ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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1726
22 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš

ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ





ื - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜ื–, ื›ื˜-ืœื): "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืœึฐื—ึปืงึผึทืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื ื‘ึผึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื‘ึผึถืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึนืจ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืชึผึฐืขึทื ึผื•ึผ ืึถืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื”ึธืึถื–ึฐืจึธื— ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึผึตืจ ื”ึทื’ึผึธืจ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนื›ึฐื›ึถื. ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื™ึฐื›ึทืคึผึตืจ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ืœึฐื˜ึทื”ึตืจ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ืžึดื›ึผึนืœ ื—ึทื˜ึผึนืืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืชึผึดื˜ึฐื”ึธืจื•ึผ. ืฉืึทื‘ึผึทืช ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืŸ ื”ึดื™ื ืœึธื›ึถื ื•ึฐืขึดื ึผึดื™ืชึถื ืึถืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื—ึปืงึผึทืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื". ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ืขืฉื”' ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘'ืœื ืชืขืฉื”'. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื‘ื.
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื•ืฉืœื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืฉื•ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ืื›ืœ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ื’ืกื” (ืชืžืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ), ืื• ืฉืชื” 'ื›ืžืœื ืœื•ื’ืžื™ื•', ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืจืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื›ื˜): "ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ืชึฐืขึปื ึผึถื” ื‘ึผึฐืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื•ึฐื ึดื›ึฐืจึฐืชึธื” ืžึตืขึทืžึผึถื™ื”ึธ". ื•ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื—ื˜ืืช. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื›ืœ ืื• ืฉืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื”. ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืžืขื˜. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืฉื•ืชื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. 1
ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขืœื™ื ื•ืขื ืคื™ื, ืื• ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืžืื•ื“, ืื• ืžืื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ืื›ืœ ื›ื“ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืื• ืžืขื•ืคืฉ, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื‘, ื•-ื—; ืจืž"ื ื˜). ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืื•ื›ืœื ืื• ืœืฉืชื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ื”ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืงื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืื•ื›ืœื ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืชื (ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืž"ื‘ ื˜ื•). 2

ื‘ - ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื”
ื’ื ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืžืกื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืงืคืช ืกื›ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืจืง ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืื•ืชื•. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืฆื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ืืฃ ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช (ืคื ื”"ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื™, ื‘-ื“).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืขืช, ืื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืงืคืช ืกื›ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉื›ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืชื• ื•ืœื ื™ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืžื˜ื”ืจ ื”' ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื. ื•ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•, ื•ืื ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื• ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืฉืืฉืชื• ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืื• ืžื™ื ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžืฆื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื’ื ืœืฆื•ื, ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืฉืชื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฆื•ื, ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช.
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื—ืžืช ืžื—ืœืชื• - ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืคื•ืืชื•. ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื™ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื ืžื™ื. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื ืžื™ื, ื™ืœืขืก ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืจื” ื•ื™ื‘ืœืขื ื”, ืื• ื™ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืคื’ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื˜ืขืžื, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื‘ืœืข ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื”.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘, ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืžืฆืขืจื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืขื–ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืคื”, ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืื• ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื’ืช ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื™ื’ืจื ื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ื. 3

ื’ - ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื”
ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ืชื•, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื—, ื”): "ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื—ึปืงึผึนืชึทื™ ื•ึฐืึถืช ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึทื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืึนืชึธื ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื•ึธื—ึทื™ ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”'". ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื™ื•ืžื ืคื”, ื‘): "ื•ึธื—ึทื™ ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื", ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื–, ื, 1). ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ - ื—ื•ื˜ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜, ื”): "ื•ึฐืึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ื“ึผึดืžึฐื›ึถื ืœึฐื ึทืคึฐืฉืึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืึถื“ึฐืจึนืฉื" (ื‘"ืง ืฆื, ื‘).
ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืกื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ืื• ื™ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืœืชื• ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื•. ื’ื ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืžื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ืžื•ืชื•, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืขื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
ืืžื ื ืžืื™ื“ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื—ื•ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืฉืื ื ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืกื›ื ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืืฉืคื– ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืขืช, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืคื ื™ื‘ืงืจ ืืฆืœื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื•ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืจืžื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ื ืœืืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืืกื•ืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืืกื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”.
ืืœื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืœ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื•ื ืขื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื“ืจื–ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช. 4

