ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  • ื’ืจื™ื
undefined
6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช, ืื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ื™ืจ ื’ืจ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ.
ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืขื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื›ื–ื•. ืื’ื‘, ื’ื ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ืš ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืฉ (ืชืจื "ื•-ืชืฉืœ"ื–) ื‘ืฉื•"ืช 'ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘' (ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื ): "ื•ืื ื™ ืืฉืชื•ืžื ืžืื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” - ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืžืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื‘ื ื’ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•, ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื ืคืฉื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื ื“ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืžืกื”, ื•ื”ื ืจืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื— ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืจืช, ืœื ืชืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืœืœ ืžื–ื”", ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœื’ื™ื•ืจื.
ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจ, ื•ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืžืกืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืžื”ื, ื ืชืชื™ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื, ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืื›ืŸ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืงืฆืชื.

ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ
ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื—ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ืž (1880), ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืคื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ืงื™ (60,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื), ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื– (1936) ื ืชืžื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืขื“ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• (ืชืฉื™"ื’, 1953).
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื ื ืฉืืœ ืžื”ืจื‘ ื›ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžืงื”ื™ืœืช ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืจื•ืงื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืกืคืจื“: "ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช... ื•ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืจื ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื ืœื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ... ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื“ืช ื›ืกืชื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”" (ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื). ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื. "ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื“ืช, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช... ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื "ืœ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืชื•ืจืชื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืช ื—"ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื ื•. ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžืœื‘ ื•ื ืคืฉ".
ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื™ื™ืจื: "ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืช... ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื•ืจื•ืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช..." ื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉื•ืื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื "ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ". ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื›ืŸ "ื ืขืœืช ื“ืœืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื’ืจื™ื", ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื–ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืœื ืขื•ืœ ื“ืœืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื’ืจื™ื, "ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืฉืขืจื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื“ืชื ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžืข ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื". "ื•ื™ืจื ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืื ื ื“ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ืœื’ืžืจื™... ื ืชื‘ืข ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื ื•: 'ืืช ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ืช ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืชื ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื' (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื“, ื“)" (ืคืกืงื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืกื”).

ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืœื–ื ืจ
ื“ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืœื–ื ืจ (ืชืจื˜"ื–-ืชืจืค"ื”, 1924-1856), ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”.
ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก 'ื—ืงื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ' ื”ืืจื™ืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืœื ืจืง ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื“ืชื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ื™ื” ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืชืžืฆืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ 'ืชืœ ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช' ื˜': "ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืกื™ืชื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื’ืจ ืžื ื™ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืืžื•ื ืชื• (ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช) ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœื - ืกื’ื™ ื‘ื”ื›ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘'ื—ืงื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ' ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, "ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื• ืขืžื". ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื›ืจื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, "ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”". ื•ื›ืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื™ื”, "ืฉืื ืœื ื ื’ื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื - ืœื ืชืชืจืฆื” ืฉื™ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื".

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืืฉ
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืืฉ (ืชืจื "ื‘-ืชืฉืœ"ื“, 1974-1892). ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืงื ืก ืฉื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื‘ืืœื’'ื™ืจ ื•ื›ืื‘"ื“ ื‘ืžืงื ืก, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื”. ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ.
ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื (ื—"ื‘ ื™ื•"ื“ ืงื—) ื›ืชื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืืฉืชื•, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื™ื™ืจื”. "ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื™ ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ืืŸ ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก, ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื..." ื•ืžื”ื "ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžื–ื“ืœื–ืœืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื ื›ืจื™ืช ืื• ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœื ื›ืจื™". ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื™ื•ืจื ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขืžื”ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื’ื™ื™ืจื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืื‘, ื”ืชื—ืชื ื• ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช. "ื•ืžื™ ืืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”? ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ืกื“ื™ื (ืฉืœื ืœื’ื™ื™ืจื) ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ". ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืจ ื–ื” "ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืฉืงื˜ ืœื›ืžื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื˜ืžื™ืขื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช... ื•ื’ื ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžืŸ, ื‘ืื• ืœืฉืžืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื™ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฉืจ (ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช), ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ".
ืžื›ืš ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื’ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžืจื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืฉืžืจื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจื™
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื”, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ (ืชืจืข"ื-ืชืฉืœ"ื’, 1972-1911). ื”ื™ื” ื—ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค.
ืขืžื“ืชื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื ืžืง ื–ืืช.
ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืจื‘ ืคืœื“ืจ (ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื ื—ืœืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืขืž' ืงืก), ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื–ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช "ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื... ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืงื™ื™ื... (ืื‘ืœ) ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช... ืืœื ืฉืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื - ื’ื ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื... ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื ืคืœ ืคื™ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื, ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื ืฉื™ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื–ื”".
ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื“ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืฉื” ื™ื•"ื“ ื ื, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ (ื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืž' ืงื™).

ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื
ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ืŸ (ืชืงืฆ"ื”-ืชืจืข"ื, 1911-1823), ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื•ืกืงื™ ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•. ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื (ื•, ืงื˜) ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื’ื™ื™ืจ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืจืŸ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœืžื•ืœื. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืชื ืฆืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื•, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ืžืกื™ืง ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื”. ืื•ืžื ื ืขืœืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืฉืžื ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื’ื™ื•ืจื•. ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืจ ื›ื™ "ืžื” ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื—ืื”, ื›ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืžื•ืชืจ'". ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืจืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ืชื”.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืœื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืชื™, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง - ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื’ื™ื™ืจื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืจื˜ื ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“.
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืชื. ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฆืœืช ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ ื ืคืฉื ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื•ื ืฉืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ืงื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”' ืืงื“ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืจ ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ืœืžืขืžื“ื” ื•ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืข


ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il