ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช
  • ื•ืืจื
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14 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 57 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”

ืœืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื?


ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”


ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืคืขื (ื–"ื— ื™ืชืจื• ื’). "ื•ึผื‘ึผึฐื’ึดื™ืŸ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึทื— ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืจึทื™ึฐื™ืชึธื ื—ึทืžึฐืฉืึดื™ืŸ ื–ึดืžึฐื ึดื™ืŸ ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื, ืœึฐืึทื—ึฒื–ึธืึธื” ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืขึธืœึฐืžึธื ื—ึทืกึฐื“ึผึธื ื“ึผึทืขึฒื‘ึทื“ ืงื•ึผื“ึฐืฉืึธื ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืขึดื ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื“ึผึฐืึทืคึผึตื™ืง ื™ึทืชึฐื”ื•ึนืŸ ืžึตืึดื™ื ื•ึผืŸ ื—ึตื™ืœึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึดืžึฐืกึธืึฒื‘ื•ึผ" ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื โ€“ "ื•ึฐืึธืขึตื™ืœ ืœื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื’ื•ึน ื—ึตื™ืœึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึฐื“ึทื›ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื“ึผึฐื”ึทื™ึฐื™ื ื•ึผ ื—ึทืžึฐืฉืึดื™ืŸ ืชึผึทืจึฐืขึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึฐืกื•ึผื›ึฐืœึฐืชึธื ื•ึน" โ€“ ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืขืจื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ.


ืœื™ืžื“ ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื


ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืคืกื—, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘:  "ื–ึธื›ึžื•ึนืจ ืึถืชึพื”ึทื™ึผึคื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”ึ™ ืึฒืฉืึถึจืจ ื™ึฐืฆึธืืชึถึคื ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทึ™ื™ึดืึ™ ืžึดื‘ึผึตึฃื™ืช ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดึ”ื™ื ื›ึผึดึšื™ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึนึฃื–ึถืง ื™ึธึ”ื“ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดึงื™ื ื”ึ›' ืึถืชึฐื›ึถึ–ื ืžึดื–ึผึถึ‘ื” ื•ึฐืœึนึฅื ื™ึตืึธื›ึตึ–ืœ ื—ึธืžึตึฝืฅ" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ื’).ืจืฉ"ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ื›ืš ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืืžืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื "ืœึนืึพืชึนืื›ึทึคืœ ืขึธืœึธื™ื•ึ™ ื—ึธืžึตึ”ืฅ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทึฅืช ื™ึธืžึดึ›ื™ื ืชึผึนึฝืื›ึทืœึพืขึธืœึธึฅื™ื• ืžึทืฆึผึ–ื•ึนืช ืœึถึฃื—ึถื ืขึนึ‘ื ึดื™ ื›ึผึดึฃื™ ื‘ึฐื—ึดืคึผึธื–ึ—ื•ึนืŸ ื™ึธืฆึธึ™ืืชึธึ™ ืžึตืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทึ”ื™ึดื ืœึฐืžึทึฃืขึทืŸ ืชึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผึนึ—ืจ ืึถืชึพื™ึคื•ึนื ืฆึตึฝืืชึฐืšึธึ™ ืžึตืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทึ”ื™ึดื ื›ึผึนึ–ืœ ื™ึฐืžึตึฅื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึถึฝื™ืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื– ื’).


ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ


ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืคืกื— ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, "ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ" (ื™ื’, ื—); "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืึธืœึฐืšึธ ื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ืžึธื—ึธืจ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืžึทื” ื–ึผึนืืช ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึฐื—ึนื–ึถืง ื™ึธื“ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ื•ึผ ื”' ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื" (ื™ื’ ื™ื“); "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึธื›ึถื: ื•ึทืึฒืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ื–ึถื‘ึทื— ืคึผึถืกึทื—" ื•ื›ื•' (ื™ื‘ ื›ื•-ื›ื–). ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกื— ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืงื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื. ื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื”, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช.


ื–ื›ื™ืจื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื


ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ "ื•ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื", ื•ื’ื ืœืกืคืจ ื›ืš ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”.