ื“ - ืžื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื›ื ื”
ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข, ืื™ืžืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืื™ืžืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ.
ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืฉืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” - ืžื•ืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืžืช, ืฉื’ื ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืื• ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจื•ืคื ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื›ื™ืคื”, ืืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆื•ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื. ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื•, ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืฆื•ื ื•ืžื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื•. ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืจื•ืคื ืžืกื™ืง ืฉืžืฆื‘ื• ืงืฉื”, ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืจื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืžืฅ ืกื›ื ื”. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ.
ืจื•ืคื ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืคืง, ื™ืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื” ืฉืฆื. ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ืš ืžืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฆื•ื. ืขืฆื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืจื•ืคื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื™ื ื• ืขืฆืœืŸ, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืื™ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืชืจื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•.
ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื˜ืขื” ื•ืฉืืœ ืจื•ืคื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื“ืจื– ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืคื ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ื•ืื ื—ื˜ื ื•ืœื ืฉืืœ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืคืง ืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ืžื›ืœืœ ืกืคืง ืœื ื™ืฆืื ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ื” ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื’ื ืื ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” - ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื“ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื“, ื™): "ืœึตื‘ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืžึธืจึผึทืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึน" (ื™ื•ืžื ืคื’, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื—, ื). ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืจื•ืคื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืชืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• - ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœืจื•ืคื (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืชืจื™ื—, ื”-ื•, ืฉืฉ"ื› ืœื˜, ื“). 5

ื” - ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš). ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืขื˜ืช ื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘'ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ' ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืจืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื˜ืืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›'ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ'.
ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืจืฉืœื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืขื™ื™ืคื”, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืฉืชื” ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืจื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกื›ืจืช ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆื ืœืžืฆื‘ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“. ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื™ืชืจืฉืœื• ื•ืœื ื™ืื›ืœื• ื›ืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื, ื™ืื›ืœื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช. ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž'ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ', ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื“ืจื• ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. 6
ื•ืขืชื” ื ื‘ืืจ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื: ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื 'ื›ืžืœื ืคื™ื•', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžืœื ืคื™ื• ืขื ืœื—ื™ ืื—ืช ืžืœืื”, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืคื™ื•. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื, ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘'ื›ืžืœื ืคื™ื•', ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ื ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืก, ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืžื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื”. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื–ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฆื•ื.
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ื’ืกื” (ืชืžืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ), ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื‘ื™ืฆื”. ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›-30 ืกืž"ืง (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื‘, ื-ื”, ื˜-ื™).
ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืกืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 'ืื›ื™ืœืช ืคืจืก'. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชืฉืข ื“ืงื•ืช, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง. ื•ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื”ืคืกืง ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื”ืคืกืง ืฉืœ ื“ืงื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืกืง ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื—, ื–-ื—). ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ืžืฉืงื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื“ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ืžืฉืงื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ. 7

ื• - ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื“ื ื ื—ืœืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื“ ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืจืชื• ื•ืœืžื•ืช. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžื•ืคืจื–, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืฉืขื™ืžื• ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื”ืฆื•ื ืืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืขื˜ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื ืคืฉื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช - ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื•. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืžืขื˜, ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืจื’ืข ื•ืžืชืื•ืฉืฉ. ื•ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ, ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืื ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช, ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืชืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื–, ื‘-ื’).
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจื’ืข ื•ื—ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆื•ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื™ื•ืžื ื•, ื“), ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื’ื™ ืฉื ื—ืœืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื ืฉื™ืฉืชื”, ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืืคืง ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื” ื–ื• (ื›ืœื‘ื• ืกื˜, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘"ื™ ืชืจื™ื—, ื). 8
ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงืœ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”, ืฉืื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืชื• ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื›ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืืฆืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื“ืœื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ.

