ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”
  • ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื•ืžื™ โ€“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”





ืคึผึถืจึถืง ืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™

ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืจื”; ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืคืจื“ืก



ืื•ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช


ื1 ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื’ึผื•ึผืคึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ, ืฉืึถื”ึตื ืึตืฉื ื•ึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ื•ึผืžึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืึถืจึถืฅ - ื”ึตืŸ ื™ึฐืกื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึธืึดื™ื ืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืจึธืงึดื™ืขึท. ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืžึตืึธื“ึธื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื”ึตืžึธื” ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืฃ ื•ึฐืจึถืžึถืฉื‚ ื•ึฐื“ึธื’ ื•ึฐืฆึถืžึทื— ื•ึผืžึทืชึผึถื›ึถืช ื•ึทืึฒื‘ึธื ึดื™ื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื•ึผืžึทืจึฐื’ึผึธืœึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผืฉืึฐืึธืจ ืึทื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึผึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื’ื•ึผืฉืึตื™ ืขึธืคึธืจ - ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ื’ึผึธืœึฐืžื•ึน ืžึฐื—ึปื‘ึผึธืจ ืžึตืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ื™ึฐืกื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ.

ื1 ื”ึตืŸ ื™ึฐืกื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึธืึดื™ื - ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืงืฆื”, ืจืื” ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืคืจืง ื’ (ื•ืจืื” ื™'). ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.

ื’ื•ืœื ื•ืฆื•ืจื”


ื– ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ืึตื™ืŸ ืึทืชึผึธื” ืจื•ึนืึถื” ื’ึผึนืœึถื ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ืฆื•ึผืจึธื” ืื•ึน ืฆื•ึผืจึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ื’ึผึนืœึถื, ืึถืœึผึธื ืœึตื‘ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึถืžึผึฐื—ึทืœึผึตืง ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ื”ึทื ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึฐื—ึปื‘ึผึธืจ ืžึดื’ึผึนืœึถื ื•ึฐืฆื•ึผืจึธื”, ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืฉืึธื ื’ึผื•ึผืคึดื™ื ืฉืึถื’ึผึธืœึฐืžึธืŸ ืžึฐื—ึปื‘ึผึธืจ ืžึตืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ื™ึฐืกื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐื’ื•ึผืคึดื™ื ืฉืึถื’ึผึธืœึฐืžึธืŸ ืคึผึธืฉืื•ึผื˜ ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืžึฐื—ึปื‘ึผึธืจ ืžึดื’ึผึนืœึถื ืึทื—ึตืจ. ื•ึฐื”ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึถืŸ ื’ึผึนืœึถื ืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ื ึดืจึฐืึดื™ืŸ ืœึธืขึทื™ึดืŸ, ืึถืœึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘ ื”ึตืŸ ื™ึฐื“ื•ึผืขึดื™ืŸ, ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื™ึผึธื“ึทืขึฐื ื•ึผ ืึฒื“ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ืจึฐืึดื™ึผึทืช ืขึทื™ึดืŸ.

ื– ื’ึผึนืœึถื, ืฆื•ึผืจึธื” - ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘,ื’. ืœึตื‘ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื - ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื


ื—1 ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื›ึผึธืœ ื‘ึผึธืฉื‚ึธืจ ื”ึดื™ื ืฆื•ึผืจึธืชื•ึน ืฉืึถื ึผึธืชึทืŸ ืœื•ึน ื”ึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืชึตืจึธื” ื”ึทืžึผึฐืฆื•ึผื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึดื™ื ืฆื•ึผืจึทืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืœึตื ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน. ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืฆื•ึผืจึธื” ื–ื•ึน ื ึถืึฑืžึทืจ ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”: "ื ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐืฆึทืœึฐืžึตื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื“ึฐืžื•ึผืชึตื ื•ึผ" (ืฉื ื,ื›ื•), ื›ึผึฐืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืฉืึถืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœื•ึน ืฆื•ึผืจึธื” ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื“ึทืขึทืช ื•ึผืžึทืฉึผื‚ึถื’ึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื ื’ึผึนืœึถื, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื“ึฐืžึถื” ืœึธื”ึถืŸ. ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืขึทืœ ืฆื•ึผืจึธื” ื–ื•ึน ื”ึทื ึผึดื›ึผึถืจึถืช ืœึธืขึตื™ื ึทื™ึดื, ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทืคึผึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึนื˜ึถื ื•ึฐื”ึทืœึผึฐืกึธืชื•ึนืช ื•ึผืฉืึฐืึธืจ ืจึนืฉืึถื ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ, ืฉืึถื–ึผื•ึน - 'ืชึผึนืึทืจ' ืฉืึฐืžึธื”ึผ.

