ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืžื’ื“ ื™ืจื—ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ "ื”ื”ื“" ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจ"ืฅ ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืขื ื™ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื™. ืื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื” ื•ื‘ื” ืชืื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืจ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ื•ืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจืœื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื ืฉื ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“ ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื”: "ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืช-ืคืจื™ื“ื” 1 ืขื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ โ€“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืกื™ืจ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ื•ืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจืœื™ื™, ืฉื‘ื” ื ืื ืžืจ ืงื™ืฉ 2 ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืžืจ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช ืชื "ืš ื‘ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืœืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจืœื™ ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”:
'ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ื. ื›ื™ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ืฆืจื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ืœื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”: ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ืžื›ื•ืจืชื•, ื•ืื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ืฉืžืคื ื™ ื’ืœื•ืชื ื• ื”ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืงื•ื ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื’ื ืœืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื"ื™. ืœืžืจ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื• ืชื "ืš ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื“ืงืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืืจืฆื ื•, 3 ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื "ืš ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•. 4 ื•ืœืžืจ ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืชื ื• ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืืจืฆื ื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื” ืฉืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืงืจื‘ืชื• ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืืœื™ื”, ื•ืืœ ื”ืชื "ืš.
ืืชื ืžืœืืชื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื•ืขืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืœื›ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขืœื™ืช ืขื–ืจื ื‘ืืžืจื•: "ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืื”ื‘ื•" (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื—, ื˜). ืขื“ ื›ื” ืขืกืงืชื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืชืขื•ื“ืชื” ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ื›ื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื•ืžืขืชื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืžืœืื•ืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช. ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” 5 ื•ื”ืืžืช ื—ื•ืชืžื•. 6 ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื• ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช 7 ื•ื—ื•ืชื 8 ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ืœื ืงืžืขื ืงืžืขื. ื•ืื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื‘ื” ืขืกืงืชื ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจื—ืช ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืขื•ืจื™ื, 9 ื”ืจื™ ืžืขืชื”, ื›ืฉืชื‘ื•ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืืžืช, 10 ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื’ืœื•ืชื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื›ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืชื' ". 11
ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื›ืจืช ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”.
ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”? ืžื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืžื ื• ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื? ื”ืื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™? ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื“ืชื ื•ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช? ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“? ื•ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžืคืขืžืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื• ืœืžืงืจื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ืžืื– ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขื–ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื”. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืœื—ืฆื ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืžื“ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ. ื›ืš ื”ืกื™ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื—ื’' ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื“ืชื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื ืฉืงืคืช ืœืžืกื’ื“ ืืœ-ืืงืฆื”, ืžื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืชื—ื ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช. ืื™ ืœื–ืืช ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืกืคืกืœื™ื, ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช, ืกืคืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืืฃ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื”ื›"ืค. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜, ืฉืกื•ืœืงื” ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืคื™ืœืช ื™ื•ื”ื›"ืค. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ืž"ืž ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืžื—ื• ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื”. ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืคืจืกื ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข "ื›ืชืœื ื•", ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื ืจื’ืฉืช ื–ื•: "ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื•ื™ืจืื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื ื’ื•ืข ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื™ื”ื• ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืื—ืจ ื›ื•ืชืœื ื•" (ื”ืชื•ืจ, ื™"ื– ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืค"ื˜).
ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื ื›ืœ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื, ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืคื™ืœืชื. ื”ืจื‘ ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื ืขื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื›ื ืข ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื.
ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืชืจืค"ื˜, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืชื”ืœื•ื›ืช ื ื•ืขืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื• ื›-2000 ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืจืคื• ืกืคืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืืŸ. ื›ืžืื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืžื•ืฆื ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜.
ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื™ื ืชื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉืื• - ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช.
ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื—ืงืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ื‘ืงืฉืชื•, ืืš ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืงื‘ืœ ืขื ื•ืขื•ืœื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ. ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉืขื“ื•ืชื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื” "ื”ืืžืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืœื ื‘ื™ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืคื—ื“ื ื™ืช" ืืžืจ. ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืื“ ื•ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจ (ื' ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจ"ืฅ) ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืจืืฉ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื"ื™ ืงื™ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื•... ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืื•ืžื”". ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื ืงื˜ ืขืžื“ื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช (ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“. ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•"ื“ ืืœื™ืืฉ). ื›ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืขืชื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืช ืชื•ืงืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืืฉืจ ื–ืืช. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืื• ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”. ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืขื ื” ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช: "ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ื•! ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™! ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืš" (ื”ืจืž"ืฆ ื ืจื™ื”, ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืขืž' ืชืขื–). ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืขืž' ืกื‘-ืกื”) "...ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื–ื›ืจื•, ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™... ืืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ืขืžื“ืชื•, ื”ื•ืจืืชื•, ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืกื›ื ื•ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช".

