ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
  • ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื•ืžื™ โ€“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”





ืคึผึถืจึถืง ืชึผึฐืฉืึดื™ืขึดื™

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื



ื”ืฉื›ืจ - ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ื”ื˜ื‘ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื - ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”


ื3 ื›ึผึธืœ ืื•ึนืชึธืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฑืžึถืช ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ. ื•ึผื‘ึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืฉืึถืึธื ื•ึผ ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึดื™ืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” - ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืึตืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื›ึผึปืœึผึธืŸ; ื•ึผื‘ึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืฉืึถืึธื ื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถืŸ - ืชึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ื”ึธืจึธืขื•ึนืช ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืชื•ึผื‘ื•ึนืช. ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ื›ึตืŸ, ืึตื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชึธืŸ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึตืŸ ืกื•ึนืฃ ืžึทืชึผึทืŸ ืฉื‚ึฐื›ึธืจึธืŸ ืฉืึถืœึผึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืื•ึนืชึธืŸ ื”ึธืจึธืขื•ึนืช ื”ึตืŸ ืกื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทื ึผึฐืงึธืžึธื” ืฉืึถื ึผื•ึนืงึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ืžึตืขื•ึนื‘ึตืจ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช, ืึถืœึผึธื ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึถืฆึผึตืขึท ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื:

ื3  ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืึตืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช... ืชึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ื”ึธืจึธืขื•ึนืช ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืชื•ึผื‘ื•ึนืช - ื•ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”' ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžืืžืจ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืง', ืขืž' ืฆื–). ืกื•ึนืฃ ืžึทืชึผึทืŸ ืฉื‚ึฐื›ึธืจึธืŸ ืฉืึถืœึผึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช - ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™. ื”ึถืฆึผึตืขึท - ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื•.

ื4 ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื–ื•ึน, 'ืขึตืฅ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื'*, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขื•ึน ื“ึผึตืขึธื” ื’ึผึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื” ื ึฐื›ื•ึนื ึธื” - ื–ื•ึนื›ึถื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื; ื•ึผืœึฐืคึดื™ ื’ึผึนื“ึถืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื’ึนื“ึถืœ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธืชื•ึน ื”ื•ึผื ื–ื•ึนื›ึถื”. ื•ึฐื”ึดื‘ึฐื˜ึดื™ื—ึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืฉืึถืึดื ื ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ึทืช ื ึถืคึถืฉื, ื•ึฐื ึถื”ึฐื’ึผึถื” ื‘ึผึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธืชึธื”ึผ ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“ - ืฉืึถื™ึผึธืกึดื™ืจ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนื ึฐืขึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดืœึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ื—ึนืœึดื™ ื•ึผืžึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื” ื•ึฐืจึธืขึธื‘ ื•ึฐื›ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ, ื•ึฐื™ึทืฉืึฐืคึผึดื™ืขึท ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึฐื—ึทื–ึผึฐืงึดื™ื ืึถืช ื™ึธื“ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืฉื‚ึนื‘ึทืข ื•ึฐืฉืึธืœื•ึนื, ื•ึผืจึฐื‘ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึฐื–ึธื”ึธื‘, ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึทืขึฒืกึนืง ื›ึผึธืœ ื™ึธืžึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึธื”ึถืŸ, ืึถืœึผึธื ื ึตืฉืึตื‘ ืคึผึฐื ื•ึผื™ึดื™ืŸ ืœึดืœึฐืžึนื“ ื‘ึผึทื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึฐืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื”, ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถื ึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผึถื” ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึถื”ึดื‘ึฐื˜ึดื™ื—ึท ื‘ึผึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”: "ื•ึผืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื” ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึผึธื ื•ึผ..." (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•,ื›ื”).