ื—1 ื”ึดื™ื ืฆื•ึผืจึธืชื•ึน ืฉืึถื ึผึธืชึทืŸ ืœื•ึน ื•ื›ื•' - ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื”' ื ืชืŸ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื—. ื”ึทื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื ื’ึผึนืœึถื - ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.

ื—2 ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึทืžึผึฐืฆื•ึผื™ึธื” ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื—ึทื™ึผึธื”, ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืื•ึนื›ึตืœ ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืชึถื” ื•ึผืžื•ึนืœึดื™ื“ ื•ึผืžึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉื ื•ึผืžึฐื”ึทืจึฐื”ึตืจ, ืึถืœึผึธื ื”ึทื“ึผึตืขึธื”, ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ืฆื•ึผืจึทืช ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื, ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฆื•ึผืจึทืช ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึทื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ืžึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ. ื•ึผืคึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช ืชึผึดืงึผึธืจึตื ื–ื•ึน ื”ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจึธื” 'ื ึถืคึถืฉื' ื•ึธ'ืจื•ึผื—ึท'. ื•ึผืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึฐื”ึดื–ึผึธื”ึตืจ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึตืžื•ึนืช, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืชึผึดื˜ึฐืขึถื”; ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึตื ื•ึธืฉืึตื ื™ึดืœึผึธืžึตื“ ืžึตืขึดื ึฐื™ึธื ื•ึน.

ื—2 ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึตื ื•ึธืฉืึตื ื™ึดืœึผึธืžึตื“ ืžึตืขึดื ึฐื™ึธื ื•ึน - ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ื ืฉืžื”' ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ื—ืœืง ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ื‘ืื“ื. ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื 'ื ืคืฉ' ื•'ืจื•ื—' (ืจืื” ืžื•"ื  ื,ืž-ืžื) ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืช ืื—ืช, ื•"ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื ืคืฉ ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื" (ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืคื”"ืž ืื‘ื•ืช, ืคืจืง ื).

ื˜ ืึตื™ืŸ ืฆื•ึผืจึทืช ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืžึฐื—ึปื‘ึผึถืจึถืช ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืกื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถืชึผึดืคึผึธืจึตื“ ืœึธื”ึถืŸ, ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืžึดื›ึผึนื—ึท ื”ึทื ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึธื” ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืชึผึฐื”ึตื ืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึธื” ืœึทื ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึธื” ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื”ึทื ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึธื” ืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึธื” ืœึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ, ืึถืœึผึธื ืžึตืึตืช ื™ื™ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ื”ึดื™ื. ืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื™ึผึดืคึผึธืจึตื“ ื”ึทื’ึผึนืœึถื, ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึฐื—ึปื‘ึผึธืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืกื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืชึนืื‘ึทื“ ื”ึทื ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึธื”, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืžึฐืฆื•ึผื™ึธื” ืึถืœึผึธื ืขึดื ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ื•ึผืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึธื” ืœึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื™ื”ึธ - ืœึนื ืชึผึดื›ึผึธืจึตืช ื”ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช, ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึธื” ืœึทื ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื™ื”ึธ, ืึถืœึผึธื ื™ื•ึนื“ึทืขึทืช ื•ึผืžึทืฉึผื‚ึถื’ึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืช ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจื•ึผื“ื•ึนืช ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื’ึผึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื“ึทืขึทืช ื‘ึผื•ึนืจึตื ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ, ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืžึถื“ึถืช ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื•ึผืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึฐืžึตื™ ืขื•ึนืœึธืžึดื™ื. ื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึถืึธืžึทืจ ืฉืึฐืœึนืžึนื” ื‘ึผึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธืชื•ึน: "ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉืึนื‘ ื”ึถืขึธืคึธืจ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึท ืชึผึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึฐืชึธื ึธื”ึผ" (ืงื”ืœืช ื™ื‘,ื–).

ื˜ ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืžึถื“ึถืช ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื•ึผืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึฐืžึตื™ ืขื•ึนืœึธืžึดื™ื - ื ืฆื—ื™ืช. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”' ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืืŸ; ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ื•,ื™ื’; ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื’,ื™ื’), ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜,ื; ืžืœื›ื™ื ื™ื,ื’) ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ืœืจืฉืขื™ื (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’,ื•).

