ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืขื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช
  • ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”
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11 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื—ื ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ื–"ืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื‘ืก"ื“,
ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ
ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” - ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช
ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืก' 3 (ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืฉืข) (1370)
ื›"ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื” (22.11.2024)
ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”
ืขื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช (306)
ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
309 - ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš-ืœืš ื•ื™ืจื
310 - ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”-ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช
311 - ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื-ื•ื™ืฉืœื—
ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“
 ืขืจ"ืฉ ืžื•ืฆ"ืฉ
ื™-ื 16.01โ€“ 17.15
ืช"ื 16.15 โ€“ 17.17
ื—ื™ืคื” 16.05 โ€“ 17.15
ื‘"ืฉ 16.20 โ€“ 17.19
ืื™ืœืช 16.13 โ€“ 17.17
ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื:
(ืžืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” โ€“ ื™ื•ื ื•') (ืื•ืคืง ืช"ื)
ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ 4.42 โ€“ 4.47
ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื—ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ 5.27 โ€“ 5.33
ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื” (ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ) 6.17 โ€“ 6.23
ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื” (ื”ื ืจืื”) 6.23 โ€“ 6.29
ืก"ื– ืง"ืฉ ืžื’"ื 8.05 โ€“ 8.08
ืก"ื– ืง"ืฉ ื”ื’ืจ"ื 8.51 โ€“ 8.54
ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื 11.27 โ€“ 11.30
ืžื ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” 11.58 โ€“ 12.00
ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื” 16.37 โ€“ 16.36
ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘' 17.27 โ€“ 17.26
ื“ืฃ ื™ื•ืžื™: ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืงื ื - ืงื ื–

ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช
ืขืจ"ืฉ ืžื•ืฆ"ืฉ
ื™-ื 16.00โ€“ 17.15
ืช"ื 16.14 โ€“ 17.16
ื—ื™ืคื” 16.03 โ€“ 17.14
ื‘"ืฉ 16.18 โ€“ 17.18
ืื™ืœืช 16.11 โ€“ 17.16
ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื:
(ืžืฉื‘ืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ื•ื ื•') (ืื•ืคืง ืช"ื)
ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ 4.48 โ€“ 4.52
ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื—ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ 5.34 โ€“ 5.38
ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื” (ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ) 6.24 โ€“ 6.28
ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื” (ื”ื ืจืื”) 6.29 โ€“ 6.34
ืก"ื– ืง"ืฉ ืžื’"ื 8.08 โ€“ 8.12
ืก"ื– ืง"ืฉ ื”ื’ืจ"ื 8.55 โ€“ 8.59
ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื 11.30 โ€“ 11.32
ืžื ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” 12.00 โ€“ 12.03
ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื” 16.36 โ€“ 16.36
ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘' 17.26 โ€“ 17.26
ื“ืฃ ื™ื•ืžื™: ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืงื ื— - ืงืกื“


ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื“ืจ' ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื’ื‘' ื’'ื™ื ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืžื™ื“. ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื›ืจื ื‘ืจื•ืš!


ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื•ืœืข"ื  ื ื—ืžื” ื—ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืข"ื”, ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืฉื” ืงืจื•ื˜ื”ืžืจ ื–"ืœ, ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘-ื‘' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืข"ื–, ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืš!