ื’ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืื™ืชื•. "ื•ึฐื–ึธื›ึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึผึนืฆึดืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ ื—ึฒื–ึธืงึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื–ึฐืจึนืขึท ื ึฐื˜ื•ึผื™ึธื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ืฆึดื•ึผึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”, ื™ื’-ื˜ื•). ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” "ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื".


ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”' ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื


ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช


ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื ื• ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” "ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื", ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื•ึฐืฉืึทื‘ึผึทืช ืงึธื“ึฐืฉืื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐืจึธืฆื•ึนืŸ ื”ึดื ึฐื—ึดื™ืœึธื ื•ึผ, ื–ึดื›ึผึธืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉึนึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช, ืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึธื” ืœึฐืžึดืงึฐืจึธืึตื™ ืงึนื“ึถืฉื, ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื". ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื "ื›ึผึดื™ ืฉืึตืฉืึถืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”' ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึธื ื•ึฐืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึธื ึทื— ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึตืจึทืšึฐ ื”' ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ื•ึทื™ึฐืงึทื“ึผึฐืฉืึตื”ื•ึผ" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื™ื). ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืฃ "ื—ึถืžึฐื“ึผึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืงึธืจึธืืชึธ. ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉึนึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช".


ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื’ื "ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื" ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. "ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืœึทื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ืึทืชึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึฐืšึธ ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื’ึตืจึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึธื ื•ึผื—ึท ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื›ึผึธืžื•ึนืšึธ: ื•ึฐื–ึธื›ึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึผึนืฆึดืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ ื—ึฒื–ึธืงึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื–ึฐืจึนืขึท ื ึฐื˜ื•ึผื™ึธื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ืฆึดื•ึผึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”, ื™ื’-ื˜ื•).


ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช


ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™ื– ืข"ื‘) ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืื—ื ื‘ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘: ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื". ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืจืฉื‘"ื ื›ื™ "ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช". ื•ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื”"ื›ืœื‘ื•" (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื”) ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืงืจืืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื".


ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช ืจืง "ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ื•ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืคืกืงื™ ืจื™"ื“ ืœืžื” ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ื”ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ืช" ื•ืœื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื›ืฉื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืข"ื) ืฉืคืกืง ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืกื™ืง ื”ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื) ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืจืขื).


ืœืžื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”?


ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื•? ืœืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื? ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื? ืœืžื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”?


 


ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉึนึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช - ื”' ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ


ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”. ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”' ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืขื“ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ืฉืžืขืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉ"ืœื™ืช ืืชืจ ืคื ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ื”". ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ืคื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืืœื•ืงื•ืช.


ื›ืฉืคืจืขื” ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”' ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžื•ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”' ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. "ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืช ื”ื ืคืœื (ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื) ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœื•ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉื•, ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ" (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื™ื’). ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื” ืคืจืขื” ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื•ืจื•ืื” ื’ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื•.


ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื”' ืœืžืฉื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื "ื”ื•ื™ื”" ืฉื”' ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื "ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืชึผึตื“ึทืข ื›ึผึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”' ื‘ึผึฐืงึถืจึถื‘ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื— ื™ื—). ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื•ื™ื”" ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”' ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื”' ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื ื• ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื” ืืœื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื–ื”ื• "ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช".


 


ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื - ืฉื ืื“ื ื•ืช


ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื•ืžื“ ืคืจืขื” ื’ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช "ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึทืคึผึทืขึทื ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืึฒื ึดื™ ืฉืึนืœึตื—ึท ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื’ึผึตืคึนืชึทื™ ืึถืœ ืœึดื‘ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึทืžึผึถืšึธ". ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื”' "ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ืชึผึตื“ึทืข ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ื›ึผึธืžึนื ึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ ื™ื“). ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืจืขื” ืœื•ืžื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”' ืžืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื ืืœื•ืคื™ ืื“ื•ื, ืจืขื“ ืื•ื—ื– ืืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ.


ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช, ื”' ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื”. ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื’ืœื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื”'. ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”' ืื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื’ื ืขืœื™ื ื•.


ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื™ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืชืจืช ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš. ืœื›ืŸ ื”' ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื "ืžึดื™ ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึธื ื–ึถื” ืœึธื”ึถื ืœึฐื™ึดืจึฐืึธื” ืึนืชึดื™ ื•ึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึนืชึทื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึดื™ื˜ึทื‘ ืœึธื”ึถื ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืœึฐืขึนืœึธื" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื” ื›ื•). ืืœื” ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”' ืœืžืฉื” ื›ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.


ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•


ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”' ืžื ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืžื” ื‘-1880 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชืช ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.


ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืžื ื•. ืื ื• ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ 72 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”' ืœืื‘ืจื”ื "ื•ื™ืจืฉ ื–ืจืขืš ืืช ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื•". ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื ื• "ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืืชื” ืœื ืชืœื•ื•ื”" ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืจื—ืช . ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื ื• "ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ืš ื•ื”ืจื‘ืš ืžืื‘ื•ืชืš" ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืคืจื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.


ืื ื• ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœื• "ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืจื‘ื• ื™ืžื™ื›ื ื•ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”" ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ืชื‘ืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”-OECD ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.


ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”


ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื”' ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”. "ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื ื”ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”. ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื•ืžืงืจื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœื ื ืกื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“" (ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ื). ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. "ืฉืึดืžึผึปืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึธื".


 


ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• - ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื›ื ื™ื


ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึธื ื•ึผื—ึท ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื›ึผึธืžื•ึนืšึธ


ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ืœื’ืจ ืœื™ืชื•ื ื•ืœืืœืžื ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืฆืœื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืคืจืขื” ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื ื•ื—. "ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ืึทืชึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึฐืšึธ ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื’ึตืจึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ". ื•ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”? "ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึธื ื•ึผื—ึท ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื›ึผึธืžื•ึนืšึธ". ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืš "ื•ึฐื–ึธื›ึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึผึนืฆึดืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ ื—ึฒื–ึธืงึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื–ึฐืจึนืขึท ื ึฐื˜ื•ึผื™ึธื”. ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ืฆึดื•ึผึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื” ื™ื“).


ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึธืžึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ โ€“ ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึผึตืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึผึธืชื•ึนื ื•ึฐื”ึธืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืงึดืจึฐื‘ึผึถืšึธ


ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืฉืžื— ืืช ื”ื’ืจ, ื”ื™ืชื•ื ื•ื”ืืœืžื ื”. "ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึธืžึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึทืœึผึตื•ึดื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึผึตืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึผึธืชื•ึนื ื•ึฐื”ึธืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืงึดืจึฐื‘ึผึถืšึธ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึดื‘ึฐื—ึทืจ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืฉืึทื›ึผึตืŸ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึธื". ื•ืื ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื ืžื›ืกืคื ื•, ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื "ื•ึฐื–ึธื›ึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึธ ืึถืช ื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื”" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–).


ืœึนื ืชึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึถื ึผื•ึผ ืจึตื™ืงึธื


ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื“ ื•ืœืืžื” ืฉืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื. "ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ืชึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึถื ึผื•ึผ ื—ึธืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ืžึตืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ ืœึนื ืชึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึถื ึผื•ึผ ืจึตื™ืงึธื: ื”ึทืขึฒื ึตื™ืง ืชึผึทืขึฒื ึดื™ืง ืœื•ึน ืžึดืฆึผึนืื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดื’ึผึธืจึฐื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดื™ึผึดืงึฐื‘ึถืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึตืจึทื›ึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืชึผึดืชึผึถืŸ ืœื•ึน" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื• ื™ื’). ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืฉืžืœื•ืช, ื›ืš "ื•ึฐื–ึธื›ึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืคึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึฐืšึธ ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•).


