ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—
  • ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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27 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžื‘ื•ื
ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืžื•ืงื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื - ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ - "ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ". ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื–ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื— ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื[1].
ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ื“ืจื›ื ื ืชื—ืงื” ืื—ืจ ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—. ื ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช, ืืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื• ื–ื›ืชื” ื”'ืฉืืœื”' ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื–ื”. ื ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ืฉืืœื”', ืืœ ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื–ื”.
ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื. ื ื’ืœื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš. ืขืœ ืžื“ืจืฉ ื–ื” ื ืฉืืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•.
ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” - ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืงืจื. ื ื‘ื•ื ืืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”. ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช. ื ื‘ืงืฉ ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื - ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”?
ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืืœื•, ืชืชื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” - ื‘ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช? ืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” - ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช
ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื–ื”:
ื. ืžืฉื ื”. ืžื–ื’ื• ืœื• ื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื•.
ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื•:
ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืฆื”? ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืจื•ืจ? ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฆืœื™ ืฉืœื•ืง ื•ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืฆืœื™? ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืชื™ ืคืขืžื™ื?
ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื•.
ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืืจืžื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ ืื‘ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื›ื•ืœื” (ืžืฉื ื” ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™', ื“).
ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื”:
ืžื–ื’ื• ืœื• ื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื•: ื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืก ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”[2]. ื‘ืคืชื—ื” ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช - ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžื ื•ืกื—ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ืคืฅ ืœื™ื‘ื•, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืง ืœื•.
ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื•: ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœ ืžืขืฆืžื•, ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื• - ืœืฉืื•ืœ[3].
ื›ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ืชืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืืœื•ืช: "ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืฆื”"? ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
ืื™ืš ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ืœื“ ืœืฉืื•ืœ? ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช. ืœืœืžื“ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ืกื‘ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื•, ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื‘ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ืกื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื•.
ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื• -ืœืฉืื•ืœ[4]. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืžืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืžื” ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•.
ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืงืคื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื”:
โ€ข ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ืคืฅ ืœื™ื‘ื•, ืœื ื”ืื‘ ืคื•ืชื—.
โ€ข ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืื‘ ืžืœืžื“ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ "ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”".
โ€ข ื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืื ืœื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ. (ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืืœืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื - ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื›ื ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื).
โ€ข ืจืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื:
ื‘. ืœืžื” ืขื•ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ? ืืžืจื™ ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื ืื™: ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจื• ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉืืœื•... (ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื˜"ื•, ืข"ื‘).
ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ื•[5].
ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืืœ - ืœืžื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื‘ื—ื ืช ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื–ื•.
ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ, ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขืฆื ื”ืžืขืžื“. ืœืฉื ืžื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ? ืื• - ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื–ื”?
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื” - ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื - ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง - ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”[6].
ื›ืขืช ื ืฉืืœ - ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืงืข ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืืœื”?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช - ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืžื“ืช 'ืงืœื™ื˜ื”'. ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื• ื›ืขื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืคืชื— ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ ืœื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”.
ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื.
ืฉืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื•ืื“ืข ืืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืš
ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื, ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ืฉืึถื ึผึธืชึทืŸ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืœึฐืขึทืžึผื•ึน ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื,
ื›ึผึฐื ึถื’ึถื“ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื‘ึธื ึดื™ื ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึฐืจึธื” ืชื•ึนืจึธื”, ืึถื—ึธื“ ื—ึธื›ึธื, ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืจึธืฉืึธืข, ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืชึผึธื, ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืœึดืฉืึฐืื•ึนืœ:
ื—ึธื›ึธื ืžึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึตื“ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”โ€™ ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื,
ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืึทืชึผึธื” ืึฑืžื•ึนืจ ืœื•ึน ื›ึผึฐื”ึดืœึฐื›ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืคึผึถืกึทื— ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึทืคึฐื˜ึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื”ึทืคึผึถืกึทื—, ืึฒืคึดื™ืงื•ึนืžึธืŸ:
ืจึธืฉืึธืข ืžึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึธื›ึถื,
ืœึธื›ึถื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืœื•ึน, ื•ึผืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ื›ึผึธืคึทืจ ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืงึผึธืจ, ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตื” ืึถืช ืฉืึดื ึผึธื™ื• ื•ึถืึฑืžึธืจ ืœื•ึน, ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”โ€™ ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื, ืœึดื™ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืœื•ึน, ืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืฉืึธื ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื ึดื’ึฐืึธืœ:
ืชึผึธื ืžึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืžึทื” ื–ึนืืช,
ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึนื–ึถืง ื™ึธื“ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ื•ึผ ื”โ€™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื:
ื•ึฐืฉืึถืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืœึดืฉืึฐืื•ึนืœ
ืึทืชึผึฐ ืคึผึฐืชึทื— ืœื•ึน, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ, ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื”
ื”โ€™ ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื:
ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื - ืืจื‘ืข ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื (ืจืื” ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ืกืคื—).
ืžื”ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื•?
ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘. ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื ื–ื›ืจืช ืฉืืœื”, ื•ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช' ืœืœื ืฉืืœื”.
ื‘ืื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื.
"ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึตื“ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”โ€™ ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื" ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืžื“ื” - ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื—ื›ื. "ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึธื›ึถื" ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื 'ื™ื—ืจืฆื• ืืช ื“ื™ื ื•', ื™ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข. ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืืœ "ืžึทื” ื–ึนืืช" ื”ื ื™ื–ื”ื• ื›ืชื, ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืชื•ืฉืชืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”'ืฉืืœื”' ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžื™ "ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ".
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื“ืจืฉ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื - ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
ืžื“ื•ืข?
ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ.
ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงืœื™ื˜ื”:
โ€ข ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข, ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื“ื ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
โ€ข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ - ื”ื•ื 'ื™ืกืคื•ื’' ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื ื”. ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
ืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื”: ืื“ื ืงื•ืœื˜ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ืื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” - ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:
1. ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช, ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื™ืงืœื˜. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืชืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืช, ืชืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืช ืœืคืชื—ื•.
2. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืชืฉืžืฉ ื›ืขื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช, ืชืขืžืช ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืื“ื. ืื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืชืืจืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ. ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืขื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื - ืืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืืœ ื”ื”ืคื ืžื” [7].
ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš - ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืืœ ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื• ืžืขืฉื™ืจื”, ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื–ื•, ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื‘ืจืจื•ืช ืœื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.
ืžื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืฉืืœื”: ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื ื” ืœืฉืืœื”, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ื›ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืขืžื“ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ, ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื—ืงืจ.
ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข: ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ืคืœ ืชืคื•ื— ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ - ืžื“ื•ืข? ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืžื ื™ืข ืœืžืกืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืกื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” (ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”). ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืคืœ ืชืคื•ื— ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช - ืœืžื”? ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•. ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื•.
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืช, ืขืžื“ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืจื”, ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืง.
ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช
ื›ืขืช ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื, ื ืขืจื•ืš ืขืžื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช. ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื” - ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ืจืืฉ, ืืช ื”ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืืช ื”ืชื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ. ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ืจืฉืข ื ื–ื›ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื›ื.
ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ - ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื, ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืจืฉืข, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชื, ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœ.
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื:
ื—ึธื›ึธื ืžึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึตื“ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”โ€™ ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื?...
ื”ื—ื›ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›'ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ', ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
ืจึธืฉืึธืข ืžึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึธื›ึถื?...
ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื•ืœืš ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื›ื. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืœื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ 'ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”' ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ.
ืชึผึธื ืžึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืžึทื” ื–ึนืืช?...
ื”ืชื ื”ื•ืœืš ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืฉืืœืชื• - "ืžึทื” ื–ึนืืช" ืชืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื”, ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข.