ื4  ืขึตืฅ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื* - ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง: "ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื” [ืœืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”], ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ืžืึปืฉืจ" (ืžืฉืœื™ ื’,ื™ื—). ื‘ื›ื™"ื ื”ื•ื’ื”: "ืขึตืฅ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึดึผื™ื", ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืจืžื– ืœืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ. ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขื•ึน ื“ึผึตืขึธื” ื’ึผึฐืžื•ึผืจึธื” ื ึฐื›ื•ึนื ึธื” - ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”' ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื–ื‘ (ืžื•"ื  ื’,ื ื). ื’ึผึนื“ึถืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื’ึนื“ึถืœ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธืชื•ึน - ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืฉืœื. ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” - "ืฉื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉืžื— ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืœ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉืžื—ื” ื–ื•, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคืจืข ืžืžื ื•" (ืœื•ืœื‘ ื—,ื˜ื•). ื•ึผื‘ึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ึทืช ื ึถืคึถืฉื - ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื’ื ื›ืฉืจืข ืœืื“ื (ืจืื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™,ื’). " ื•ึผืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื” ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึผึธื ื•ึผ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ". ื•ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื”: "ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื›ืชืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื™ืช ืฆื“ืง ืขื ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชืช ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”" (ืžื•"ื  ื’,ื ื‘).

ื5 ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื”ื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ืฉืึถืึดื ื ึทืขึฒื–ึนื‘ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืžึดื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึตื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืกึนืง ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐืœึตื™ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ, ื›ึผึธืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึทืŸ ื™ึฐืฉืึปืจื•ึผืŸ ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึธื˜" (ืฉื ืœื‘,ื˜ื•) - ืฉืึถื“ึผึทื™ึผึทืŸ ื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช ื™ึธืกึดื™ืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขื•ึนื–ึฐื‘ึดื™ื ื›ึผึธืœ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ื—ึดื–ึผึฐืงื•ึผ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ืœึดื‘ึฐืขึนื˜, ื•ึผืžึตื‘ึดื™ื ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืจึธืขื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนื ึฐืขึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชึธืŸ ืžึดืœึผึดืงึฐื ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื, ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึนืื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืจึดืฉืึฐืขึธืŸ. ื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”: "ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึถื™ืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึถื ึผื•ึผ ื™ื™ ื‘ึผึธืšึฐ..." (ืฉื ื›ื—,ืžื—), "ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ืขึธื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ื™ื™ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐื˜ื•ึผื‘ ืœึตื‘ึธื‘ ืžึตืจึนื‘ ื›ึผึนืœ" (ืฉื ื›ื—,ืžื–).

ื5  ืžึดื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึตื ื•ึผ - ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื•. ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐืœึตื™ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ - ื‘ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉืขื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึทืŸ ื™ึฐืฉืึปืจื•ึผืŸ ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึธื˜ - ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื“ ื‘ื”' ื›ืฉืฉืงืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ. "ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึถื™ืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึถื ึผื•ึผ ื”' ื‘ึผึธืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืจึธืขึธื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฆึธืžึธื ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึตื™ืจึนื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึนืกึถืจ ื›ึผึนืœ, ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืŸ ืขึนืœ ื‘ึผึทืจึฐื–ึถืœ ืขึทืœ ืฆึทื•ึผึธืืจึถืšึธ ืขึทื“ ื”ึดืฉืึฐืžึดื™ื“ื•ึน ืึนืชึธืšึฐ".

ื6 ื ึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืคึผึตืจื•ึผืฉื ื›ึผึธืœ ืื•ึนืชึธืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืงึผึฐืœึธืœื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื–ื•ึน; ื›ึผึฐืœื•ึนืžึทืจ: ืึดื ืขึฒื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื™ื™ ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื”, ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ื“ึผึทืจึฐื›ึผื•ึน - ืžึทืฉืึฐืคึผึดื™ืขึท ืœึธื›ึถื ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ, ื•ึผืžึทืจึฐื—ึดื™ืง ื”ึทืงึผึฐืœึธืœื•ึนืช, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืคึผึฐื ื•ึผื™ึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐื—ึทื›ึผึตื ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื•ึฐืœึทืขึฒืกึนืง ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ, ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถืชึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผื•ึผ ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื, ื•ึฐื™ึดื™ื˜ึทื‘ ืœึธืšึฐ ืœึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ืฉืึถื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ื˜ื•ึนื‘, ื•ึฐืชึทืึฒืจึดื™ืšึฐ ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืœึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ืฉืึถื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ืึธืจึนืšึฐ, ื•ึฐื ึดืžึฐืฆึตืืชึถื ื–ื•ึนื›ึดื™ืŸ ืœึดืฉืึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธืžื•ึนืช: ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ื”ึทืžึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื. ืฉืึถืึดื ืœึนื ื™ึดืงึฐื ึถื” ื”ึตื ึผึธื” ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึผืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื - ืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ื‘ึผึทืžึผึถื” ื™ึดื–ึฐื›ึผึถื”, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื•ึฐื—ึถืฉืึฐื‘ึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื“ึทืขึทืช ื•ึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืื•ึนืœ..." (ืงื”ืœืช ื˜,ื™).