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื


ื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ ืฉืึถื“ึผึดื‘ึผึทืจึฐื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื–ึถื” - ื›ึผึฐืžึทืจ ืžึดื“ึผึฐืœึดื™ ื”ึตื, ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืขึฒืžึปืงึผึดื™ื ื”ึตื, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืึตื™ื ึธื ื›ึผึฐืขึนืžึถืง ืขึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ืคึผึถืจึถืง ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืฉืึตื ึดื™. ื•ึผื‘ึตืื•ึผืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืคึถืจึถืง ืฉืึฐืœึดื™ืฉืึดื™ ื•ึผืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™, ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื ึผึดืงึฐืจึธื 'ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช'. ื•ึฐื›ึธืšึฐ ืฆึดื•ึผื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึดื™ื, ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื“ึผื•ึนืจึฐืฉืึดื™ืŸ ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื, ืึถืœึผึธื ืœึฐืึธื“ึธื ืึถื—ึธื“ ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึทื“ ืžื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื•ึผืžึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน.

ื™ ื›ึผึฐืžึทืจ ืžึดื“ึผึฐืœึดื™ - ื›ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžื“ืœื™ ืžืœื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“. ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช - "ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”" (ืคื”"ืž ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื‘,ื).

ื™ื ื•ึผืžึทื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืขึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ืžึถืจึฐื›ึผึธื‘ึธื” ืœึฐืขึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช? ืฉืึถืขึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ืžึถืจึฐื›ึผึธื‘ึธื” - ืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ืœึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืึตื™ืŸ ื“ึผื•ึนืจึฐืฉืึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน, ืึถืœึผึธื ืึดื ื›ึผึตืŸ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื—ึธื›ึธื ื•ึผืžึตื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืžึดื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน ืžื•ึนืกึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ืจึธืืฉืึตื™ ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึธืงึดื™ื. ื•ึฐืขึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช - ืžึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืœึฐื™ึธื—ึดื™ื“, ืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืžึตื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืžึดื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน, ื•ึผืžื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื›ึผึธืœ ืฉืึถื™ึผึธื›ื•ึนืœ ืœึตื™ื“ึทืข ืžึดื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ. ื•ึฐืœึธืžึผึธื” ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึธืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื? ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ืึธื“ึธื ื™ึตืฉื ืœื•ึน ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ืจึฐื—ึธื‘ึธื” ืœึฐื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื’ ืคึผึตืจื•ึผืฉื ื•ึผื‘ึตืื•ึผืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึปืจึฐื™ึธืŸ.

ื™ื ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึปืจึฐื™ึธืŸ - ืœืขื•ืžืงืŸ, ืœืืžืชืŸ.

ื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืฉืึถืึธื“ึธื ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผื•ึนื ึตืŸ ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ, ื•ึผืžึทื›ึผึดื™ืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผืึดื™ื ืžึดืžึผึทืœึฐืึธืšึฐ ื•ึฐื’ึทืœึฐื’ึผึทืœ ื•ึฐืึธื“ึธื ื•ึฐื›ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐื™ึดืจึฐืึถื” ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึฐื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืฆื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผืึดื™ื - ืžื•ึนืกึดื™ืฃ ืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ืœึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื, ื•ึฐืชึดืฆึฐืžึธื ื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึน ื•ึฐื™ึดื›ึฐืžึทื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึธืจื•ึน ืœึถืึฑื”ึนื‘ ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื, ื•ึฐื™ึดื™ืจึธื ื•ึฐื™ึดืคึฐื—ึทื“ ืžึดืฉึผืึดืคึฐืœื•ึผืชื•ึน ื•ึฐื“ึทืœึผื•ึผืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืงึทืœึผื•ึผืชื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื™ึผึทืขึฒืจึนืšึฐ ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ืœึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืคื•ึนืช ื”ึทืงึผึฐื“ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ื ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึถื›ึผึตืŸ ืœึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตื”ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ื”ึทื˜ึผึฐื”ื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ื”ึทื ึผึดืคึฐืจึธื“ื•ึนืช ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื’ึผึฐืœึธืžึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐื—ึทื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื’ึนืœึถื ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ, ื•ึฐื™ึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื›ึผึดื›ึฐืœึดื™ ืžึธืœึตื ื‘ึผื•ึผืฉืึธื” ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึดืžึผึธื”, ืจึตื™ืง ื•ึฐื—ึธืกึตืจ.

ื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืฉืึถืึธื“ึธื ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผื•ึนื ึตืŸ ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ - ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืคืจืง ื‘. ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื™ึผึทืขึฒืจึนืšึฐ - ื›ืฉื™ืฉื•ื•ื”.

ื™ื’1 ื•ึฐืขึดื ึฐื™ึฐื ึตื™ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืคึผึฐืจึธืงึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐื—ึธืžึตืฉื ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ - ื”ึตื ืฉืึถื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืงื•ึนืจึฐืึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน 'ืคึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืก', ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ: ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื ึดื›ึฐื ึฐืกื•ึผ ืœึทืคึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืก. ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืฉืึถื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ, ื•ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึดื™ื ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ, ืœึนื ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ื›ึผึนื—ึท ืœึตื™ื“ึทืข ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื’ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึปืจึฐื™ึธืŸ.