ืœึนื ืชึธื‘ึนื ืึถืœ ื‘ึผึตื™ืชื•ึน ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนื˜ ืขึฒื‘ึนื˜ื•ึน


ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืขื ื™ ื•ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืžืžื ื• ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•. "ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึทืฉึผืึถื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืขึฒืšึธ ืžึทืฉึผืึทืืช ืžึฐืื•ึผืžึธื” ืœึนื ืชึธื‘ึนื ืึถืœ ื‘ึผึตื™ืชื•ึน ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนื˜ ืขึฒื‘ึนื˜ื•ึน" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ ื™), ื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื•ืง ืืช ืฉื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืฆืœื ื• "ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉืึนืง ืฉื‚ึธื›ึดื™ืจ ืขึธื ึดื™ ื•ึฐืึถื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ืžึตืึทื—ึถื™ืšึธ ืื•ึน ืžึดื’ึผึตืจึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ: ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนืžื•ึน ืชึดืชึผึตืŸ ืฉื‚ึฐื›ึธืจื•ึน" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ ื˜ื•). ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœื’ืจ ืœื™ืชื•ื ื•ืœืืœืžื ื” "ืœึนื ืชึทื˜ึผึถื” ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทื˜ ื’ึผึตืจ ื™ึธืชื•ึนื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึทื—ึฒื‘ึนืœ ื‘ึผึถื’ึถื“ ืึทืœึฐืžึธื ึธื”" โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ "ื•ื–ึธื›ึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืคึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืฉึผืึธื" (ืฉื ื™ื—).


ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื


ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ืžึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืœึดื™ืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท?


ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื‘) ืžึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ึผึทืœึผึตื™ืœื•ึนืช. ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืขึฒื–ึทืจึฐื™ึธื”, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึถืŸ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื”, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื–ึธื›ึดื™ืชึดื™ ืฉืึถืชึผึตืึธืžึตืจ ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ึผึทืœึผึตื™ืœื•ึนืช, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื“ึผึฐืจึธืฉืึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื–ื•ึนืžึธื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ "ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืชึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผึนืจ ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนื ืฆึตืืชึฐืšึธ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื›ึผึนืœ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึถื™ืšึธ". ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึถื™ืšึธ - ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื. ื›ึผึนืœ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึถื™ืšึธ - ื”ึทืœึผึตื™ืœื•ึนืช. ื•ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื: ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึถื™ืšึธ - ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”. ื›ึผึนืœ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึถื™ืšึธ - ืœึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืœึดื™ืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท"


ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ืœ". ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ืœ".


ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืœื ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—: "ืชึผึทื ึฐื™ึธื, ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึธื”ึถื ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื–ื•ึนืžึธื ืœึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ืžึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืœึดื™ืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท? ื•ึทื”ึฒืœึนื ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื ึถืึฑืžึทืจ: 'ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธืึดื™ื ื ึฐืึปื ื”', ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ื—ึทื™ ื”' ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึถืขึฑืœึธื” ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ื—ึทื™ ื”' ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึถืขึฑืœึธื” ื•ึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึตื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื–ึถืจึทืข ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืฆึธืคื•ึนื ึธื”, ื•ึผืžึดื›ึผึนืœ ื”ึธืึฒืจึธืฆื•ึนืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึดื“ึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึดื™ื ืฉืึธื' (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื›ื’). ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœื•ึน, ืœึนื ืฉืึถืชึผึตืขึธืงึตืจ ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดืžึผึฐืงื•ึนืžึธื”ึผ, ืึถืœึธื ืฉืึถืชึผึฐื”ึตื ืฉืึดืขึฐื‘ึผื•ึผื“ ื’ึผึธืœึปื™ึผื•ึนืช ืขึดืงึผึธืจ, ื•ึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื˜ึธืคึตืœ ืœื•ึน". ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื’ื ืคืกื•ืง ืžื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• "ืึทืœ ืชึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืจึดืืฉืึนื ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืงึทื“ึฐืžึนื ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ืึทืœ ืชึผึดืชึฐื‘ึผึนื ึธื ื•ึผ". "ืึทืœ ืชึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืจึดืืฉืึนื ื•ึนืช" - ื–ื•ึน ืฉืึดืขึฐื‘ึผื•ึผื“ ื’ึผึธืœึปื™ึผื•ึนืช. "ื•ึฐืงึทื“ึฐืžึนื ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ืึทืœ ืชึผึดืชึฐื‘ึผื•ึนื ึธื ื•ึผ" - ื–ื•ึน ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื. "ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ืขึนืฉื‚ึถื” ื—ึฒื“ึธืฉืึธื”, ืขึทืชึผึธื” ืชึดืฆึฐืžึธื—" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืžื’).