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืจื‘ืงื” โ€“ 'ืขื–ืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ื•'
ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ื ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฉืœื— ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืขื“ ื—ืจืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ืื™ืฉื” ืจืื•ื™ื”. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืจืŸ ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“. ื‘ืกื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืืจ ืขื ืจื‘ืงื”, ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“. ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืžืืจื—ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืขืฉื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื“ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื“,ื ื—-ื ื˜): ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึตืœึถื™ื”ึธ: ื”ึฒืชึตืœึฐื›ึดื™ ืขึดื ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”? ื•ึทืชึผึนืืžึถืจ: ืึตืœึตืšึฐ! ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ื•ึผ ืึถืช ืจึดื‘ึฐืงึธื” ืึฒื—ึนืชึธื...
ื“ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืจื’ืข ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื” ื”ื ืžืจืฆืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืงื” ื‘ื—ืจืŸ, ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืงื•ืฉื™ (ืฉื, ืกื“-ืกื”): ื•ึทืชึผึดืฉึผื‚ึธื ืจึดื‘ึฐืงึธื” ืึถืช ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึทืชึผึตืจึถื ืึถืช ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ื•ึทืชึผึดืคึผึนืœ ืžึตืขึทืœ ื”ึทื’ึผึธืžึธืœ. ื•ึทืชึผึนืืžึถืจ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืขึถื‘ึถื“: ืžึดื™ ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ื”ึทืœึผึธื–ึถื” ื”ึทื”ึนืœึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืœึดืงึฐืจึธืืชึตื ื•ึผ? ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื”ึธืขึถื‘ึถื“: ื”ื•ึผื ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™. ื•ึทืชึผึดืงึผึทื— ื”ึทืฆึผึธืขึดื™ืฃ ื•ึทืชึผึดืชึฐื›ึผึธืก.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืจื‘ืงื” ืœื ืฉืืœื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื—. ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืฉืžื ืœืคื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืชืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“. ืืœื ืฉืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” 'ื”ึทืœึผึธื–ึถื”' ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื—ืง. ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืœ ืึธื—ึดื™ื• ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒืœึนืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืœึผึธื–ึถื” ื‘ึผึธื) ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ( ื”ึฒืœึธื–ึถื” ืชึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืฆื•ึนื ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ืจึธืฆื•ึนืŸ ืœึทื”'?!). ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื”ื "ืœ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื”. ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืฆื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ื” ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื. ืื ื›ืš, ืขืœ ืžื” ืชืžื”ื” ืจื‘ืงื”? ืžื” ืจืืชื” ื‘ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืคืœื™ืืชื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืก ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ื•?
ืžืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืœื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื“, ื™ื“): ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึทืขึฒืจึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึนืžึทืจ ืึตืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึทื˜ึผึดื™ ื ึธื ื›ึทื“ึผึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐืึถืฉืึฐืชึผึถื” ื•ึฐืึธืžึฐืจึธื” ืฉืึฐืชึตื” ื•ึฐื’ึทื ื’ึผึฐืžึทืœึผึถื™ืšึธ ืึทืฉืึฐืงึถื” ืึนืชึธื”ึผ ื”ึนื›ึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ืœึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ื•ึผื‘ึธื”ึผ ืึตื“ึทืข ื›ึผึดื™ ืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึธ ื—ึถืกึถื“ ืขึดื ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™. ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ, ื—ืกื“ ื•ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืชืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“. ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“"ื› ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจื‘ืงื”, ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื“ื•ื“ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ืกื“ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืชื•. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ื• ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื” ืกืคืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื” ืœืœื›ืช ืžื—ืจืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ืื“ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ (ืžื—ื–"ืœ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื• ืชื™ืงืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”) ืฉืฉื•ื”ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” โ€“ "ื•ึทื™ึผึตืฆึตื ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ืœึธืฉื‚ื•ึผื—ึท ื‘ึผึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืœึดืคึฐื ื•ึนืช ืขึธืจึถื‘" (ืฉื ืกื’). ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“? ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืžืขื ื”? ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ 'ืžืงื— ื˜ืขื•ืช' ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื™? ืื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื–ื”. ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืช"ื ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”' (ืฉื, ื™ื“):
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง 'ืืขืฉื” ืœื• ืขื–ืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ' (ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘' ื™"ื—), ืฉืื ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืœื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขื™"ื– ื”ื™ื ืขื–ืจื•, ื›ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื ื•ื•ืชืจื ื™ื ื•ืคื–ืจื ื™ื... ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืชื• ื‘ืžื“ืช ื”ื—ืกื“ ื’ื•ืžืœืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื...ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ ืกื˜, ืจื‘ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืกืขื“

ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื•
ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”
ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื”: "ื•ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื–ืงืŸ" (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื' ื, ื).
ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉื ืกืคืง ื˜ืขื”
ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ืื ืกืคืง ืœื• ืื ืืžืจ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื—ื–ืง ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืืžืจ 90 ืคืขืžื™ื "ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื ืืชื”, ืจื‘ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉื, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืง. 90 ืคืขื ื–ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžืชืคืœืœ 3 ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืืžืจ 90 ืคืขื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš 91 ืคืขืžื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.

ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™: ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื• ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ.
ื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘"ืขื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช"
ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ืœืขืจื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื 'ื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ' ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื•. ื˜ืขื ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื›ืคืจื” ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ืืช, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ 'ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืคืจื” ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื'.
ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ืกื“ืจ ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจื 'ื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ' ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืืš ืืฃ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”.
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื›ื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ), ืืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื“ืจ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื (ื•ืœื ื™ืคื” ืขืฉื• ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื• ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•').
ื›ืฉืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช.
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ' ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ื™ืจ, ื”ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื; ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืช, ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”; ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™, ืฉืืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ: ื—ื˜ืืช โ€“ ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช: ื—ืฉื•ืŸ, ื˜ื‘ืช, ืื™ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืจื™.
ืžืœื‘ื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ 'ื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ', ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช
ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื”: "ืžื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื' ื›, ื™ื—).
ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ: ื›ืกืœื•
ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืกืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงื•ืจื ืฉ"ืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืœืืžืจ: ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืกืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื” ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”.
ื”ืžื•ืœื“: ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื” 4, 49 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•-15 ื—ืœืงื™ื.
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื‘ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ืฉืžื•ืช.
ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืฆื“ืงืชืš".
ืžื•ืฆืฉ"ืง ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ : ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื ืœื ืื›ืœ ืคืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืžืจ "ืจืฆื”" ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื. ืžื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื›ืœ ืคืช ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื’"ื: ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืจืฆื”. ื”ื˜"ื–: ืื•ืžืจ ืจืฆื” ื•ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื. ื”ื‘"ื—: ืื•ืžืจ ืจืฆื” ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ืคืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.

ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ: ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื. ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช: ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืœืœ, ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื. ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื ืคืฉื™. ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืžื•ืกืฃ ื—ื•ืœืฆื™ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ (ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืชื›ื’, ื“. ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ื”, ื ื˜).

'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื'. ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื”' ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ', ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš 'ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ื ื”' ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืืš ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื”', ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ. ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”, ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื”' ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ', ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš 'ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ื ื”' ื›ื "ืœ. ื•ืื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉื ื”', ืžืกื™ื™ื 'ืœืžื“ื ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืš' (ื‘ืžืงื•ื 'ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ'), ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื'... 'ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ื ื”' ื•ื’ื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”.
ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ' ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืœื” 'ืžื•ื“ื™ื' ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš 'ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืš'. ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืœื›ืš, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืคืชื— ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื• ื›ืขื•ืžื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืืš ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืชื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขื ืฉื ื”'. ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ 'ืžื•ื“ื™ื' ื•ืื™ืœืš ืฉืœื ืืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื', ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœ'ืจืฆื”' ื•ืื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขื“ ื’ืžื™ืจื. ื ื–ื›ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง 'ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ' (ื”ืฉื ื™ - ืœืคื ื™ 'ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื'), ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœื ืขืงืจ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ 'ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื'.
ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” 'ื”' ืฉืคืชื™ ืชืคืชื—'.

'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' / ื˜ืจื—ื ื“ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื
ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืฉื›ื— ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื', ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฉื›ื—. ืืš ืื ืกื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ, ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืกื•ืžืš ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ. ืื ืฉื›ื— ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื—ืฉ ืฉืœื•, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ. (ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื›ื•, ื“).

ื”ืœืœ
ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ''ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœืœ'', ืืš ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืจ''ื—. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘''ื ื•ืžืจืŸ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš. ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืจื•ืงื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื”ืœืœ ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื“ืฉื‘ ื•ืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ, ืืœื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื ื•ืกืข ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœืœ, ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš.
ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”ื’ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื›ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš. ื•ืื ื˜ืขื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœืœ, ื™ืืžืจ ืžื™ื“ ''ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“'', ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”. (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื•ืชื™ ื—ื•ื” ื“ืขื”)

ื‘ืจื›ืช / ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”
ืžืœื™ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื“' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื˜"ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื•, ืฉืœื ื›ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืื• ืžืชืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืžืœื™ืœื” ืœืœื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื ื›ืœื™ืœ. ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชื• ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื 'ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”'. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™' ืชื›ื• ืกืขื™ืฃ ื): "ื”ืจื•ืื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื‘ืจืš 'ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ื‘ืจื ืฉื—ืงื™ื' ื•ื›ื•'".
ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืืžืจื• (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื‘, ื): "ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• โ€“ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”".
ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• 7 ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื” (ืžื”ืžื•ืœื“) (ืฉื ืก' ื“), ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืกืงื• ืžืฉืขื‘ืจื• 3 ื™ืžื™ื.
ื›ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”, ืืœื ืคื ื™ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ื” ื•ืžื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื—), ื›ื™ ื™ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื” ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ืื—"ื› ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื”.