ื•ึฐืฉืึถืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืœึดืฉืึฐืื•ึนืœ ืึทืชึผึฐ ืคึผึฐืชึทื— ืœื•ึน...
ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง, ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ [8].
ื ืกื›ื: ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื–ื”. ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื–ื•, ื”ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื‘ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš - ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืคื•ื—ืช, ืžืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”: ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ืข ืขืžื“ื”. ืฉื ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืื“ื™ืฉ ืืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ - ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ื•ืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื•ืœืžื•.
ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช?
ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื.
ื›ืขืช ื ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช:
โ€ข ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— "ืžื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ" ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืจื‘ืขืชื (ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงืจื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื›ืฉื•ืืœ), ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืœื ื›ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ, ืืœื ื›ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืงืขืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืืžื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ื›ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ("ืืžื•ืจ ืœื•"), ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื ื•.
โ€ข ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ ืœื—ื›ื ื•ืœืจืฉืข ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืืฃ ืืชื”" ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื.
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื›ื:
ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืึทืชึผึธื” ืึฑืžื•ึนืจ ืœื•ึน ื›ึผึฐื”ึดืœึฐื›ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืคึผึถืกึทื— ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึทืคึฐื˜ึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื”ึทืคึผึถืกึทื—, ืึฒืคึดื™ืงื•ึนืžึธืŸ:
"ื•ืืฃ" - ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขืžื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื›ื—. ื”ื•ื 'ื‘ืคื ื™ื', ื•ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•.
ื”ื ื•ืฉื: ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—. ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช - ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคื˜ื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื˜ืขื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ืคื™ื•[9].
ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืขื“ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช. ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืŸ ื—ื›ื ืฉืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืื‘ ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช - ืืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ืืœ ืืœื”ื™-ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื, ืคืจืฉ ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ืชืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืจืืฉื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื™ืžื“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™, ื‘ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ.
ืจึธืฉืึธืข
ื•ึผืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ื›ึผึธืคึทืจ ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืงึผึธืจ, ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตื” ืึถืช ืฉืึดื ึผึธื™ื• ื•ึถืึฑืžึธืจ ืœื•ึน, ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”โ€™ ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื, ืœึดื™ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืœื•ึน, ืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืฉืึธื ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื ึดื’ึฐืึธืœ:
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ื”ืจืฉืข ื ืกื•ื’ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื ื•ื›ื— ืขืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื•:
โ€ข ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืงืจื: "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึธื›ึถื" - ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื›ื ื•ื”ืชื ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื, ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœ, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืžื“ื”. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ - ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื[10]?
โ€ข ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื ื•ืกื— ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืงื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ืืœื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื•ืœ ื–ื”.
โ€ข ื’ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื, ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืื™ืชื ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
โ€ข ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช - "ืืฃ ืืชื”" ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื—ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉืคืชื•. ื”ืืžื™ืจื” - ืœืœื ื—ื ื•ืคื”. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืš, ืงื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื“ืข ืœืš ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื ื’ืืœ.
โ€ข ื‘ืืžืช, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืจื™ืก ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—, ื•ื”ืื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• - ื“ืข ืœืš ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืชื‘ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื’ืืœ.
โ€ข ืขื•ื“ ื ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื”ืงื”ื” ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื•" ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” - ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื”ื•ืช, ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืชื
ืชึผึธื ืžึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืžึทื” ื–ึนืืช: ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึนื–ึถืง ื™ึธื“ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ื•ึผ ื”โ€™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื:
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื™ื•. ืื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืืœื”ื™-ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•. ืœื ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื ื• ื™ืฆืื ื• ื•ื’ื ืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื•, ืืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ื–ืงื”. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืืœื”ื™-ืช ืืœื™ื•.
ื•ึฐืฉืึถืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืœึดืฉืึฐืื•ึนืœ: ืึทืชึผึฐ ืคึผึฐืชึทื— ืœื•ึน, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ, ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”โ€™ ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื: ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื ื‘ืื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืื™ืฉื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ - ื”' 'ืขืฉื” ืœื™', ื‘ืฆืืชื™ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” (ื—ื•ื–ืง ื™ื“), ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื, ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื—ืกื“ ื”' ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื–ื•.
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืขืจื ื•, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘.

ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘
ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชืืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• - ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช[11].
ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื: ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืื‘ ื ืชื‘ืข ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืคืชื•, ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:
โ€ข ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— (ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื” - ืฉืืœืช ื”ืจืฉืข).
โ€ข ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื” ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ (ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื” - ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ).
โ€ข ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ (ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื” - ืชื)
โ€ข ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื (ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื” - ื—ื›ื).
ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
ื ื‘ืืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ืชื•ืš ืฉืื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื•[12]:
โ€ข ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื•ืื• ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ" ื‘ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ื• ืฉื™ื— ืื• ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืŸ. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช - ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ื— ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืฉื™ื— ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•.
โ€ข ืืจื‘ืข ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื”-ื™, ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ื›ื›ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžื’ืœืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
โ€ข ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื: 1. ืœืื‘ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”'ื›ืืŸ' ื•ื”'ืขื›ืฉื™ื•'. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืชื— ืืžื™ืชื™. ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฆื—, ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœ'ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•', ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื. 2. ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื - ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื”ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
โ€ข ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื ืื•ืชื ืื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืคื•ืขืœื ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื’ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื ืืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ืช ืžืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืคืจืฉื™ื™ื”.
โ€ข ื›ืื™ื–ื• ืืžื™ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืคื™ื•, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื - ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื.
โ€ข ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘: ("ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึธื›ึถื" ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืชื• ืืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—, ืื• - "ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนืื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”' ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื" ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฅ. "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืึธืœึฐืšึธ ื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ืžึธื—ึธืจ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืžึทื” ื–ึผึนืืช" ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื•"ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืึธืœึฐืšึธ ื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ืžึธื—ึธืจ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึตื“ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื" ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื”).
โ€ข ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื• ื ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื”, ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื”.

ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš
ื ืงื“ื™ื ื•ื ืชืืจ ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš:
ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”'ืงื“ืฉ' ื•ืขื ืืœื”ื™-ื ื”ื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ, ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ืœืžื. ืžื™ื“ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืืช ื“ืžื• ืขืœ ืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื”.
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืืคื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื” ื•ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื”, ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” - ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืืœื”-ื™, ืืฉืจ ืืœื™ื• ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื›'ืคื•ืขืœ ืขื ืืœ'. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉืืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ - ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš, ื ืฆื™ื’ ื ืืžืŸ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื. ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืชืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื›ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•. ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืช ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ืžื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.

ื›ืขืช ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื“ื“ื™ื: ืขืžื“ืช ืืœื”ื™-ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘, ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ - ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•.
ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—
ืžืฆื” ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ
ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช
ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ
ืขืžื“ืช ืืœื”ื™-ื










ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘











ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ


- ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื”












ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘
ื ื•ื’ืฃ ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ื”ื ื’ืฃ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืื—ื“, ืืœื ืื ื™ืจืื” ืืœื”ื™-ื ืืช ื”ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื•ืฃ ื•ื™ืคืกื—.
ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื ื’ืฃ.









ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื ื ื’ืฃ, ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืžื ื•, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ.
ื”ืื‘ ืขื•ื ื” ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช - ื–ื‘ื— ืคืกื— ื”ื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ - ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง ื™ื“.










ืื•ืคื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฅ. ื”ืžืฆื” - ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืืฆื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”ื™-ืช ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœ. ื”ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืืœื”-ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื•ื“. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืืœื”-ื™ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืขืžื“ืช ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ.






ื”ืื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, "ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”" - ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ืฉื ื”' ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™, ืขืฉื” ื”' ืœื™ ื‘ืฆืืชื™ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”.
ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš. ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” - ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.




ืคื•ื“ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื•, ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.









ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ "ืžื” ื–ืืช"? ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืœื•ืงื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืฆืขื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื•ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื•.



ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืืœื”-ื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืจื’ ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื”, ื•ืœื ืืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืฆืจ. ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื“ื—ืชื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืื‘ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ืคื•ื“ื” ืืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™.
ื”ื‘ื™ืืš ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ "ืœึธืชึถืช ืœึธืšึฐ ืขึธืจึดื™ื ื’ึผึฐื“ึนืœึนืช ื•ึฐื˜ึนื‘ึนืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ื‘ึธื ึดื™ืชึธ", ื•ื”ืชื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคืข ื‘ื™ืจืืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘.



ื ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคืข ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื™ืจื ืืœื”ื™-ื, ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจื™ ืืœื”ื™-ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื•, ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”' ื•ืขื•ื“.







ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืืœ ืžื—ืจ "ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึตื“ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื". ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘. ืขืžื“ืชื• ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืคืชื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ.






ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื”, ืชื•ืš ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ืžื” - "ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืœึธืชึถืช ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ", ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• "ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืœึฐื™ึดืจึฐืึธื” ืึถืช ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึนืชึตื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”". ื”ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• "ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ". ื”ืขื ื”ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื•ื ื”, ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ืœื•ืงื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ืขืช ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื”.
ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืชื™ืืจื ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืจื‘ืข ืžื“ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืืžืช, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืข ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืืช ืืžื™ืจืชื ื•, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืกืคื— ื ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืจื•ืงื ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
ื›ืขืช, ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš:
ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืืœ ื”ืขื, ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื• ืืœื”ื™-ื ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืขื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš. ื”ืฉื™ื— ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื–ืงื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”: ื”ืขื ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืงื™ื•ืžื™.
ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื ืืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื‘ืขืช ื—ื ื™ื™ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” - ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืขืžื“ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืžืฉืœื‘ ืœืฉืœื‘. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉืืœ ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ "ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืœืืžื•ืจ". ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื•ื‘ื• ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืฉืืœื” ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืชืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•, ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืื‘ ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื, ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื ืืžืŸ ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจ. ื”ื‘ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืืœ ืขืœ "ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื", ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืœื• ื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืื‘ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”?
ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘: ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ.
ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ - ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื–ื• ื›ืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืื—ืช, ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ืžื’ืœืžืช ืขืžื“ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืขื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช - "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึธื›ึถื" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™"ื‘, ื›ื•). ืžืฉืœื‘ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘, ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ื™ืฉืืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• - ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”'ื™ืฉ' ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืชืžื™ื“.
ื—ื›ืžื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœ ืคื” ืขืžื“ื• ื ื•ื›ื— ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
ื”ื ื ื˜ืจืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืื™ื ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื˜ืจืœื• ืืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืืœ ืจืงืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ("ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ"), ืฉืœืคื• ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื•ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื—ื“'. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” - ืืœื ืฉื”ืคืขื ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™, ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ืฉืืœื”' ื”ืžื’ืœื ืืช ืขื•ืžืงื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื–ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืื“ ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:
ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื›'ืจืฉืข', ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ื—ื›ื - ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื - "ื•ึทื™ึฐืฆึทื•ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื”' ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืœึฐื™ึดืจึฐืึธื” ืึถืช ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึนืชึตื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•', ื›ื“). ื‘ืื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”'ืจืฉืข', ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ื•ื‘ืื” ืืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ "ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”' ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื". ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืœืื™, ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ืฉืžื˜ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ืช ื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ืืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—, ืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืžืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข.
ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”.
ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื. ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืื‘ ืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืœื™ื‘ื•. ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืช ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื™. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข ืœื ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจื“. ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ื, ืขืžื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื, ื•ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ืจืคื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื” ื•ื‘ื” ืงืจื™ืื” ืืœื™ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘[13]. ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื, ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื’ื ื—ื•ื‘ืง ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ืื™ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ืขืœื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื” ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช.

