜ื–; ื™ื, ื-ื‘).
ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื—ืœื” ื“, ื–): ืœืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื–ื• ื—ืœื” ืจืง ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื”ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืจื• ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืขืฆื ืžืช. ื•ืœืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื•, ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืœืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืื•ืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื•, ื‘, ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืขื›ื• "ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืžืืจืฅ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ", ื•ื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ื• ื”ื•ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ! ืืœื ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืจืื•ื™. (ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื•, ืฉืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื˜ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืœื ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื˜ ืฉืžื ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื ื—ืชื ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘, ื-ื‘). โ†
ืืžื ื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืžืžืฉ - ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื•ื’ื–ืจื• ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื™ ืฉืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืœื ื ื’ืข ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” - ืœื ื ื˜ืžื, ื•ืื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•"ืœ - ื ื˜ืžื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื•ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื–ื• ืงืœื”, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ืžืžื ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•'ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืžืฉ'. ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื•"ืœ ืื™ื ื” ื ืื›ืœืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ื ืฉืจืคืช. (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ื™ื, ื-ื‘; ื•ืขื™' ืชื•ืก' ื ื–ื™ืจ ื ื“, ื‘, 'ืืจืฅ'; ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ื™ื, ื; ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื, ืกื’).
ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžืงื•ื ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ื• ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืžื ืžืกืคืง, ืฉืžื ืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ื• ื ืคืœื™ื, ื•ืงืจืื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื• 'ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ื' (ืžืฉื ื” ืื”ืœื•ืช ื™ื—, ื–; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื™ื, ื–). ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืชื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื’ื–ืจื• ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืืจืฆื ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื (ืขื™' ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื›ื”, ื, ืชื•ืก' 'ืฉืจืฆื•ืขื”'; ื•ื‘ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ืคืจืง ื™ ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืืชื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ื ื ืคืœื™ื - 'ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ื', ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื).
^ 11.. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื›ืฉื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžื ืœืžืช, ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื˜ืžืื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืื‘ืœ ื’, ื™ื“), ืฉื•"ืข (ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืขื‘, ื; ืฉืกื˜, ื); ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ (ื‘, ืฆื—). ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ (ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืกื˜) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื ื”ื’ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื˜ืžืื™ ืžืชื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ื•ื›"ื› ืฉื ืคืจื™ืฉื”, ื‘"ื—, ืฉ"ืš, ื˜"ื–, ืจืข"ื ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจื™ืง"ืฉ; ื—ื›ืžืช ืื“ื ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื ื˜, ื. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžืงืœื™ื. ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื–.
ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืคืจื ืกื”, ื ืฉื™ืืช ืืฉื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”, ื˜). ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฃ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ. ืื•ืœื ื ืœืขื "ื“, ืฉืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ ื ื˜ืžืื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื•"ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš, ื•ื”ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืš, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืืจืขื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื’, ื˜).
^ 12.. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืฉืจืคืช, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ืื›ืœืช. ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื ืฉืจืคืช ืขื™ืงืจ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืงื‘ืขื• - ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” (ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื, ื‘), ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื ืื›ืœืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื™ืงืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื—ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืฉื ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื—ืœื” ื”ื ืฉืจืคืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืœื—ืœื” ื”ื ืื›ืœืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” (ืžืฉื ื” ื—ืœื” ื“, ื—, ื•ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื). ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœื ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื (ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขืช ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืขืœ ืขืคืจ ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ืจืง ื›ื”ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื–, ื; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื—ืœื” ื“, ื“). โ†
ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื—ื•"ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืชื•ืก' (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื–, ื, 'ื”ื™ืœื›ืš'), ื•ืจื"ืฉ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ื”ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืžืื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื’ื•ืคื•, ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืื‘, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ื”ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืžืื” ืฉืžื’ื•ืคื•, ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืช, ืื—ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืจืคืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืื›ืœืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ื˜ืžื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื’ื•ืคื•.
ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•"ืž ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ื›ืฉืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื”, ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื›"ื› ืจืžื‘"ื (ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”, ื”), ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื›ื‘, ื‘. ืืžื ื ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ื—ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ืœื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจืง ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืœืชืžื™ื“ (ื“ืขื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ื‘, ืจืฆื, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘, ื‘).