ืขืชื” ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื™ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืกื™ืจ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ื•ืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจืœื™, ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ื”?
ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืง ื‘ื•ื™ื“ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ((ืชืจ"ืž-ืชืฉื›"ื‘/ 1880- 1962), ื”ื•ื ืขื•"ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืื“ื•ืง ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™.
ืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจืœื™ ื–ื”ื• ืชืืจื• ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ืจืœื“ ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืงืก (ืชืจืž"ื˜-ืชืฉ"ื›/1889- 1960), ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ืœืœ, ืืš ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืจื•ืคื•ืก ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืงืก, ื”ืžืจืงื™ื– ืžืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจืืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื— ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืช"ื. ื—ืžื™ื• โ€“ ืœื•ืจื“ ืืœืคืจื“ ืžื•ื ื“ โ€“ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœืฆ'ื˜, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืœ ืžื•ื ื“. ืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจืœื™, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื: ืœื•ืจื“ ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ืžืฉื ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ.

ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ืืฉืžืชื. ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืงื• ืžืชื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ื”ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ืจืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง.
ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื ืขืจื›ื” ืœื”ื ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื– ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜. ื›ืฉืžืจื™ืžืŸ ื ืฉื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืชืงื•ื” ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” "...ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืื™ืฉ ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื”ืฉื‘ ืชืฉื™ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื".
ืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื ื’ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืœื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืืฆืœ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ืื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, "ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื’ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ืชื”".
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืชืคืจืกื ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš "ื ื˜ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช", ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืข"ื™ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื ื•, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื”, ืืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื™ื“ืชื• ืœื ื—ืกืš ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ืงื•ืจืชื• ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื’ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชื. ืืžื ื ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉื›ื ืช ืฉืœื•ื, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ื—ื•ืชื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืงื”.
ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจืง ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืชื•ืจื”: "ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื™ืื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ื" ื’ื ืžืงืจืงืข, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื•ื”ื ื’ื–ืœ ืžื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžื—ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื–ืœ ืคื•ืงืขืช ืœืขื•ืœื".



^ 1.ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื', ื™"ื’ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจ"ืฆ, ืจืื• "ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ื•ืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจืœื™", ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจ"ืฆ, ืขืž' 1.
^ 2.ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืค"ื” ืงื™ืฉ (ืชืจืž"ื—-ืชืฉ"ื’/1888- 1943), ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
^ 3.ืจืื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง, ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื, ืขืž' ืคื‘, ืฉื‘ืืกื™ืคื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ, ืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, "ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ, ืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืง, ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื•ืชื•ืžืš, ื‘ืชืงื•ืžืช ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
^ 4.ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื ืคืœื ืฉืžืกื›ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ืจืื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, "ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”", ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ืขืž' 524-537.
^ 5.ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืฉื‘ืช ื™ ืข"ื‘, "ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืœื•ื", ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•, ื›ื“, "ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœื• ื”' ืฉืœื•ื". ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื ืคืกืงื” ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•"ื— ืคื“, ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืฉืœื•ื" ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกื, ืจืื• ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืกืง"ื•, ืฉืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืฉืœื•ื" ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ืื™ื’ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘: ืฉืœื•'.
^ 6.ืฉื, ื™ื•ืžื ืกื˜ ืข"ื‘, "ื—ื•ืชืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืžืช".
^ 7.ืžืจืžื– ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื‘, ื’, "ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉึตื (=ืื•ืช) ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉึตืžื•ืช... ื—ื™ื™ื‘... ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™, ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ-- ืฉื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื ื— ืžื ื—ื•ืจ, ื“ืŸ ืžื“ื ื™ืืœ...". ืฉืื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื ืืจื•ืš, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช "ืฉื" ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
^ 8.ื—ื•ืชืžืช, ืจืื• ืžืœื›ื™ื ื, ื›ื, ื—, "ื•ืชื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืื‘ ื•ืชื—ืชื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžื•...", ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื—, ื›ื”, "ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช...".

^ 9.ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ืจืื• ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื”, ืขืž' ืฉืœ, "ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื".
^ 10.ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืœืžื” ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘"ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ื•ืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจืœื™" (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 1), ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืงืก ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ืืš ื ืžื ืข ืžืœืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืืชื™ืงื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืืฃ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื”, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžื ืข ืžืจื™ืžืŸ ืžืœืคืจืกื ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, Canadian Jewish Review, 22/8/30, p. 18.
^ 11.ืจืื• ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื, ืขืž' ืงืœ, ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืื‘ื™ืš, ืขืž' ืœื’, ืฉืืžืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืฉืงืจ, ื›ืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืฉื‘ืื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืืฆืœ ืจ"ื— ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” , ืขืž' ืงืฆื’, ื‘ืฉื ืจ'"ื ืคืฆ'ื ื™ืง, ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื, ืฉื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”"ืืžืช".
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
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