ื– - ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื
ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืชื• ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืื ื™ืฉืชื• ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืชื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืœื ืœื•ื’ืžื™ื•, ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (75 ืžื™ืœ'. ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, ื™).
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื’ื ืื ืื›ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ - ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›-30 ืกืž"ืง, ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 'ื–ื™ืช' ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, ื”).
ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 6), ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืื›ืœ ื•ื™ืฉืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื™ืื›ืœ ื•ื™ืฉืชื” ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืฉืชื” ื•ืชืื›ืœ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกื›ืจืช ืฉืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืื›ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.
ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืงืฉืจื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช (ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘, ื’; ื‘, ื™ื). ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื ืคื— ื›'ื‘ื™ืฆื”' - ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืชื•, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื™ื‘ืจืš "ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื" (ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘, ื•).
ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชืžื™ื“, ืœื ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜, 5).
ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 'ื–ื™ืช', ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื•ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืื ืฉื›ื— ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ - ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ. ืื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืืžืจ ื’ื 'ืจืฆื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฆื ื•', ื•ืื ืฉื›ื— ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ - ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ. 9
ื”ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉืื ืฉื›ื— ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืžื™ ืฉืฉื›ื— ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ' ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ.
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆื•ืข ืขืœ ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœืงื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœื‘ืฆื•ืข ืขืœ ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื”. 10

ื— - ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช
ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื ื“, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื–, ื). ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื—ืœื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืŸ. ืื•ืœื ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืœื”. ื•ืจืง ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื–ืจื– ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช. ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื—ืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืคืข ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื (ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื–, ื›, ื“; ื ืฉืžืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืชืจื™ื–, ื).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื’ื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ืงืื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช, ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืจื–ืœ) ื ืžื•ืš ื•ืžื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื’ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื• ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืจื•ืคื ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ืงื‘ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœืื ืื• ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืฉืชื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืฉืชื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืงืื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆื•ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืืœื”. ืืžื ื ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฆื•ื ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ืชืฉืชื” ื•ืชืื›ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื”. 11

ื˜ - ื™ื•ืœื“ืช
ื™ื•ืœื“ืช, ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืื—ื–ื• ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ื“ื”, ืื• ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 72 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืจื’ืข ืœื™ื“ืชื”. ื•ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื” ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื 72 ื”ืฉืขื•ืช. 12 ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื, ืฉืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื ื–ืง, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉืชื• ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืชืชืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื”, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืฉืชื” ื•ืชืื›ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช.
ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื”. ืื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื” ื•ืœืจื•ืคื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื” ืกื›ื ื” - ืชืฆื•ื. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš - ืœื ืชืฆื•ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื–, ื“).

ื™ - ืžื™ื ืงืช
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื ื“, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื–, ื). ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืงืช ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ืœื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื ืงื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืงืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื ืงื” ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช. ื’ื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื ื ืฉืงืคืช ืกื›ื ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžืชืžืขื˜ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืคืกืง, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ื—ืœื‘. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื ืงื”.
ืขืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช, ืฉื™ื“ืœื’ื• ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืงื•ืช ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืฉื” ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืงื” ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช, ืชื ื™ืง ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื ื™ืง ื‘ืืจื‘ืข, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื™ืชืŸ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ืข. ื•ื›ืš ืœื ืชืกื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืฆื•ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืชืžืขื˜. ื™ืฉ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืื™ืžื, ื•ืื–ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื• ืžื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื›ืจ.
ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืœื•ืฉ ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™, ื•ื”ืจื•ืคื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื–ืงืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืžื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ื™ืคืกืง ืื• ื™ืชืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืชืฉืชื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืจื™ื–, ื). ืื•ืœื ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื”ืžื™ื ืงืช ืชืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื—ืœื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืชืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื. ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื, ื•ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ืœื‘ื” ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืคืข ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ื, ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ืชืžืขื˜. 13