ืื™ืš ืชืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”?


ืžื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืœื ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืœืœ. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื' ื’'. ืืžื ื ื”ืฆืœ"ื— ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ). ืื™ืš ืœืคื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”?


ื–ื›ื™ืจื”, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”' ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื•ืœืš ืขืœื™ื•


ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”' ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื. ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ื“ึผึถื‘ึถืจ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืžืœืš ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”' ืžืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื• ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•.


"ื“ึผึทืข ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึทื•ึผึธื ึธื” ื‘ึผึดืงึฐืจึดื™ืึทืช ืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืจึทืง ืœึดื–ึฐื›ึผึนืจ ื‘ึผึทืคึผึถื” ื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื”ึธืึตืœ ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึตืšึฐ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื ืœึฐืคึทืจึฐืขึนื” ืคึผึฐืจื•ึผื›ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ื›ึผึนื—ึท ื•ึฐืชึทื—ึทืช ืกึดื‘ึฐืœื•ึนืช ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืงึธืฉืึถื” ื•ึฐืขึทื ืจึทื‘, ื•ึฐืขึดื ื”ึทื–ึผึฐื›ึดื™ืจึธื” ื ึดืงึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึตืšึฐ ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐื’ึผึดื™ื—ึท ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึผึธื›ื•ึนืœ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึดืžึฐื ึธืขึถื ึผื•ึผ ืžื•ึนื ึตืขึท ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื ืฆึทื“. ื•ึฐืขื•ึนื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืชึฐื—ึทื–ึผึตืง ื‘ึผึฐื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืžึดื“ึผึทืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึดื˜ึผึธื—ื•ึนืŸ ื—ึดื–ึผื•ึผืง ืจึทื‘, ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึธืึธื” ื”ึธืึทื–ึฐื”ึธืจึธื” ืขึทืœ ื–ึถื” ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืงื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื‘ึผึดื–ึฐื›ึดื™ืจึทืช ื”ึธืึนืชื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผื•ึนืคึฐืชึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึผึธื“ ื”ึทื—ึฒื–ึธืงึธื”".


ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช


ืืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืž-102 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืชื‘ืœ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. "ื”ึตื ึผึธื” ื’ึผึทื ื”ึทืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึธืžื•ึผืจ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจึตื ื•ึผ ืงึดื‘ึผื•ึผืฅ ืขึทื ืžึฐืžึปืฉึผืึธืšึฐ ื•ึผืžึฐืžึนืจึทื˜ ืžึตืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ื ื•ึนืจึธืึดื™ื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึฒืจึธืฆื•ึนืช ื”ึธืจึฐื—ื•ึนืงื•ึนืช ืžึดืฆึผึธืคื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผืžึทื™ึดื. ื•ึฐืชึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”ึทื›ึผึทื•ึผึธื ึธื” ื”ึทื”ึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ื—ึฒื–ึธืงึธื” ื‘ึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื–ึผึฐื›ึดื™ืจึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืชื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื ึดืกึผึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ื—ึฒื–ึธืงึดื™ื. ืึดื ื›ึผึตืŸ ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผึทื˜ึผึถืœึถืช ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื” ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ" (ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช, ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื• ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™, ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื“'. ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืจืืฉ ืืžื ื” ื™ื’).


ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื—ื‘"ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•


ื’ืื•ืœืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช


ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื—ื‘"ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื›ื•' ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ "ื”ึทื”ึทื ึฐื”ึธื’ึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ืช ืฉืึถืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ึผึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืื•ึผ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืขึทื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผืช ืœึฐื—ึตืจื•ึผืช ื‘ึผึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืึตื™ื ึถื ึผึธื” ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื—ึทื“-ืคึผึทืขึฒืžึดื™ ืฉืึถืึตืจึทืข ืจึทืง ืึธื– (ื‘ึผึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื), ืึถืœึผึธื 'ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ื“ึผื•ึนืจ ื•ึธื“ื•ึนืจ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ื™ื•ึนื ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืึธื“ึธื ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึธืฆึธื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื' ื•ึผื›ึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื”ึทื’ึผึธื“ึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืคึผึถืกึทื— (ื‘ึผึฐืœึตื™ืœ ื”ึทืกึผึตื“ึถืจ): 'ืœึนื ืึถืช ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึทื“ ื’ึผึธืึทืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืึถืœึผึธื ืึทืฃ ืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ื’ึผึธืึทืœ ืขึดืžึผึธื”ึถื'".


ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ืžืขื™ื• ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื™ "ื’ึผึฐืึปืœึผึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืคึผึธืชึฐื—ึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐื ึธืชึฐื ึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึทื›ึผึนื—ึท ืœึฐื—ึตืจื•ึผืช ื•ึผื’ึฐืึปืœึผึธื”, ื•ึผื‘ึฐืึนืคึถืŸ ื ึดืกึผึดื™, ืฉืึถืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐืžึถืฉืึถืšึฐ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึทื ึผึดื™ื".ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ "ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื’ึผึฐืึธืœึธื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื’ึธืึทืœ ืึถืช ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื".


ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื


ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืืžืจ ืื– "ื›ึผึธืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ื™ึธื›ื•ึนืœ ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื’ึธืœื•ึผื™ ืฉืึถื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื ื“ึผึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทืงึผึฐืคึดื™ื ื›ึผึธืขึตืช ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื ึผึดืฆึผึธื—ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธืžึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึตืœึผื•ึผ". ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืขืช ืฆื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืกืื“ื ื—ื•ืกื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื™ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื›ื” ืกืื“ื ื—ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื ื›ื ืข ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืืจื”"ื‘. ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ "ืœืžื›ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ืกื“ื•". ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื• ื”ืขืžื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื•.


ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจ: "ืžึทื–ึผึถื” ื™ึฐืฉืึธื ึธื” ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืœึทื™ึผึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ื ืฉืึถืฉึผืื•ึนืึฒืœึดื™ื ืึตื™ืคึธื” ืจื•ึนืึดื™ื ื ึดืกึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึดืคึฐืœึธืื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึปื’ึฐืžึทืช ื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึดืคึฐืœึธืื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐืขึตืช ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึผืคื•ึผืจึดื™ื?


ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื ื• - ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”


ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ "ืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึดื™ื ืจึทืง ืœึดืคึฐืชึผึนื—ึท ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึตื™ื ึทื™ึดื ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึฐืึนืจึธืขื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื›ื•ึผ'".  ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืืช ืฆื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืกืื“ื ื—ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืก ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ 70 ืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื ืก ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ 70 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื.


ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื• - ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”' ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื”


"ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืจื•ึนืึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื”, ืžึฐืขื•ึนืจึตืจ ื–ึถื” ื‘ึผึดื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ ืขื•ึนื“ ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ, ืึถืช ื”ึทื”ึทื›ึผึธืจึธื” ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผื•ึนืจึตื ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื•ึผืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ื•ึน, ื•ึฐืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“ ื ึดืกึผึดื™ื ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐ'ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืžึทืฆึผึดื™ืœึตื ื•ึผ ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ึธื' ืฉืึถืœ ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึท'ืขื•ึนืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ'. ื•ึผื‘ึดืคึฐืจึธื˜ ืฉืึถื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืขึทื›ึฐืฉืึธื•ึดื™ึผึดื™ื ืžึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึฐื—ึทื–ึผึฐืงึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทื”ึทืจึฐื’ึผึตืฉื ืึตืฆึถืœ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ 'ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึธืฆึธื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื', ื•ึฐืฉืึถ"ืœึนื ืึถืช ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึทื“ ื’ึผึธืึทืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืึถืœึผึธื ืึทืฃ ืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ื’ึผึธืึทืœ ืขึดืžึผึธื”ึถื' . ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื”, "ื™ื•ื“ื• ืœืฉืžืš" "ืœืžื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื›ื•'".


ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืกื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช - ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื


ืžืกื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืžืชืคืœืœ "ื•ึดื™ื”ึดื™ ืจึธืฆื•ึนืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ึทืขึฒื–ึนืจ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึดื™ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืœื•ึน ืึถืช ื”ึท"ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ึดื ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช" ื•ึผืžึดืžึผึตื™ืœึธื "ืึธื–ึฐื ึทื™ึดื ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึนืขึท" ื•ึฐ"ืœึตื‘ ืœึธื“ึทืขึทืช", ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืึถืช "ื”ึทืžึผึทืกึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ึนืœึนืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืจึธืื•ึผ ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ ื”ึธืึนืชึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึนืคึฐืชึดื™ื ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ึนืœึดื™ื ื”ึธื”ึตื",ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื– ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”"ืœื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข" ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.


ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื ืœืขืช ืขืชื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœ, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื ื•ืขื ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘, ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ืขื•ืจืจื•ื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืคืขื ืื—ืช.


ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉืžื—ื”


ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืžืชืคืœืœ: "ื•ึดื™ื”ึดื™ ืจึธืฆื•ึนืŸ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึดืฆึฐื˜ึธืจึฐื›ื•ึผ ืœึฐื“ึธื‘ึธืจ ื•ึผืœึฐืกึทืคึผึตืจ ืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึดืฉืึฐื ึตื™ ืื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื, ื›ึผึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ื™ึตืจึธืึถื” ื•ึฐืจื•ึนืึถื” ื–ึนืืช ื‘ึผึฐื’ึธืœื•ึผื™, ืžึทืจึฐืึถื” ื‘ึผึฐืึถืฆึฐื‘ึผึธืขื•ึน ื•ึฐืื•ึนืžึตืจ 'ื–ึถื”', ื•ึผืžึทื›ึผึดื™ืจ ื•ึผืžื•ึนื“ึถื” ืœึธื”' ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืœึนื ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผึทื™ึผึตืฉื ืœึธืฆึตืืช ื‘ึผึฐืจึดืงึผื•ึผื“ ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐืœึทืœ ื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื ื”ึทื’ึผึฐืœื•ึผื™ึดื™ื.  ื›ึผึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืœึนื ืžึฐืฉืึทื›ึฐื ึตืขึท ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืžึธื” ืœึดืจึฐืงึนื“ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทืจึฐืขึดื™ืฉื ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžึทืจึฐืึถื”, ืึถืœึผึธื ืึทื“ึผึฐืจึทื‘ึผึธื”: ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึธื ืœึดื™ื“ึตื™ ื”ึทื›ึผึธืจึตืช ื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช ืœึทืึฒืžึดืชึผื•ึน, ื] ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžึทืจึฐืึถื” ื ึดืกึผึดื™ื ื’ึผึฐืœื•ึผื™ึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื‘] ืฉืึถืฆึผึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื”" (ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื—ื‘"ื“ ื‘ื›"ื• ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื).


ืื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื•ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืฆื”, ื•ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื”' ืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.


ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื "ื›ึผึดื™ืžึตื™ ืฆึตืืชึฐืšึธ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืึทืจึฐืึถื ึผื•ึผ ื ึดืคึฐืœึธืื•ึนืช" (ืžื™ื›ื” ื–, ื˜ื•) ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื "ืœึนื ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ื—ึทื™ ื”' ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึถืขึฑืœึธื” ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื. ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ื—ึทื™ ื”' ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึถืขึฑืœึธื” ื•ึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึตื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื–ึถืจึทืข ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืฆึธืคื•ึนื ึธื” ื•ึผืžึดื›ึผึนืœ ื”ึธืึฒืจึธืฆื•ึนืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึดื“ึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึดื™ื ืฉืึธื, ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึธื" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื’, ื–-ื—).


