ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื
  • ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
13 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”

ื - ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ื•ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”
ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืชืงื ื• ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ืกืžื›ื• ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื–, ื‘). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืžื“ืœื’ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืœื ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืžืจื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ - ืœื ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื˜, ื’).
ื•ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืžืจื” ืืช ื—ืชื™ืžืชื”, ืื• ืฉืืžืจื” ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืืžืจื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืงื™ื˜, ื’). ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื›ืจืช 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื'.
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื’ื ืืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื˜ืขื”, ื’ื ืืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”). ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืฉื” ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ื”, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœื ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ื•ื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœื ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืžืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ. 1

ื‘ - ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”
ืืฉื” ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืฉื“ื™ืœื’ื” ืื• ื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืฉื ื•ืื™ืœืš ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ืกื“ืจ. ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืืžืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืื• ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืืžืจื” ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžืจืŸ ื›ืกื“ืจ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื“, ื ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื˜, ื’).
ื•ืื ื“ื™ืœื’ื” ืื• ื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช - ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื“ื™ืœื’ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื”, ื›ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื‘, ื˜), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชืŸ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื“, ื; ืจืž"ื ืงื™ื“, ื•. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื—).
ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ื•ื ื–ื›ืจื” ืฉื“ื™ืœื’ื” ืื• ื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืกืขื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืžื“ื” ืœืคืกื•ืข - ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื–, ื”).
ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื”, ืื ื”ื”ืคืกืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฆืจื”, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื”. ื•ืื ื”ื”ืคืกืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื”, ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื”ืคืกืงื” ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืจืฆื•ื ื” ืื• ืžื—ืžืช ืื•ื ืก, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืจืืฉ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื“, ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืจืง ืื ื”ื”ืคืกืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืžืช ืื•ื ืก, ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืจืืฉ; ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื’ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืคืกืงื” (ืจืž"ื ืกื”, ื; ืž"ื‘ ืงื“, ื˜ื–, ื•ื›ืš ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื).
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ื™ื“, ื-ื‘) ื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”.

ื’ - ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื. ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœืื•ืžืจืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื•ืžืจืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื›ื‘ื•ืช.
ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื•ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืจืฆื”' - 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื', ื•ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจื” ื•ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืชืคื™ืœืชื” - ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืžืชืคืœืœืช. ื•ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื” - ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœ'ืจืฆื”' ื•ืื•ืžืจืช 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื ื•ืื™ืœืš ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื', ื•ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจื” ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื” - ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืžืชืคืœืœืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ - ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื—ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืชื›ื‘, ื).
ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืืชื” ื—ื•ื ืŸ' ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ื“ืœื”, ื•ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจื” - ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืก (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืฆื“, ื).
ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” 'ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื', ื•ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจื” - ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื’ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืคื‘, ื).
ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืœื—ืฉ 'ืขื ื ื•' ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”'. ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืจืง ื‘ืžื ื—ื” (ืจืž"ื ืชืงืกื”, ื’). ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ืฆื•ื: ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ - ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช - ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื” (ื›ื”"ื— ืชืงืกื”, ื™ื–). ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช (ื”ืจื‘ ืจืงื—, ืžื”ืจื™"ืฅ). ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ื›ื—ืช ื•ืœื ืืžืจื” 'ืขื ื ื•' ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช.
ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช "ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ", ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ - "ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜". ืื ื˜ืขืชื” ื•ืืžืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช "ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ", ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ - ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืจืืฉ. ื•ืื ืชื™ืงื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื”.
ื•ืื ื˜ืขืชื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื—ืชืžื” ื›ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” "ืžืœืš ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜", ื•ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืžืœืš' (ืจืž"ื ืงื™ื—, ื; ื‘ื"ื— ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื˜; ื›ื”"ื— ื). ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆืื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ืืžืจื” ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื. ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•' ื•ืชื—ืชืžื ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืžืฉื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืชืชืคืœืœ ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ืชืชื ื” ืฉืื ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื—, ื; ื™ื—ื•"ื“ ื, ื ื–).
ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช: 'ื–ื›ืจื ื•', 'ืžื™ ื›ืžื•ืš', 'ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘' ื•'ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ื', ื•ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจื” ืื•ืชืŸ, ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื‘, ื”). 2

ื“ - ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื”
ืœืžื“ื ื• (ืœืขื™ืœ ื, ื–) ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืชืงื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจ, ืžื ื—ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. (ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื‘-ื”, ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžื” ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช). ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืจืฆื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื“ื‘ื”, ื›ืš ืจืฉืื™ืช ื›ืœ ืืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื ื“ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: "ื•ืœื•ืื™ ื™ืชืคืœืœ ืื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื, ื). ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื ื“ื‘ื”, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื ื“ื‘ื”, ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืžื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื ื“ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื ื“ื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื–, ื-ื‘).
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืคื” - ืืœ ืชืชืคืœืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื–, ื“).
ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืืฉื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืžื ื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ื›ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.