ื ืกืคื—
ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš:
ืคืจืง ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืืœื”-ื™ ืœืžืฉื” ื•ืœืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” - ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื”[14]. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช[15].
ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืขื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช:
(ื›ื) ื•ึทื™ึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืžืฉืึถื” ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื–ึดืงึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื ืžึดืฉืึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึผืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื ืฆึนืืŸ ืœึฐืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐื—ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐืฉืึทื—ึฒื˜ื•ึผ ื”ึทืคึผึธืกึทื—: (ื›ื‘) ื•ึผืœึฐืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึถื ืึฒื’ึปื“ึผึทืช ืึตื–ื•ึนื‘ ื•ึผื˜ึฐื‘ึทืœึฐืชึผึถื ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึทืฃ ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐืงื•ึนืฃ ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึนืช ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึธืฃ ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึถื ืœึนื ืชึตืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึดืคึผึถืชึทื— ื‘ึผึตื™ืชื•ึน ืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึนืงึถืจ: (ื›ื’) ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจ ื”' ืœึดื ึฐื’ึผึนืฃ ืึถืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืจึธืึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึธื ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐืงื•ึนืฃ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึนืช ื•ึผืคึธืกึทื— ื”' ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืคึผึถืชึทื— ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ืช ืœึธื‘ึนื ืึถืœ ื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ื›ึถื ืœึดื ึฐื’ึผึนืฃ: (ื›ื“) ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึฐื—ึธืง ืœึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ืขึทื“ ืขื•ึนืœึธื: (ื›ื”) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื”' ืœึธื›ึถื ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึตืจ ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช: (ื›ื•) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึธื›ึถื: (ื›ื–) ื•ึทืึฒืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ื–ึถื‘ึทื— ืคึผึถืกึทื— ื”ื•ึผื ืœึทื”' ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืคึผึธืกึทื— ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ึผึฐื ึธื’ึฐืคึผื•ึน ืึถืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึดืฆึผึดื™ืœ ื•ึทื™ึผึดืงึผึนื“ ื”ึธืขึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื—ึฒื•ื•ึผ: (ื›ื—) ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”' ืึถืช ืžืฉืึถื” ื•ึฐืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื›ึผึตืŸ ืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ:
ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื ืืžืจื•ืช ืœืขื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช.
ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ: ื”ืขื ื ืขืฆืจ ืœื—ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ืขืžื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ.
(ืœื–) ื•ึทื™ึผึดืกึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืจึทืขึฐืžึฐืกึตืก ืกึปื›ึผึนืชึธื” ื›ึผึฐืฉืึตืฉื ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืึถืœึถืฃ ืจึทื’ึฐืœึดื™ ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ ืžึดื˜ึผึธืฃ:
ื–ื”ื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืืœ ืžื ื™ื™ื ื•.
(ืœื—) ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืขึตืจึถื‘ ืจึทื‘ ืขึธืœึธื” ืึดืชึผึธื ื•ึฐืฆึนืืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึธืงึธืจ ืžึดืงึฐื ึถื” ื›ึผึธื‘ึตื“ ืžึฐืึนื“:
ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ืืœ ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ.
(ืœื˜) ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืคื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืฆึตืง ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืขึปื’ึนืช ืžึทืฆึผื•ึนืช ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื—ึธืžึตืฅ ื›ึผึดื™ ื’ึนืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐืžึทื”ึฐืžึตื”ึผึท ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืฆึตื“ึธื” ืœึนื ืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื:
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื”ืžื”, ื›ืืŸ - ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื ื•ื—ื”.
(ืž) ื•ึผืžื•ึนืฉืึทื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืฉืึฐืœืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉืึธื ึธื”:
ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ.
(ืžื) ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืžึดืงึผึตืฅ ืฉืึฐืœืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื™ึธืฆึฐืื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ืฆึดื‘ึฐืื•ึนืช ื”' ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื:
ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื•ื“ืžื•, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”.
(ืžื‘) ืœึตื™ืœ ืฉืึดืžึผึปืจึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื ืœึทื”' ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึทื”' ืฉืึดืžึผึปืจึดื™ื ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึธื:
ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
ื›ืขืช ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื—ื ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช:
(ื) ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ื”' ืึถืœ ืžืฉืึถื” ืœึผึตืืžึนืจ:
(ื‘) ืงึทื“ึผึถืฉื ืœึดื™ ื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจ ืคึผึถื˜ึถืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ืจึถื—ึถื ื‘ึผึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึธืึธื“ึธื ื•ึผื‘ึทื‘ึผึฐื”ึตืžึธื” ืœึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื:
ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”-ื™.
ืชื•ื›ื ื•: ืœืงื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื”.
ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš (ืขื“ ืคืก' ื˜ื–) - ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื”.
ืชื•ื›ื ื: ืžืฉื” ืžืชืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื - ืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ("ื–ึธื›ื•ึนืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึฐืฆึธืืชึถื ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื" (ื™"ื’, ื’)), ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืžืฆื” ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ), ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืงื“ื•ืช ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช.
ืคืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ: ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื”-ื™, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” - ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช, ืžืงืจื™ื ื”.
ืžืฉื” ืžื™ืฆืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืžืฉืชืœื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืชืŸ ืคืฉืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืืœื”-ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื—. ืžื”ื•ืชื•: ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”. ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื”-ื™ - ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืืžื™ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื‘ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช, ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื• ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืืœื”ื™-ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื™ื, ื™ืจืงื•ื ืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืœื”-ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ[16]. ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื• ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื:
ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ
ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ
(ื”) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึดื™ ื™ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™
ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึดืชึผึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึดื•ึผึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืกึดื™
ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข
ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ
ืœึธืชึถืช ืœึธืšึฐ
ืึถืจึถืฅ ื–ึธื‘ึทืช ื—ึธืœึธื‘ ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ึธืฉื
ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื‘ึผึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”:
(ื•) ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึผึนืื›ึทืœ ืžึทืฆึผึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนืื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื—ึทื’ ืœื”': (ื–) ืžึทืฆึผื•ึนืช ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ ืึตืช ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึตืจึธืึถื”ืœึฐืšึธ ื—ึธืžึตืฅ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึตืจึธืึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉื‚ึฐืึนืจ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื’ึผึฐื‘ึปืœึถืšึธ:

(ื—) ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืœึตืืžึนืจ
ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”' ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื:





ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื - ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“. ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข: ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.

ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืœึธืชึถืช ืœึธืšึฐ: ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ืืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืœึธืชึถืช ืœึธืšึฐ: ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ื ืชื™ื ื”. ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื. ืžืขื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื” ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช: ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืืœื™ื”. ืึถืจึถืฅ ื–ึธื‘ึทืช ื—ึธืœึธื‘ ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ึธืฉื: ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื”.
"ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึตืจึธืึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ื—ึธืžึตืฅ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึตืจึธืึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉื‚ึฐืึนืจ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื’ึผึฐื‘ึปืœึถืšึธ": ืžืจื—ื‘ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœืš.
ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื‘ึผึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”: ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™.
ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึผึนืื›ึทืœ ืžึทืฆึผึนืช: ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืง ื™"ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคืกื— ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ). ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” - ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ื ื”'ืคื•ืขืœ ืขื ืืœ' ื›ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ืืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืืœื”ื™-ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช. ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืœึตืืžึนืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื: ืขื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ.


ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”' ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื: ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ - ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืื™ื ื• "ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืืช" ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœื™. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— "ื–ื”" (ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ) ื™ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืžื• "ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”", ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘, ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ืฉื ื”' ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืกืžื•ื™ื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื”' ืœื™ ื‘ืฆืืชื™ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื - ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื™? ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื—ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ืฉืฉื ื”' ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
(ื™ื) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื‘ึดืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™

ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึฐืšึธ
ื•ึฐืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ
ื•ึผื ึฐืชึธื ึธื”ึผ ืœึธืšึฐ:

(ื™ื‘) ื•ึฐื”ึทืขึฒื‘ึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื›ึธืœ ืคึผึถื˜ึถืจ ืจึถื—ึถื ืœึทื”' ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึผึถื˜ึถืจ ืฉืึถื’ึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึตืžึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐื›ึธืจึดื™ื ืœึทื”': (ื™ื’) ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึผึถื˜ึถืจ ื—ึฒืžึนืจ ืชึผึดืคึฐื“ึผึถื” ื‘ึฐืฉื‚ึถื” ื•ึฐืึดื ืœึนื ืชึดืคึฐื“ึผึถื” ื•ึทืขึฒืจึทืคึฐืชึผื•ึน ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจ ืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ืชึผึดืคึฐื“ึผึถื”:
(ื™ื“) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืึธืœึฐืšึธ ื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ืžึธื—ึธืจ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืžึทื” ื–ึผึนืืช ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึฐื—ึนื–ึถืง ื™ึธื“ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ื•ึผ ื”' ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื: (ื˜ื•) ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึดืงึฐืฉืึธื” ืคึทืจึฐืขึนื” ืœึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึตื ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผึทื”ึฒืจึนื’ ื”' ื›ึผึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืจ ืึธื“ึธื ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึตืžึธื” ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื–ึนื‘ึตื—ึท ืœึทื”' ื›ึผึธืœ ืคึผึถื˜ึถืจ ืจึถื—ึถื ื”ึทื–ึผึฐื›ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจ ื‘ึผึธื ึทื™ ืึถืคึฐื“ึผึถื”:
ืืจืฅ ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™: ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข: ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื”. ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฉืงืœ.
ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ: ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืคืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
ื•ึผื ึฐืชึธื ึธื”ึผ ืœึธืšึฐ: ื™ืฉื ื” ื ืชื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืš. ืœื ืจืง ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชื™ืชื”, ืืœื ื ืชื™ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืš ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.




ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” - ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.




ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•.

(ื™ื“) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืึธืœึฐืšึธ ื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ืžึธื—ึธืจ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืžึทื” ื–ึผึนืืช: ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืืœ. ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ืžึธื—ึธืจ: ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™. ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึฐื—ึนื–ึถืง ื™ึธื“ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื ื•ึผ ื”' ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื: ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืœ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ - ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืจื•ืงืžืช ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ืจื‘ื™ื' ืื• 'ืงื”ืœ'.
ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืฉื‘ื” ืื”ื‘ืช ื”' ื•ืžืคื’ืฉ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืขืžื•.
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ - "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ" - ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœื”' ืฉื”ื•ื ืืœื”ื™-ื ืฉืœืš (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืฉื ืืœื”ื™-ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื”ื. ืฉื ื–ื” ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืชืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืžืœืš ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ืืจืฅ").
ื”ื ื•ืฉื: ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ืืชื” ืขืžืœืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื”ืŸ.
ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื™ "ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึธ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืฉืึธืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื”'" (ื™ื—) ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืื“ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืืœื”-ื™.
ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” 'ืžื—ืจ', ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉืืœืชื• ื•ื™ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืœื ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื (ืฉื ื™ื–).
ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื™ืชื•ืืจ ืคืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ื›ืš ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ื "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง ื•ึผืœึฐื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืœึธืชึถืช ืœึธืšึฐ ืขึธืจึดื™ื ื’ึผึฐื“ึนืœึนืช ื•ึฐื˜ึนื‘ึนืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ื‘ึธื ึดื™ืชึธ (ืฉื ื™), ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ "ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึธ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืฉืึธืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื”' ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึดื™ื˜ึทื‘ ืœึธืšึฐ ื•ึผื‘ึธืืชึธ ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึทืฉืึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื˜ึผึนื‘ึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ื”' ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ", ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ืจืฉืข) - "ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึตื“ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื" (ืฉื ื›) ื•ืขื“ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื - "ื•ึฐืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืœึธืชึถืช ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ" (ื›ื’).
ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ื•:ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื’ืœืžืช ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืงื•ื“ืžื•ืชื™ื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืคืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืื‘. ืคืขืจ ื–ื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘. ื”ื‘ืŸ ืืžื ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืืš ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”.
ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืคืฉืจ ื”ืคืขืจ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื• ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ - "ื•ึทื™ึฐืฆึทื•ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื”' ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืœึฐื™ึดืจึฐืึธื” ืึถืช ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึนืชึตื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”" - ื”ืื‘ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื™ืจืืช ื”' ืืœื”ื™-ื ื›ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืฉืชื•ืฆืืช ืฉื ื™ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื - "ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึนืชึตื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”".