^ 1.. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื•ืžื ืขื’, ื‘ - ืขื“, ื, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื’ื ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื–, ื›ื’) "ื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึตืœึถื‘", ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช, ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ื ืฉ (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื. ื•ืขื™' ืชื•ืก' ืขื“, ื, 'ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ', ืฉืžื‘ืืจ ืฉืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง). ื•ืœืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื‘, ื’; ืžืื›"ื ื™ื“, ื‘). ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•, ื, ื—ื•ืœืง ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ืœื‘): "ืฉืึทื‘ึผึทืช ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืŸ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึธื›ึถื ื•ึฐืขึดื ึผึดื™ืชึถื ืึถืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื", ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ (ื’ืจ"ื).
ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ื–ื™ืช - ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืฉื›ืŸ ืกืชื ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื–ื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืชื™ื” 'ื›ืžืœื ืœื•ื’ืžื™ื•' (ื™ื•ืžื ืค, ื-ื‘).
^ 2.. ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœื”: ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜ ืฉืœื• ื ืคื’ืข ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื–ื•ื ื“ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื”"ื›, ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื• ื•ื‘ืžืขื™ื• (ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—"ื‘ ืื•"ื— ื ื—; ื ืฉืžืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืชืจื™ื‘, ื–, 2, ืขืค"ื™ ืื’ืœื™ ื˜ืœ, ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื•ื“). ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืงื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืœื ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื (ื, ืงื›ื“). ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื”ื—ืช"ืก ืื•"ื— ืงื›ื–, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืขืœ ื”ื ืืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ื’, ืกื, ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื’ื ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื•. ืข"ื›. ื•ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. โ†
ื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช (ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“, ื•ื”ืจื—ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘, ืž). ืื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืชื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืžื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช (ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“; ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘, ื ื—; ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื–, ืœื‘, ื“; ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื˜, ื ื“). ืืžื ื ื ืจืื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืกื), ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืขื–ื™ื, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื™ื˜ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฆื•ื (ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ื), ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื›ืš. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ืงืคืื™ืŸ.
^ 3.. ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœืฉืื—ื™ืงืช ืกืžืžื ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืฉืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืชืŸ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืขืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืžืฉ ืฆืขืจ, ืืกื•ืจ (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื—, ื“-ื”, 3). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื (ืฉื ื›ื—, ื•).
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืœื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืžืฆืขืจื•, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื’, ืฆื; ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื‘, ื ื—, ื›ื”; ืฉืฉ"ื› ืœื˜, ื—). ืžื™ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืคื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงืคืื™ืŸ, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืงืคื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื˜ืขืžื• ืžืจ ื›ืœืขื ื”, ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืชืจื•ืคื”.
ื•ืื ื”ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ืฆืจืš ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื˜ืขืžื” ืžืชื•ืง, ื™ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ื ืืช ื˜ืขืžื”, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื‘ืœืข ืื•ืชื”. ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขืจื‘ ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืชื•ืง, ืื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจืกืง ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ, ื™ืจืกืง ืื•ืชื” ื•ืื– ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื™ืคื’ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื˜ืขืžื”, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื•ืœืขื”. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจ ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื‘, ื).
ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื™ื’ืจื ื” (ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื), ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื™ื’ืจื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื’ืจื ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื•ื—ื™, ื•ืื–ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื ืื™ื: ื) ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืืฆืœื• ืœืžื™ื’ืจื ื”. ื‘) ื”ืžื™ื’ืจื ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืื—ืจ ืืื•ืจื” (ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื™ื’ืจื ื”), ื•ื”ืืื•ืจื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืขื”. ื’) ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื” (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื ืจื•ืช ืื• ืกืคืจื™ื™) ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื™ื’ืจื ื”. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื (ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“"ืจ ืจืคื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื“"ืจ ืจื—ืœ ื”ืจื™ื ื’).
^ 4.. ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ืžืชื ืฉืื ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื™ืžืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื• ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœืฆื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ื ืกื›ื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืœื ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ื•ืืžื ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื”ื ืืชื, ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืœ ื™ื”ืจื’, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืก' (ืข"ื– ื›ื–, ื‘, 'ื™ื›ื•ืœ'), ืฉืื ืจืฆื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’ ื•ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ. ื•ืœืจืžื‘"ื (ื™ืกื•ื”"ืช ื”, ื) ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืฆื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.
^ 5.. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืคื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื’ื•ื™, ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื™ื—, ื). ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื™ื•ืžื ืคื’, ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื, ื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืคืื™ื. ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื”: ืื ืจื•ืคื ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืจื•ืคื ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืคืง - ื™ืื›ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื—, ื‘). ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืจื•ืคื ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื—, ื’). ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœื”ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืžืื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื—, ื“). ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื’ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ (ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ื’, ื•ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื™ื—, ื™ื‘).
ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืื ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืœืคื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื, ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ื ื”ืจื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ (ืขื™' ืจืž"ื ืชืจื™ื—, ื“).
ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื–, ื‘, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื—ืœืชื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœืจื•ืคื (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื›ื—, ื™, 'ื•ืจื•ืคื'). ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืคื—ื“ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื ื–ื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืื›ืœ. ื•ืื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจื•ืคื, ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ื”ื‘ื ืชื•. (ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืฆื™"ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—, ื˜ื• (ื–, ื›ื”), ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื ืœืจื•ืคื).
^ 6.. ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื™ื’, ื, ืฉืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื”ืกืชื›ื ื” ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืชืื›ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื•ืžื–ื” ืœืžื“ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื”, ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ, ื™ืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ืจื"ืฉ, ื”ื’ื”"ืž, ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื—, ื–. ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื›ืœืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื™ื•ืžื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ. ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ืžื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” ื™ืฉืชื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื• ื‘ืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” (ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘, ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื—, ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืกืง). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืงืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื’ื•ื™ ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื”. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ืชืจืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื” (ืชื•ืก'). ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื, ืฉืžื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื’ื•ื™ ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ, ื™ืชืขื›ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื™ืžื•ืช (ืจ"ืŸ). ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืฉืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ืชืขื›ื‘ื• ืื• ื™ืชืจืฉืœื•. ื•ืื ืžื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืชืจืฉืœื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื–, ื“-ื”.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ, ืœื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืœืกื›ื ื”. ืืžื ื ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืจืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื”. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœื“, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืฆืจืš ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืชืžื” ืœืžื” ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื–ืืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืกืคืง, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืกืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื—, ื“; ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื–, 4). ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื—"ื‘ ื›ื•, 33, ื‘ืฉื ืจื™ืฉ"ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ ืกื›ืจืช ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื”"ื› ืžืชื• ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืฆื•ื. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืฉื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื—ืœืฉื• ื•ื‘ืœื ืžืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขืœืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืชื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฆืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ื”, ื™ืื›ืœื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช.
^ 7.. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 'ืื›ื™ืœืช ืคืจืก' ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื— ื˜ื–, ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, ื–. ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 4 ืœ-9 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื™ื—, ื›ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื”"ื› ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื—ืช"ืก ืชืฉืข ื“ืงื•ืช. ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ืฉื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช, ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืคืจืก ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช. ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, ื–, ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืฉืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ื ื—ืช ื•ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืงื”. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื—, ื—, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช.
^ 8.. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืืœืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ (ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขืž' 101), ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืขื™ืœื” ื ืขืฉื” ืจืขืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืื ื–. ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฆืžื ืœืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ืชืขืœืฃ. ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืงืžืฆืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ืชืœื•ืฆืฆื• ืขืœื™ื•: "ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื ื ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืœืขื ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช, ื™ื˜ืขื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื˜ืขื ื”ืฆื™ืžืื•ืŸ". ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”, ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ื“ืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื• ืœืชืช ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืคื™ืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 'ืžืœื ืœื•ื’ืžื™ื•'. ืื•ืœื ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืคื™ืช ื•ื›ืคื™ืช ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื• ื’ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ืžืื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืก. ืœื ืจืฆื” ื”ืื‘"ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉ, ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข, ื•ืฉืืœ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง: "ืชืืžืจื• ืœื•, ืฉื‘ืขื“ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ื™ืชืŸ ืžื—ืจ ืžืื” ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ (ืกื›ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“) ืœืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ืื ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš, ืชืชื ื• ืœื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื”". ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžืชืขืœืฃ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื™ื• ืจื•ื—ื•, ื”ื–ื“ืงืฃ, ื ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืžื ื›ืœืœ...
^ 9.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื', ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื”ืž"ื– (ืžื”ืจ"ื, ืจื"ืฉ, ื”ื’ื”"ืž, ื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื—, ื™). ื•ืืžื ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื›"ืฅ ื•ื”ื˜"ื– ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื', ื›ื™ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชืงื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื'. ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ืฉื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืคืกืง ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืืžื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ืื ืฉื›ื— ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื‘ื™ื•ื”"ื› ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžืž"ื ื™, ื•ื›"ื› ื—"ื, ืคืž"ื’, ืž"ื‘ ื›ื˜.