ื” - ื“ื™ื ื™ ืกืคืงื•ืช
ืืฉื” ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืื• ืžื ื—ื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื” ืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืื• ืœื - ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืชืชืคืœืœ ืžืกืคืง. ื•ืชืชื ื” ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื”: ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื™ - ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื”, ื•ืื ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื™ - ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืชืคื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื ื“ื‘ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืกืคืง - ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื. ื•ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื ื–ื›ืจื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืœืœื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืชื ืื™, ืฉืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื ื“ื‘ื”, ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื ื“ื‘ื” ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืฉืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ื–ื• ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื”.
ืžื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœื”, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื ื–ื›ืจื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืœืœื”, ืชืคืกื™ืง ืžื™ื“ ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื”. ื•ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ื“ื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืงืฆืชื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืงืฆืชื• ื ื“ื‘ื”, ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืœืฉื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืกื•ืคื” ืœืฉื ื ื“ื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื–, ื).
ืžื™ ืฉื—ืœืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกืชืคืงื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช, ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืชืชืคืœืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืื™ืœืš (ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื—, 3).

ื• - ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื ืฉื›ื—ื”
ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื ืกืชื™ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื—, ื), ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช, ื•ืชืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ืื ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ื•ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื—ืžื”, ืชืชืคืœืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
ื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื”, ืชืงื ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื”. ื•ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืชืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช.
ื•ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืชืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื•ืื ืื™ื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืชืชืคืœืœ ืื—"ื› ืชืคื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืžื ื—ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื’ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื™ืœื ื’ื ืœื ืชืชืคืœืœ ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื—, ื˜).
ื•ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื’ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ืชืืžืจ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื—, ื™). 3
ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ (ืฉื ื™ื—, ื—).
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ื•ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื” ืžื ื—ื”, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื—ืžื”, ืชืชืคืœืœ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช (ืฉื ื™ื—, ื—).
ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืืœื ืื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉื ื™ื—, ื˜).
ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชืงื ื• ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ืก ืื• ืฉื’ื’ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ (ืฉื ื™ื—, ื˜).


ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉืชื
ื– - ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉืชื
ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ื— ืืช ื”' ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืื—"ื› ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”' ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื˜ืจ.
ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื', ืื ื• ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื "ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉื". ื•ืชืงื ื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื‘ื— ื”ื’ืฉื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื.
ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื. ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืœืงื™ืฅ, ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘"ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื ื•", ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘"ื‘ืจื›ื ื• ื”'
ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•". ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื•ืชืŸ ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ื”" ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื”" (ืœืชื™ืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื•ื ื”, ืืš ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืื—ื“).
ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื ืืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื ืืžืจืช ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช.
ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช. ื•ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืœืœื” ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช. ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช, ืฉืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื. ืื‘ืœ ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื™ื, ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื–, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื” (ื‘"ื™ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืงื™ื“, ื-ื‘).
ืื‘ืœ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื ื“ื—ื• ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื, ืœืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ. ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ, ืฉื‘ื ืžื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช, ื™ืกืคื™ืง ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืจื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื’ืฉื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื–, ื). ื•ืืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•, ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•. ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืชื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœ. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ืืžืจืช ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—.

ื— - ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืฉืืœืชื
ื˜ืขืชื” ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ืฉื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื—, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ. ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื•ืชืืžืจ "ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืœ" ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ. ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื“, ื“).
ื˜ืขืชื” ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื˜ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ "ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืœ", ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจื” ืฉื‘ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืกื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ - ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื“, ื”).
ื˜ืขืชื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื’ืฉื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื”, ืงืœืงืœื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืชืืžืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืžืžื ื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื”, ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืชืชืคืœืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื–, ื’).
ื•ืื ื˜ืขืชื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืชืžื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”', ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื•ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”', ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืชืชืงืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืชื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”', ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื’ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืืžืจื” ืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืžืžื ื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ืกื“ืจ. ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคืกื•ืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื’ืฉื - ืชืคื™ืœืชื” ื—ืกืจื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื–, ื“-ื”).