[1] ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— 'ืื‘ื•ืช' ื•'ื‘ื ื™ื' ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ 'ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื' ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“. ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื” - ื”ืื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืœื• ื›ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื’ืœื ืืชื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืชื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืชื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœืช ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืช (ื”ืžื—ืฉื” - ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›"ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื”ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘" [ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›"ื˜, ืข"ื] ื›ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื”ืื ื•ื”ื‘ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ).
[2] ื›ื•ืก ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื™ื™ื” - ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ื•ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ื’ืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืก ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœ.
[3] ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ืžืจื: "ืื‘ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื” ื™ืชื™ื‘ ืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื”, ื—ื–ื ื“ืงื ืžื“ืœื™ ืชื›ื ืžืงืžื™ื”. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื•: ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื ืื›ืœื™ื ืŸ, ืืชื• ืงื ืžืขืงืจื™ ืชื›ื ืžื™ืงืžืŸ? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื”: ืคื˜ืจืชืŸ ืžืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”" (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื˜"ื•, ืข"ื‘), ื•ื‘ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืœื’ืžืจื ื–ื•: ืคื˜ืจืชืŸ ืžืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”: ... ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืืœื• ืœื ื• ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืืœื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• (ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•) ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•".
[4] ืชื™ืžื•ืš: ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” - "ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื•".
[5] ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ื›ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืฉืขืงื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
[6]ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืืช ืžืฉืงืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื–ื”: "ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ื—ื›ื ื‘ื ื• - ืฉื•ืืœื•, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื›ื - ืืฉืชื• ืฉื•ืืœืชื•. ื•ืื ืœืื• - ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื— - ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”" (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื˜"ื–, ืข"ื). ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ "ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช", ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืœืžื“ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉื ื”. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื - ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื—ื›ื ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืœื” ืฉืืœื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ - ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืืœ. ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื—ื›ื, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชืฉืืœ, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื—ื›ื.
[7] ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ืขืœ ืกื•ืœื ืขืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ: ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฆื™ืงื” ืฉืืœื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื ื™ ืœื. ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืขืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืขื“ืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื›ืฉืœืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื• ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช.
[8] ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืžืจื“ ื‘ื•, ื”ื ื›ื“ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื“, ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœ ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ืืš ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ื• ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื™ืงืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื).
[9] ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื‘ื•ื ืืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ื ื–ื›ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื™ื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข.
[10] ื‘ืžืงืจื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื™ื "ื™ืืžืจื•". ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืื• ืฉื•ืชืง ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•.
[11]ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ืจืฉ ื–ื”: "ืžื” ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”' ืื•ืชื ื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื›) ื ืžืฆืืช ืื•ืžืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื—ื›ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืจืฉืข ื•ืื—ื“ ืชื ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ.ื—ื›ื ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืืฃ ืืชื” ืคืชื— ืœื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื— ืื™ืŸ ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืืคื™ืงื•ืžืŸ. ืจืฉืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื›ื ืœื›ื ื•ืœื ืœื• ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฃ ืืชื” ื”ืงื”ื” ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืืžื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื”' ืœื™ ื‘ืฆืืชื™ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ื—) ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืœืš ืืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื ื’ืืœ. ืชื ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื–ืืช ื•ืืžืจืช ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ื”' ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื. ื•ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืคืชื— ืœื• ืฉื ื' ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื’ื•'. ื“"ื ืžื” ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคืกื— ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ืžื” ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•'" (ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื‘ื ืคืจืฉื” ื™ื—). ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื™ื "ืžื” ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•". ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื”ืจืฉืข ืืžืจ - 'ืœื›ื', ื•ื”ื—ื›ื ืื•ืžืจ 'ืืชื›ื').
ืžื“ืจืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ: "ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืš. ื–ื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื ืชื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืคื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืื—ื“ ื—ื›ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืจืฉืข, ื•ืื—ื“ ืชื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืš. ืฉื•ืžืขื ื™ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—, ืช"ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื, ืื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืขื ื™ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ืช"ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš ืขืœ ืฉืœื—ื ืš ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืืžื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”: ืขืฉื” ื”' ืœื™. ืœืžื” ื ืืžืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืจืฉืข ืžื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื›ื, ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื›ืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืืฃ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื”' ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืœืš ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื’ืืœ, ืคื™' ืืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืช ื‘ืฉืœืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ืืคื™ืœื”" (ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื’ ื“"ื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืš).
[12] ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืจืงืข ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื•:
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช:
โ€ข ืžื”ื™ ืืžื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช? ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื”ื?
โ€ข ืžื”ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ? ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช?
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื:
โ€ข ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื• ืืจื‘ืข ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•? ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ืžื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื ื›ืืจื‘ืข ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื. ืžื”ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื–ื”? ื ืคืจื˜: ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืืœ "ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึธื›ึถื" ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืข, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื•ืืœ "ืžึทื” ื–ึนืืช" ื”ื•ื ืชื? ืื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช "ืœื›ื" ื•ืœื ืœื•, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช - ื•ื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื”ื—ื›ื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืœ ืขืฆืžื•? "ื—ึธื›ึธื ืžึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ, ืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึตื“ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”โ€™ ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื"?