ื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช / ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื’, ื“ืจืš ืฆืœื—ื” ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ? ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ืžืฉื•ื "ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช" (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“, ื). ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“, ื) ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืกื•ื›ื” (ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืกื•ื›ื”), ืืš ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืฉื ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืš ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœ"ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืชืจืช" ื•ืืกื•ืจื” (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื). ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืฉื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ 800 ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื. ืืš ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืชืจืช, ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื” "ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ ื•ืžืฉื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื˜ืคื— ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืคื•ืฉื˜ื” ืœืžื˜ื”" ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืื”ืœ ืืจืขื™ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืืš ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉืื ื–ื• ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช" (ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืง ื›ื™ืจื” ืจืžื–, ืฉื™ื). ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื ืคืกืงื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืจืž"ื (ืฉื˜ื•, ื) ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ืจ ืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืชื• ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืชืจืช. ืืœื ืื ื™ื ื™ื— ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื– ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืื”ืœ ืืจืขื™ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื•. ื›ืš ืคืกืง ื”ืจืž"ื (ืฉื˜ื•, ื): "ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืžื” ืื• ื”ืฆื ื” ืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื‘ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจื•ื— ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืชื• (ื“"ืข), ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ืื ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื˜ืคื— ืฉืื– ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช" (ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืจ"ืค ื›ื™ืจื”). ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• (ืกืง"ื™) ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืฉืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื ืจ ืœื ื ืจืื”, ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืžืฆื“ "ื›ื™ืกื•ื™" ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื•ืœื ืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืžื ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ืžืขืœื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื– ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืžืฆื“ "ืžื—ื™ืฆื”" ื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™. ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’"ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื "ื•ืขื›"ืค ืœื›ื•"ืข ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœืžื ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ื“ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ืœืœ".
ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืื ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืœื ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœ"ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืชืจืช", ืืš ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื• ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืœืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืกื•ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืงืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ืขื“ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ื›ื™"ื— ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื—"ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื˜). ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ืฉื” ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ (ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื˜ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœืจื‘ ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ "ื”ืชื•ืจื”" ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืฆื“ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื• ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืชืจืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ "ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช" (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉ) ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืชืจืช ืืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช / ืขื•"ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืคื™ืจื / ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ื•ืขื“ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”
ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืœืš, ืฉื•ืคื˜, ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื ื‘ื™ื (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืž'ืฉ'ื›'ืŸ), ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ืงื ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ืื™ื. ื”ืคืขื ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”.
ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชืคืงื“ืช. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ("ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ") ื›ืื—ืช ืžืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—: "ืขืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื” ืื“ื, ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื, ื•ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ื–ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ... ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื ื— ืื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™... ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช." ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื›ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืžืคืจื˜ืช: "ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“? ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื."
ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ืขื•ืฅ, ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: "ื•ื™ืฆื• ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืžืจ ืžื›ืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื’ืŸ ืื›ื•ืœ ืชืื›ืœ." ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื–ื”, ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืฉื•ืคื˜, ืงื•ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืชื•. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื: "ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืฉืžืจื• ื“ืจืš ื”' ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜." ื›ืš ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืฉืคื™ื˜ื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฆื“ืง.
ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืจืชืงืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืžื•ืจื‘ื™. ืงื•ื“ืงืก ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื–ื”, ืฉื ื—ืงืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืžื•ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืช 1750 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1901 ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืฉื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื—ืจื˜ื• ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืœืช ื‘ื–ืœืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 2.25 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื 282 ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง: "ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ื“ืขืช ืืœืงื™ื, ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—, ื—ื ื•ืš, ืฉื ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘, ื•ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ืคืขืœื• ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื?" ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืžื•ืจื‘ื™ ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ืœืœื™ ืคืกื™ืœืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืžื•ืจื‘ื™ ืžืจืชืงื•ืช: "ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืคืกืง ืคืกื™ืงื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื—ืชื•ืžื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืคืกื™ืงืชื• - ื™ืงืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืœื 12 ืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื ืก ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืกืง, ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืก ื”ืžืฉืคื˜." ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข: "ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืื‘ื“ ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื ืœืงื ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ืชื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื." ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืœืžื ื•ืช: "ืื ืืœืžื ื”, ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ - ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื... ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืื™ืฉื”."
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืžื•ืฉืจืฉืช, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื” ื™ืฆื ืžืืจืžื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื” ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื ืฆื™ื, ื”ื ืžื™ื“ ืฉืืœื• "ืžื™ ืฉืžืš ืœืื™ืฉ ืฉืจ ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืขืœื™ื ื•?" โ€“ ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืกื“ืจืช ื•ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช.
ืžืกืข ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืžื•ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืขืจื‘ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืง. ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง, ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”.



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ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื

ืขื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช
ืขื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il