ื™ื’1 ื—ึธืžึตืฉื ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ - ืจืื” ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื-ื”. ืคึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืก - ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ, ืžืฉืœ ืœื—ื›ืžืช ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื›ื‘ื”. ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื ึดื›ึฐื ึฐืกื•ึผ ืœึทืคึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืก - "ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืื™, ื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžื, ืื—ึตืจ [ืืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื™ื”] ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื" (ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื“,ื‘). ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื”ื ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืืœื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช: ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืช, ื”ืฉืงืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืขืชืข ื‘ื•, ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ืžืฆื ืžืจืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืืžืช, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ื”' ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”' ื›ื ื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ืœื”ื–ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงืจ ื•ืืฉืœื™ื”, ืฉืชื•ืฆืืชื” ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืขืช (ืžื•"ื  ื,ืœื‘).

ื™ื’2 ื•ึทืึฒื ึดื™ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืœึฐื”ึดื˜ึผึทื™ึผึตืœ ื‘ึผึทืคึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืก ืึถืœึผึธื ืžึดื™ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืชึฐืžึทืœึผึตื ื›ึผึฐืจึตืกื•ึน ืœึถื—ึถื ื•ึผื‘ึธืฉื‚ึธืจ. ื•ึฐ'ืœึถื—ึถื ื•ึผื‘ึธืฉื‚ึธืจ' ื–ึถื” - ื”ื•ึผื ืœึตื™ื“ึทืข ื‘ึผึตืื•ึผืจ ื”ึธืึธืกื•ึผืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึปืชึผึธืจ ื•ึฐื›ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ืžึดืฉึผืึฐืึธืจ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช. ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืฉืึถื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ 'ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืงึธื˜ึนืŸ' ืงึธืจึฐืื•ึผ ืื•ึนืชึธืŸ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื, ืฉืึถื”ึฒืจึตื™ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื: ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ - ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ืžึถืจึฐื›ึผึธื‘ึธื”, ื•ึฐื“ึธื‘ึธืจ ืงึธื˜ึนืŸ - ื”ึฒื•ึธื™ึธื” ื“ึผึฐืึทื‘ึผึทื™ึตื™ ื•ึฐืจึธื‘ึธื; ืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ื›ึตืŸ ืจึฐืื•ึผื™ึดื™ืŸ ื”ึตืŸ ืœึฐื”ึทืงึฐื“ึผึดื™ืžึธืŸ, ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ืžึฐื™ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึธืึธื“ึธื ืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึธื”. ื•ึฐืขื•ึนื“, ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดืฉืึฐืคึผึดื™ืขึท ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื™ึดืฉึผืื•ึผื‘ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืœึดื ึฐื—ึนืœ ื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื, ื•ึฐืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืฉืึถื™ึผึตื“ึธืขึตื ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ: ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ื•ึฐืงึธื˜ึนืŸ, ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืึดืฉึผืึธื”, ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ืœึตื‘ ืจึธื—ึธื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึทืขึทืœ ืœึตื‘ ืงึธืฆึธืจ.

ื™ื’2 ืœึฐื”ึดื˜ึผึทื™ึผึตืœ - ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืงึธื˜ึนืŸ - ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื”. ื”ึฒื•ึธื™ึธื” ื“ึผึฐืึทื‘ึผึทื™ึตื™ ื•ึฐืจึธื‘ึธื - ื”ืžืฉื ื•ื”ืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืื‘ื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื. ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ืžึฐื™ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึธืึธื“ึธื ืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึธื” - ื˜ืขื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœืชื—ื•ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื” ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื• ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”' ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” (ืžื•"ื  ื’, ืกื•ืฃ ื ื). ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื›ืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ึฐืขื•ึนื“ ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื•ื›ื•' - ื˜ืขื ืฉื ื™: ื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื“ืžื•ืช ืœื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื“ืก ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”' ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• (ืžื•"ื  ื’, ืกื•ืฃ ื ื“). ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืžืžืฉืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื. ื•ึฐืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืฉืึถื™ึผึตื“ึธืขึตื ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ - ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช. ืœึตื‘ ืจึธื—ึธื‘ - ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื”. ืœึตื‘ ืงึธืฆึธืจ - ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” - ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข.
ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”

ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”
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ืžื”ื“ื™ืจ ืžื‘ืืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™: ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™
ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื”: ื”ืœืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™, ื“"ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืงืืจื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ื˜ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ ืจื•ืขื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืงื™ืŸ
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ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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