ื6  ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐื—ึทื›ึผึตื - ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื”ึตื ึผึธื” - ื›ืืŸ. ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึผืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื - ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื (ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื—ื›ืžื”, ืจืื” ืžื•"ื  ืคืจืง ืื—ืจื•ืŸ). ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื›ึผึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ื™ึธื“ึฐืšึธ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช [ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช] ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนื—ึฒืšึธ - ืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื”, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื•ึฐื—ึถืฉืึฐื‘ึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐื“ึทืขึทืช ื•ึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืื•ึนืœ [=ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช] ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื”ึนืœึตืšึฐ ืฉืึธืžึผึธื”" - "ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื“ื ื”ื•ืœืš, ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืœืขื•ืœื" (ืคื”"ืž ืื‘ื•ืช ื“,ื›ื‘). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืจืš.

ื7 ื•ึฐืึดื ืขึฒื–ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื™ื™, ื•ึผืฉืึฐื’ึดื™ืชึถื ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืึฒื›ึธืœ ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐืชึผึถื” ื•ึผื–ึฐื ื•ึผืช ื•ึฐื“ื•ึนืžึถื” ืœึธื”ึถืŸ - ืžึตื‘ึดื™ื ืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืงึผึฐืœึธืœื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ, ื•ึผืžึตืกึดื™ืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ื•ึนืช, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึถื”ึธืœึธื” ื•ึธืคึทื—ึทื“, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืœึตื‘ ืคึผึธื ื•ึผื™ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ืฉืึธืœึตื ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช, ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถืชึผึนืื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ืžึตื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื, ื•ึฐื ึดืžึฐืฆึตืืชึถื ืฉืึถืึดื‘ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึถื ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ ืขื•ึนืœึธืžื•ึนืช; ืฉืึถื‘ึผึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืฉืึถืึธื“ึธื ื˜ึธืจื•ึผื“ ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื‘ึผึฐื—ึนืœึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื” ื•ึผืจึฐืขึธื‘ื•ึนืŸ - ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืžึดืชึฐืขึทืกึผึตืง ืœึนื ื‘ึผึทื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื”, ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ื–ื•ึนื›ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื.

ื7  ื•ึผืฉืึฐื’ึดื™ืชึถื - ื“ื‘ืงืชื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™,ื’). ื•ึผื–ึฐื ื•ึผืช - ืฉื ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืื•ื•ืช: "ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืกืงืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“" (ืกื”"ืž ืœ"ืช ืžื–; ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื‘,ื’).

ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—


ื‘1 ื•ึผืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื–ึถื” ื”ึดืชึฐืึทื•ึผื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐื—ึทื›ึฐืžึตื™ื”ึถื, ื™ึฐืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท: ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึธื ื•ึผื—ื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ื”ึธืจึดืฉืึฐืขึธื” ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืžึทื ึผึทื—ึทืช ืœึธื”ึถืŸ ืœึทืขึฒืกึนืง ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึทื”ึนื’ึถืŸ, ื•ึฐื™ึดืžึฐืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืžึทืจึฐื’ึผื•ึนืขึท, ื•ึฐื™ึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื”, ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผื•ึผ ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื.