^ 10.. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืื›ืœ (ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’, ืชื–, ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื˜ื” ืจืข"ื ืชืจื™ื—, ื‘, ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื). ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” (ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืชืจื™ื—, ื™ื—; ื—"ื ืงืžื”, ืœื‘; ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ื”"ื› ื“, ื; ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื, ืงื ื”; ืื’"ืž ื—ื•"ืž ื, ืœื˜; ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื—, ื›; ืžืฉื ืช ื™ืขื‘"ืฅ ืื•"ื—, ื ื˜; ืฉืฉ"ื› ืœื˜, ืœื’; ื—ื–ื•"ืข ืขืž' ืฉื–).
ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ื”ื’ื”"ื˜), ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆื•ืข ืขืœ ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื”. ื•ืงืฉื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืจื“ ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืจื“. ืื‘ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆื•ืข ืขืœ ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ื›"ื› ืž"ื ืชืจื™ื—, ื™; ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ื™ื—.
ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืจืข"ื ื›ื“, ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืฆื•ื ืืœื ืžื—ืžืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืกืชืคืง, ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ื–ื• ื ืชืงื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ื. ื•ืื ืื›ืœ ื•ืฉืชื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช. (ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื–, ื™ื, 15, ืฉื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจื” ืžื™ ืฉืื›ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืงืจืื• ืœื• ื™ืขืœื”, ื•ื™ืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืช"ืก ืื•"ื— ืงื ื–, ืฉื”ืชื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”"ื›). (ืฉ"ืฅ ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉ"ืฅ, ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืขืž' ืฉื ื).
^ 11.. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื”ืžื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืขืจื” 13). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืจืง ืขืœ ืจื•ืคื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื›ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชืฉืชื” ืื• ืชืื›ืœ. ื•ืขื™' ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื“' ืฉื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
^ 12.. ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื™ื–, ื“, ื›ืชื‘ ืขืค"ื™ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืงืžื—, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ืฉืื ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื–' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืฉืœ, ื™, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ื•ืžื”ื: ืจื"ืฉ, ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืืฉืจื™ ืขืค"ื™ ื‘ื”"ื’. ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” (ืฉืฉ"ื› ืœื˜, ื˜ื•; ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—"ื– ื ื’, ื–).
^ 13.. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ืคืกืง ืื• ื™ืชืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืชืฉืชื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื—ืœื‘ ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ (ื›ืš ืžืกืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื), ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื (ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื•, ื‘; ืฉื™ื— ื ื—ื•ื ืœื•). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืืฃ ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืืœื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ืื, ื•ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื ืงื”, ืž"ืž ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื ื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช. ืขืค"ื™ ืกืงืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ืก: ื›-10% ืžื”ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช, ืจืง ื›-70% ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื ืงื” ืžืœืื” ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ื›-50% ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื›-32% ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ืงื” ืื• ืžืžืขื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ืžื—ืื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื ืงื” ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื›ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ ืื, ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื™ื ืงืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื. ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืžืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžื• ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื”ื ื™ืงื•, ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืคืชืื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื, ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื”ืงื™ืœื• ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงื–, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื—ืช"ืก ื•, ื›ื’; ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืจื™ื–, ื; ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ืชืจื™ื–. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ืื•"ื— ื, ืจื, ืกื•ืก"ืง ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ื•ืœื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื—ืœื‘ ืื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื—ืœื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ืงืช ื™ืชืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื, ืชืฉืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื”"ื›. ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื˜ื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื ื, ื”ืขืจื” ื™ื; ื•ืคืก"ืช ืชืจื™ื–, ื‘. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ ืื, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืงื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื, ื•ืึตื ืฉื ืคืกืง ื—ืœื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืงืช, ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื™ืจื•ื“ื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ื•ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืœื‘ ืื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ ื™ื™ืคืกืง ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. ื•ืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื•ื ืžืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืจื•ืคื ืฉืžืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื ืงื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ. ื•ืขื™' ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื“' ืฉื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื”ืฆื•ื ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง. ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ื ืงื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ ืฉืชืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”, ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื—ืœื‘ื” ื™ืชืžืขื˜ ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“. ืœื”ืคืš, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื, ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืงืชืŸ ื”ืฉืชืคืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื”ื ืงื”. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื ืงืช ืœื ื ื”ื’ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื•ื ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื•. (ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื ืงืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœื”ื ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืื• ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ื™ืง, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ืชืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืฆื•ื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืงืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืžื•ืคืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื.
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ื—ืื™