^ 13.. ื›ื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื•ื‘ืจืž"ื (ืฉืœื, ื‘). ื•ื›"ื› ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื‘, ืชืฉืœื; ืžื‘ื™"ื˜ ื‘, ืงืฆื•; ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ ื, ื›ื”; ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื, ื‘; ื’ืจ"ื ืฉืœื, ื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ื’, ื; ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื’, ื˜ื•. ืขื™' ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 8 ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื, ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื—ืœืชื•. ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”. ื•ื›"ื› ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” (ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื›, ื’), ื‘"ื™ (ืฉืœื, ื). ืืžื ื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืจ"ื (ืฉืœื, ื•, ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื), ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื›ื•), ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”, ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ (ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื, ื’-ื“).
^ 14.. ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื“ืžืื™ ื, ื’): "ืžื›ื–ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ - ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืžืื™", ืžื›ื–ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืžืื™ ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•, ื‘), ืฉืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืื›ืœ ื™ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฉืจื•, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืคื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืื›ืœ ื™ืจืง ื“ืžืื™, ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืžืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ื•ืœืงื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื›"ื› ืจ"ืช, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืชื•ืก'-ื”ืจื"ืฉ. ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืง ืžื“ืžืื™ ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืชืจื•"ืž, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ, ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื”).
ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžื“ื’ืŸ, ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื”ืจ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• (ืœืขื™ืœ ื—, ื) ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจืง ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืงื‘ืข ืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื™ืจืงื•ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—). ื•ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•"ืž (ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื•ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ). ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืจืง ืžืชืงื ืช ื“ืžืื™ ืคื˜ืจื•ื (ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง ื™ื’, ืžื“; ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื’, ื—). ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉื ืชืจื•"ืž, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž, ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉื ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืขื™' ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ื’, ื•). ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 20).
^ 15.. ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž, ืื•ืœื ื™ืจืื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื ื™ืื“ื• (ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื’), ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื ืฆื•ื‘ื, ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื•ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืชืจื•"ืž. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืกื‘ืจื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž ืžืงืจืงืข ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื: ืžื”ืจ"ื ื’ืœืื ื˜ื™ (ืกื™' ื ื–), ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžืฉืง ื‘'ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื›ืกืฃ' (ื™ื•"ื“ ื›ื’), ื—ื™ื“"ื (ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœื, ื). ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืœื”ืœื›ื” (ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ื’, ื˜). ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื™' ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื” 4.
^ 16.. ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื; ื“), ื•ืฉื•"ืข (ืฉืœื, ื), ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืื‘. ืืžื ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉื ืชืจื•"ืž, ื•ื‘ืืจ ืจื‘ ืฆืžื— ื’ืื•ืŸ (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื™ื‘, ื‘) ืฉื”ืชืงื ื” ื ื”ื’ื” ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื ื–ื”ืจื• ืžืฉืืจ ื˜ื•ืžืื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื”, ืคืกืงื• ื’ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž. ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืื™ืจื™ ื ื“ื” ืœื‘, ื; ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ื˜ื•; ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืงื•ืจืงื•ืก ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”, ื–. ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ืชื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืจื“ื‘"ื– (ื‘, ืชืจื ื˜), ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืกื ืืœื™ื”ื• (ืฉืœื, ื) ื•ื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื (ื”ืœ' ื—ืœื” ื•). ืืžื ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื), ื•ืฉื•"ืข (ืฉืœื, ื), ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืชืจื•"ืž, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื•"ืข (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื), ืฉื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’. (ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื’, 9, ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืš). ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืชืจื•"ืž, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ื™ืงื•ืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™ (ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘, ื—, ื–), ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ (ื’, ื™) ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ (ื, ื›ื—).
^ 17.. ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืกืคื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืจืžื‘"ื, ืกืž"ื’, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—, ืชืคื"ื™, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื›ืกืฃ, ืžืืžืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื (ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ), ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื (ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜, ื’ืจ"ื ื•ืคืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ). ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื›"ื› ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื, ืจืฉ"ื™, ืžืื™ืจื™ (ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•, ื‘) ื•ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ (ื’, ืงืฆื˜). ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื‘ืืชื™ื ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”, ื—, 7.
^ 18.. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื, ืœืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—, ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•"ืž ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ืœืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืชืจื•ืžื”, ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•"ืž ื ืขืฉื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 20 ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืขืชื, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืฃ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•"ืž ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ืกื›ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ืืœื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ 'ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื–': ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื” (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืงื•ืจืงื•ืก ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื™, ื; ืคืž"ื’, ืžื "ื— ืชืงื•). ื•ืžื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืœื ืœื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื•ื•ืชื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื– ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืืœื ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืงื—).