โ€ข ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื›ื ื•ืœืจืฉืข ืฉื•ื ื”. ืžื“ื•ืข?
โ€ข ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื”? ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: ืฉืืœืช ื”ืจืฉืข, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ืชื, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื›ื. ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื”: ื—ื›ื, ืจืฉืข, ืชื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ. ืžื”ื• ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื? ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื”: ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื•ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื›ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ืื™ื ื. ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉ, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง. ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœ.
[13] ืื™ื ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืจืฉืข. ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืงืฉืจ - ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื”ืžื’ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™, ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื—ืจืฅ ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
[14] (ื) ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื”' ืึถืœ ืžืฉืึถื” ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืœึตืืžึนืจ: (ื‘) ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืจึนืืฉื ื—ึณื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึธื›ึถื ืœึฐื—ึธื“ึฐืฉืึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื”: (ื’) ื“ึผึทื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึฒื“ึทืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื‘ึผึถืขึธืฉื‚ืจ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ืึธื‘ึนืช ืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึทื‘ึผึธื™ึดืช: (ื“) ื•ึฐืึดื ื™ึดืžึฐืขึทื˜ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ืžึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ืžึดืฉึผื‚ึถื” ื•ึฐืœึธืงึทื— ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึผืฉืึฐื›ึตื ื•ึน ื”ึทืงึผึธืจึนื‘ ืึถืœ ื‘ึผึตื™ืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื›ึฐืกึทืช ื ึฐืคึธืฉืึนืช ืึดื™ืฉื ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืึธื›ึฐืœื•ึน ืชึผึธื›ึนืกึผื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึถื”: (ื”) ืฉื‚ึถื” ืชึธืžึดื™ื ื–ึธื›ึธืจ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืฉืึธื ึธื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืฉื‚ึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขึดื–ึผึดื™ื ืชึผึดืงึผึธื—ื•ึผ: (ื•) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืœึฐืžึดืฉืึฐืžึถืจึถืช ืขึทื“ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธืจ ื™ื•ึนื ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื•ึฐืฉืึธื—ึฒื˜ื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ื›ึผึนืœ ืงึฐื”ึทืœ ืขึฒื“ึทืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืขึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธื™ึดื: (ื–) ื•ึฐืœึธืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื ื•ึฐื ึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึนืช ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐืงื•ึนืฃ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืชึผึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื: (ื—) ื•ึฐืึธื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืฉื‚ึธืจ ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืฆึฐืœึดื™ ืึตืฉื ื•ึผืžึทืฆึผื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ืžึฐืจึนืจึดื™ื ื™ึนืื›ึฐืœึปื”ื•ึผ: (ื˜) ืึทืœ ืชึผึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ื ึธื ื•ึผื‘ึธืฉืึตืœ ืžึฐื‘ึปืฉึผืึธืœ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึธื™ึดื ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ืฆึฐืœึดื™ ืึตืฉื ืจึนืืฉืื•ึน ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึฐืจึธืขึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืงึดืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึน: (ื™) ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชื•ึนืชึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึนืงึถืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึผึนืชึธืจ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึนืงึถืจ ื‘ึผึธืึตืฉื ืชึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึนืคื•ึผ: (ื™ื) ื•ึฐื›ึธื›ึธื” ืชึผึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึน ืžึธืชึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื—ึฒื’ึปืจึดื™ื ื ึทืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึผืžึทืงึผึถืœึฐื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึถื“ึฐื›ึถื ื•ึทืึฒื›ึทืœึฐืชึผึถื ืึนืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื—ึดืคึผึธื–ื•ึนืŸ ืคึผึถืกึทื— ื”ื•ึผื ืœึทื”': (ื™ื‘) ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึผึตื™ืชึดื™ ื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืจ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืžึตืึธื“ึธื ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึตืžึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืึถืขึฑืฉื‚ึถื” ืฉืึฐืคึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”': (ื™ื’) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื“ึผึธื ืœึธื›ึถื ืœึฐืึนืช ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืชึผึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึถื ืฉืึธื ื•ึฐืจึธืึดื™ืชึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึธื ื•ึผืคึธืกึทื—ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืขึฒืœึตื›ึถื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื‘ึธื›ึถื ื ึถื’ึถืฃ ืœึฐืžึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื›ึผึนืชึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื: (ื™ื“) ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืœึฐื–ึดื›ึผึธืจื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื—ึทื’ึผึนืชึถื ืึนืชื•ึน ื—ึทื’ ืœึทื”' ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื—ึปืงึผึทืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืชึผึฐื—ึธื’ึผึปื”ื•ึผ: (ื˜ื•) ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืžึทืฆึผื•ึนืช ืชึผึนืื›ึตืœื•ึผ ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึทืฉืึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืชื•ึผ ืฉึผื‚ึฐืึนืจ ืžึดื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ื›ึถื ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ืึนื›ึตืœ ื—ึธืžึตืฅ ื•ึฐื ึดื›ึฐืจึฐืชึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึทื”ึดื•ื ืžึดื™ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืึนืŸ ืขึทื“ ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดืขึดื™: (ื˜ื–) ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื” ื‘ึธื”ึถื ืึทืšึฐ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ึผื•ึน ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื: (ื™ื–) ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึทืฆึผื•ึนืช ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื”ื•ึนืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืึถืช ืฆึดื‘ึฐืื•ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื—ึปืงึผึทืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื: (ื™ื—) ื‘ึผึธืจึดืืฉืึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืขึธืฉื‚ึธืจ ื™ื•ึนื ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื‘ึผึธืขึถืจึถื‘ ืชึผึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืžึทืฆึผึนืช ืขึทื“ ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึธืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึฐืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื‘ึผึธืขึธืจึถื‘: (ื™ื˜) ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืฉื‚ึฐืึนืจ ืœึนื ื™ึดืžึผึธืฆึตื ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึธืชึผึตื™ื›ึถื ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ืึนื›ึตืœ ืžึทื—ึฐืžึถืฆึถืช ื•ึฐื ึดื›ึฐืจึฐืชึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึทื”ึดื•ื ืžึตืขึฒื“ึทืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึทื’ึผึตืจ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืึถื–ึฐืจึทื— ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ: (ื›) ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื—ึฐืžึถืฆึถืช ืœึนื ืชึนืื›ึตืœื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืžื•ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืชึผึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืžึทืฆึผื•ึนืช:
[15] ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ (ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉืชื™ืืจื ื•), ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™, ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
[16] ื”ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืงืžื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืืœื”ื™-ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช: ืืœื”ื™-ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกื“ื•ื, ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” "ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื". ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืฆื“ื™ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœื”ื™-ืช ืืœื ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื; ืืœื”ื™-ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ, ืžืฉื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื•; ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืžื“ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืืžืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื‘ืืจืฆื•.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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