 


ืกื™ืคื•ืจ


 


ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘


ืกื™ืคืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืกื™ืก: ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืชื•ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื”, ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืจื”. ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืกืื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื ื’ืžืจื ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื. ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื•: ืื™ื ื ื™ ืงื•ืจื. 


ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืขื–ื•ืช ืžืฆื— ืžืฆื“ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื  ืžืชืขืงืฉ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ื”ืจื‘, ื–ื• ื’ืžืจื, ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื? ืขื ื” ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืืžืจ: ืื ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืจื, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื‘ื ืกืืœื™ ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืจืง ืกื ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 


ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื’ืžืจื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื’ืžืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืืจืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื”' ืœื ื›ื•ืขืก ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื: "ื‘ึผึฐืจึถื’ึทืข ืงึธื˜ึนืŸ ืขึฒื–ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ืšึฐ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ื’ึผึฐื“ึนืœึดื™ื ืึฒืงึทื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืšึฐ: ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึถืฆึถืฃ ืงึถืฆึถืฃ ื”ึดืกึฐืชึผึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืคึธื ึทื™ ืจึถื’ึทืข ืžึดืžึผึตืšึฐ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึถืกึถื“ ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืจึดื—ึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™ืšึฐ ืึธืžึทืจ ื’ึผึนืึฒืœึตืšึฐ ื”'". 


ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ื’ึผึฐื“ึนืœึดื™ื ื•ื—ึถืกึถื“ ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื›ื•ืขืก ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื: "ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึตื™ ื ึนื—ึท ื–ึนืืช ืœึดื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืžึตืขึฒื‘ึนืจ ืžึตื™ ื ึนื—ึท ืขื•ึนื“ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืžึดืงึผึฐืฆึนืฃ ืขึธืœึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื•ึผืžึดื’ึผึฐืขึธืจ ื‘ึผึธืšึฐ" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื ื“). ืื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื™ืงืฆื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฃ, ื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืงืฆืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ? 


ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืื•ืžืจืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ: "ืชื ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ 'ื”ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืืช ืชื•ืขื‘ื•ืชื™ื”'. ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืขื“ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื‘ืชื•ืขื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฆื ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืขื‘ื•ืช ืืžืš, ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืฉืžืฅ ืคืกื•ืœ" (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื” ืข"ื‘). 


ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืืžืจ ืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ืื™ืชื™ ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 


 


 


ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช


 


ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”' ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ืคื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืืœื•ืงื•ืช


 


 


ื•ื™ื”"ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื™ืจืื” ื•ืจื•ืื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™, ืžืจืื” ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื–ื”", ื•ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื”' ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื


 


 


ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”


 


ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืกื’ืจ. ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ืจ. ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง,  ืืš ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™. ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื’ืจ ืงืฆืช ืกื•ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืžื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?


ื”ืงืžืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืกื’ืจื™ื. ืชืฉืชื“ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืง.


 


 


ื’ื–ืœ ื’ื•ื™. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื’ื•ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื? ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.


ื’ื–ืœ ื’ื•ื™ ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืžืžื ื•. ืืžื ื ืจื•ื‘ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืฉืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื”ื โ€“ ื–ื” ื’ื–ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื. ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืื“ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื–ื” ืžื ื”ื’ื, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฉืœื”ื (ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ืœ). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืื ื–ื• ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื. 


 


 


ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ืœ"ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช ืžื–ื” ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช?


ื™ื™ืฉืจ ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ืงืจื”. ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื—ืœ"ืช ื”ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืžื”ื ืžืขืฉืจ. ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืžืžื ื” ืืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžื•ืชืจื•ืช.


 


 


 


 

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il