^ 19.. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ 'ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื–', ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืจืง ืœืคื™ ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื– ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืฉื•ื•ืชื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•"ืž, ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื•ืœื ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ื”ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ื”ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”.
^ 20.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื”; ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•, ื˜ื–), ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืฉืขืชื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืขื•ื“ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื›ืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช ื•ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื›ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื ืชื”ื™ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. (ืืžื ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”, ืชืจื•"ืž ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื—ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื, ื™ื“).
ื•ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืชืชืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจ"ืŸ, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื–, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื, ื•ื”ืขืจื” 8). ื•ืืฃ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชืงื“ืฉืช, ืง"ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื”ืœ' ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜-ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืจ: "ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™, ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื“ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ืžืช ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจืฉื ืžืžื ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื". ื•ื›"ื› ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ (ื, ื›ื”) ืฉื’ื ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื”, ืืœื ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื•ืœืจื“ื‘"ื– (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื”), ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื–ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื•. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื”.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”, ื•), ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ (ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื), ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืจืฉื•ืช, ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื—. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืชืงืคื™ื, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื, ื), ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื•, ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขืž' 658). ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช (ื’, ื), ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืฉื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื™"ื˜ (ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื) ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื“ืฉื•.
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืช ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™, ื•ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืงื“ืฉื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื (ืคื ื”"ืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื’, ื™ื“), ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™ (ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื” ื—"ื ืฉืขืจ ื’' ื•, ื’; ื™ื’, ื‘; ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื˜ื” ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื—"ื’ ื, ื“. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžืขืžื“ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืงืœืžืŸ ื›ื”ื ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 'ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืชืฉืžื˜ื ื”'). ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืœืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ื) ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื–ื ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืชืขื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘) ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืชืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืชืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื (ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื), ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืฉ (ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ).
ื’) ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืืช ืขืžื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืื‘ื“ ื–ื›ืจื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื (ืฉืื™ืœืช ื“ื•ื“ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช). ื“) ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ืขื“ ืื™ืœืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉ'ืžืขืœื” ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื' ื”ื•ื ืขืงื‘ื” ืฉืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืื™ืœืช (ืจืก"ื’, ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ื™ืงื•ืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื•). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช, ื•ืื™ืœืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” (ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ, ืื•ืฆืจ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”, ืœ). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืขื•ื“ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืื™ืœืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ 'ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ'. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืžื”ื: ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ (ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขืž' 658; 'ืืžื•ื ืช ืขืชื™ืš' 50); ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™, ื; ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™ (ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื›ื‘); ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ('ืืžื•ื ืช ืขืชื™ืš' 50); ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ (ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื, 6); ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื•ืœื“ืŸ ('ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ืกื™' ื›ื“); ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืจืื˜ื” (ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจ ื‘).
^ 21.. ื›ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื—). ืืžื ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื’ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช: ื) ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจ"ืŸ, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืชืจื•ืžื”). ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘) ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—). ื•ื’ื ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื’) ืœืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื, ื”; ื›ื•), ืืฃ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืœื”ืœื›ื” (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื).
ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื“ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืจืง ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืกืชืคืงื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืื—ื“ (ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”), ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืฉื’ื ืœื ื ืชืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื), (ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•"ื˜ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืกื™' ื™ื–. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ื™ืงื•ืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ื”ืœ' ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—"ื‘ ื—, ื“, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื, ื—, ื”ืงืœ). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื’ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ (ื—ื–ื•"ื ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื’, ืœื“, ื‘). ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื˜, 3.
ืืžื ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืืœื ืฉืœืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืชืขืงืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื (ืขื™' ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ื’, ื•-ื–). ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื, ืž"ืž ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืจื•"ืž ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืžืื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ืจ"ืช, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืชื•ืก'-ื”ืจื"ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืคื˜ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืชืจื•"ืž. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืจืžื‘"ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ืชืจื•"ืž, ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 14). ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื’ื ื”ืžืชืขืงืฉื™ื ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืจื•"ืž. ืืžื ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืื™ืœืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื™ืฆืื•, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืกืคืง ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื. ืง"ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืœืช ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื”, ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 9), ืฉื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•, ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื—ืœื” ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” - ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.
ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืื• ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื” (ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืขืจื”), ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื•ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื” (ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื”), ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืืžื ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื™ืฆืื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจื•ื”"ืค, ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ ื’, ื—, ืœื ื—ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”, ื•ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”, ื•ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ).
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il