ื‘2 ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืชึธืŸ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืชึผึดืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ื”ึทื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึธืœึฐืึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื“ึผึตืขึธื” ืึถืช ื™ื™" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื™ื,ื˜), ื•ึฐื ึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืช ืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืช ืึธื—ึดื™ื•" (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœื,ืœื’), ื•ึฐื ึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื•ึทื”ึฒืกึดืจึนืชึดื™ ืึถืช ืœึตื‘ ื”ึธืึถื‘ึถืŸ ืžึดื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึทืจึฐื›ึถื" (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•,ื›ื•). ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื”ึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ ืฉืึถื™ึผึทืขึฒืžึนื“ ืžึดื–ึผึถืจึทืข ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ - ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื™ึธืชึตืจ ืžึดืฉึผืึฐืœึนืžึนื”, ื•ึฐื ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ื”ื•ึผื ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘ ืžึดืžึผึนืฉืึถื” ืจึทื‘ึผึตื ื•ึผ, ื•ึผืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ื™ึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืจึถื” ืื•ึนืชึธืŸ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื™ื™, ื•ึฐื™ึธื‘ื•ึนืื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื™ื ืœึฐืฉืึธืžึฐืขื•ึน, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ื ึธื›ื•ึนืŸ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”ึทืจ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื™ื™ ื‘ึผึฐืจึนืืฉื ื”ึถื”ึธืจึดื™ื" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื‘,ื‘).

ื‘2  ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘ ืžึดืžึผึนืฉืึถื” ืจึทื‘ึผึตื ื•ึผ - ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ืืš ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื•. ื™ึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืจึถื” ืื•ึนืชึธืŸ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื™ื™ - ื•ื–ื”ื• ืชื ืื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื™ื,ื“1). ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ื ึธื›ื•ึนืŸ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”ึทืจ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”' ื‘ึผึฐืจึนืืฉื ื”ึถื”ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึดืฉึผื‚ึธื ืžึดื’ึผึฐื‘ึธืขื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐื ึธื”ึฒืจื•ึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื".

ื‘3 ื•ึฐืกื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื›ึธืจ ื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนื ึธื” ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึผ ื”ึถืคึฐืกึตืง ื•ึฐืœึนื ื’ึผึตืจึธืขื•ึนืŸ - ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื™ึฐืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื›ึผึฐืžึดื ึฐื”ึธื’ื•ึน ื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ, ืึถืœึผึธื ืฉืึถื”ึทืžึผึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ืชึผึทื—ึฒื–ึนืจ ืœึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ึธืจ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึดื™ื: ืึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึดื™ืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท ืึถืœึผึธื ืฉืึดืขึฐื‘ึผื•ึผื“ ืžึทืœึฐื›ึปื™ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึทื“.

ื‘3  ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื›ึผึฐืžึดื ึฐื”ึธื’ื•ึน ื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ - ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื”ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื™ื ื ืืœื ืžืฉืœ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื™ื‘,ื; ืจืื” ื’ื ืžื•"ื  ื‘,ื›ื˜). "ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™, ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœื ื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืืช ื”' ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืœ, ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืคื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืืจื”ื• ืœืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉืื™ืคืชื ื• ื•ืฉืื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืคืš ืฉืื™ืคืช ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืขืจื‘ ืœืกื›ืœื•ืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืžื‘ืืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ, ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืก, ื•ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข [ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื™ืกื˜ื™, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืคืœื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ]... ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ. ื•ื ืชืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื” [ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”' ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฃ ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜], ื–ื•ืœืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืก, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืืจื• ื›ืœืœ, ืจืง ืื– ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืก" (ืžืืžืจ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืง', ืขืž' ืคื–-ืคื—). ืฉืึดืขึฐื‘ึผื•ึผื“ ืžึทืœึฐื›ึปื™ึผื•ึนืช - ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” - ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข.
ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”

ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”
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ืžื”ื“ื™ืจ ืžื‘ืืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™: ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™
ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื”: ื”ืœืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™, ื“"ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืงืืจื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ื˜ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ ืจื•ืขื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืงื™ืŸ
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