    ื˜ื• ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ืข
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื”

    ืชืฉืข"ื“
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉื›ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื”
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช

    ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ืข
ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื
ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืžืกื›ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื

    ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ืชื ื•

    ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•" ื•ื”ื—ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื ื“ืจื™ ื”ื ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื” ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจ"ืŸ. ื“ืจืš ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืœืš" ื•ื”"ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื", ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื, ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื•ืื•ื ืก ื ืขืจื”, ื•ืžื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืœื ืชืขืฉื”" ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"

    ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื•ืฆืืช-ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช โ€“ ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ืืœื•ืงื™ื™ื

    ืžื” ืจืื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช? ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืคืจื”? ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื’ืœ?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื™ ื–ืื’ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    5 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื—ื•ืงืช - ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื™ื›ื˜ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”

    ืœื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    47 ื“ืง'
    ื ื“ืจื™ื

    ืžื™ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘"ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืœ" ื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ืื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืจ ?

    ื ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ื˜"ื•.

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื ืชื— ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ (ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ื˜"ื•) ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืœ" ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžื ื›ืกื™ื•. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืคืœืจ), ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื’ื“ืจื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื ื“ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื ื” ืขืฆืžื•, ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื• ืœื ื™ืชื—ืœืœ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกื‘ืจื’ | ื›"ื– ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ืงืจื—

    ืงื•ืจื— - ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืงื•ืจื—, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉืชื• ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ | ื›"ื— ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    37 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”

    ืคืกืงื” ืœ' - ืœ"ื

    ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” | ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช | ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ | ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ | ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉืœืืจ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช |ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืช ืœืœืื•ื.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    51 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”

    ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื”''ื‘

    ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘''ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘''ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื”''ื‘. ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ, ื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ | ื›"ื˜ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค''ื•
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    1:02
    ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ

    ืืœ ืชืขืฉ ืขืฆืžืš ื›ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื

    ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืชืคื“ื” - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

    ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช | ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ | ืžืชืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ ืœื• ืœื | ืžื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ | ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ื™ื“ื” | ืžืฆื™ืœ ืขืฉื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ืขืฉืงื• | ืคืชื— ืคื™ืš ืœืื™ืœื

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    38 ื“ืง'
    ืžืœื›ื™ื - ื”ืจื‘ ืขื™ื“ื• ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™

    ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

    ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ืคืจืง ื›"ื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื›"ื‘ - ืœ'

    ืœืžื” ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ? ื•ืžื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื? ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ - ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื•ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืื ื›ืŸ - ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื? ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื?

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื™ื“ื• ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

    ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื' , ืœ"ื— - ืœ"ื˜

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื”. ื”ืฉื’ืช ื ื—ืžื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื”.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื›"ื– ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ืคืœื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืœื. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืชืชื’ืœื” ืข"ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ- ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช- ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื” ืคืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื›"ื“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il