ื˜ - ืขืฆื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืฉืืœืชื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืกื— ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื”. (ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื. ื‘ืืœื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื: 1) ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, 2) ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, 3) ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ. ื•ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื˜ืœ).
ื”ืžืกืชืคืงืช ืื ืืžืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื˜ืขืชื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื’ืจืช ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื’ืœืช ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื•ืื ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื”, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื’ืœื” ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื ื•ืกื—, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืืžืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื”ืกืคืง ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืขื˜ื™ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืืฉื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืชืฉืขื™ื ืคืขื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ืชื˜ืขื”. ื•ืื–ื™ ื’ื ืื ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื” ืกืคืง ืื ืืžืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืชืฉืขื™ื ืคืขื ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื“, ื—-ื˜; ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื—, 4).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืชืืžืจ ืชืฉืขื™ื ืคืขื: "ืจื•ืคื ื—ื•ืœื™ ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื ื•". ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืชืืžืจ: "ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื‘ื•ืืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืชืŸ ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ื”". ื•ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ืชืืžืจ ืชืฉืขื™ื ืคืขื: "ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื ืืชื” ืจื‘ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืœ". ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืชืืžืจ: "ืจื•ืคื ื—ื•ืœื™ ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืจื›ื ื•"; ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืชืืžืจ: "ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื‘ื•ืืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื”" (ืž"ื‘ ืงื™ื“, ืž; ื›ื”"ื— ืก). ื•ื›ืš ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืื ืื—"ื› ืชืกืชืคืง ืื ืืžืจื” ื›ืฉื•ืจื”, ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ. 4

ื™ - ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ
ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœึฐืึทื—ึตืจ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” (ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื‘-4 ืื• 5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ). ื•ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ ื•ืคืจืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ. ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื ื’ืจืจื™ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื–, ื). 5
ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืชืฉืืœ ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฉื ื‘ื™ืชื” (ืคืจ"ื—). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืชืฉืืœ ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืชื” (ื‘ืจื›"ื™). ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง, ืชืฉืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”' ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื—, 6). 6
ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืœื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืืœื ื“ื™ื ื ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืชืคืœืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”', ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื–, ื‘, ื•ืื ื˜ืขื”, ืขื™' ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื—, 7).
ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช, ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืฆืœื ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืฅ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื›ืœ ื ื’ืจืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืœืคื™ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื, ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”'.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื–ืง ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœื”ื, ืืข"ืค ืฉืขืชื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืชื” ืงืœืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื, ืืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”' ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื. ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื”ื ื•ืกืขืช ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื, ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื˜, ื’).




^ 1.. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื›ื•ืœื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืจืฉื•ืช. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•, ื˜. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื•, ื™ื—, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชืชื ื” ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื”. (ืืžื ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื˜ื•, ื”ืขืจื” ื”' ืกื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉืื ืื™ื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉื›ื—ื” 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื' ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืื• ืฉืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ).
^ 2.. ื˜ืขืชื” ื•ืืžืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ 'ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื', ืื• 'ื–ื›ืจื ื•' ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื• 'ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื' - ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืชื” (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื—, 2).
^ 3.. ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืจืกื’, ืžื’, ื•ื›ื”"ื— ืจืกื’, ืกื”. ื•ืฉื ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื’, ื”ืขืจื” ื™, ื“ื™ื™ืง ืžื”ืž"ื‘, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื”, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื—"ื› ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•, ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื™ื’, ื•ื‘ืคืก"ืช ืจืœื“, ื“. ืž"ืž ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืž"ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืž"ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื—ืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ื ืฉื™ื. (ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘, ื›, ื•ื‘ืืฉ"ื™ ืœ, ื”ืขืจื” ื•, ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื’ื ื”ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืชืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืจืฉื–"ื, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”).
^ 4.. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืงื™ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื˜ืขืชื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” "ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืœ" ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื˜ืœ, ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“. (ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืจืž"ื ืงื™ื“, ื’, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืœ" ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื•ืžืจื•).
^ 5.. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืืงืœื™ืžืŸ ืฆื—ื™ื— ื•ื”ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืคืจืง ื; ืจื“ื‘"ื–, ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืœืื’'ื™ ืงื™ื–, ื).
^ 6.. ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื: ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœื—ื•"ืœ, ื) ื™ืฆืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–' ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžื–' ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ. ื‘) ื™ืฆืื” ืื—ืจ ื–' ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื (ื›ื”"ื— ื™ื’, ื‘ืฉื ืงืฉ"ื’). ื’) ื™ืฆืื” ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื‘ืช ื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืชื ื”ื’ ืžื™ื“ ื›ืžื•ืชื.
ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืืจืฅ , ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืชื ื”ื’ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ื"ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•"ืœ ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืชืฉืืœ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื™"ื ืฉืชืฉืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชืฉืืœ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืฉืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•"ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชืฉืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืขื™' ื‘ืืฉ"ื™ ื›ื’, ืœื–; ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื–, ื™ื–).
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื˜ืขืชื” ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช (ื•ืœื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื”), ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉ"ื™ ื›ื’, ื”ืขืจื” ืงืžื˜).
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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