ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื
  • ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
undefined
21 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉื™ืจื” ืงื•ืคืจืžืŸ ื–"ืœ


ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”




ื - ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืกื“ื• ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืฉืขื™ื, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื“ืŸ ื”' ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืคืฅ ื”' ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ืฉืคืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”' ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช, ื•ืคื•ืชื— ื™ื“ ืœืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ืคื” ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื ื”, ื•): "ื“ึผึดืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ ื”' ื‘ึผึฐื”ึดืžึผึธืฆึฐืื•ึน ืงึฐืจึธืึปื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืชื•ึน ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘" (ืจ"ื” ื™ื—, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘, ื•). ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื›ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืœืคืฉืคืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” (ืจืž"ื ืื•"ื— ืชืจื’, ื). ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื“). ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืคื™ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืืœ ื™ืคืกื•ืง ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื™ืœืš ืœืจื‘, ืฉื™ื•ืจื” ืœื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ืžื ื”ื’ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”' (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—"ื’ ืงืขื—, ื). ื•ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืŸ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื’, ื‘).
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืื“ื, ื ื”ื’ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืžื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืœืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’, ื“).
ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืจ"ื™, ืฉืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื” ืฉืคื’ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืชืงืŸ ืžื” ืฉืคื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื” ืฉืคื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื (ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆ, ื’; ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื’, ื‘).
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช. ืฉืื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื—ืง ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื’ืœืื˜ ื•ืœื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ (ืขืค"ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืค"ื ื”"ื’; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื’, ื).
ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืž, ื‘): ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืจืื” ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™, ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื•ื‘, ืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช - ืืฉืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช - ืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื›ืฃ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืงื”ืœืช ื˜, ื™ื—): ื•ึฐื—ื•ึนื˜ึถื ืึถื—ึธื“ ื™ึฐืึทื‘ึผึตื“ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื˜ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ื” - ืื™ื‘ื“ ืžืžื ื• ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.

ื‘ - ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”' ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•. ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื–ืืช, ื ืžืฆื ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืคืœืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืœืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช "ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ", ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•' - "ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืžืœืš ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜".
ื˜ืขื” ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช "ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ", ื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• 'ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ', ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ - ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืจืืฉ. 1 ื•ืื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืกืชืคืง ืื ืืžืจ "ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ" ืื• "ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ", ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืชืžื™ื“ "ื”ื-ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ", ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื˜ืขื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื•ืžืจ 'ื”ืžืœืš', ืื• ืฉื–ื›ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืžื™ ื›ืžื•ืš', ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชืคืง, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ (ื˜"ื– ืชื›ื‘, ื; ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื‘, ื“).
ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•' ื•ื—ืชื ื›ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” "ืžืœืš ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜", ื•ืœื ืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื•, ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•' ื•ื™ื—ืชืžื ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืžืฉื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ืชื ื” ืฉืื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื• ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ื“ื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ื—, ื; ื™ื—ื•"ื“ ื, ื ื–). ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ืืžืจ "ืžืœืš ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜" ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืžืœืš', ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืœื ืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ (ืจืž"ื ืงื™ื—, ื; ื‘ื"ื— ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื˜; ื›ื”"ื— ื). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš ืžื ื”ื’ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื” ืžื ื”ื’ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”: "ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื" ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, "ืžื™ ื›ืžื•ืš" ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, "ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ื" ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžื•ื“ื™ื', ื•"ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ื" ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื•ืื ืฉื›ื— ื•ืœื ืืžืจืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืงืคื‘, ื”).
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•.

ื’ - ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ืกื“
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืžืชื•ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืž, ื‘), ืฉื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืขืฉื”, ืžืคื ื™ "ืฉื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื”". ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื–, ื), ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื ืžื˜ื•ืžืื” ืœื˜ื”ืจื”, ื›ืš ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืงื™ื“ื”, ืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ืฃ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช.
ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”', ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื, ื™): "ืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื™ึดืจึฐืึทืช ื”'". ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื–, ื): "ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื” - ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื". ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืกืจ (ื”ืืจ"ื™, ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื’, ื‘). ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืกืจ, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื ื ื“ืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”.
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืงื•ืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื•ืžืžืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื• ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืื“ื - ื‘ื ืฉืžื” ื•ื‘ืฉื›ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืชืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืคืจืช ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ื›ื”, ื), ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ื›ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืœื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืื ื™ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ืฃ ืื—ื“ ื™ืœืžื“ ืžืขืชื” ืฉื ื™ ื“ืคื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคืจืง ืื—ื“ ื™ืœืžื“ ืžืขืชื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืœืžื•ื“, ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื™ื—ื™ื”.
ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื“ืจื™ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื˜ื ื•ืขื•ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืžืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืชื•ืจืชื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื•, ื•ื™ืจืืชื• ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื—ื›ืžืชื•, ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืคืจืชื• ื•ืชืงื ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืงื™ื“ื” (ืืจ"ื™, ืกืคืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืกื”; ืฉืœ"ื”, ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืงืขื, ื‘; ื ื•"ื‘ ืื•"ื— ืงืžื ืœื”; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•, ื–).
ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืœื•ื–ื™'ืŸ (ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื“, ืœื), ืฉื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื’ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื›ืคืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืชื“ื‘ื"ืจ ื”'): "ืื“ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืงื ืกื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžื™ืชื”... ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืงืจื ืชื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืฉื ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื—ื›ืžื™ื - ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžืื” ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•".
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืœื™, ืฉื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื ื–ื‘ื— ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” - ื™ื—ื™ื•. ื•ืื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื•ืจื” ื™ืขืกืงื• ื’ื ื‘ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื - ื™ืืจื™ื›ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืจ"ื” ื™ื—, ื).
ื ื”ื’ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื, ื“): "ื•ึผืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื” ืชึผึทืฆึผึดื™ืœ ืžึดืžึผึธื•ึถืช". ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืขื•ืฉืจ, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฉ.

ื“ - ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•
ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื™ื™ืกื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆืขืจื•, ื—ื˜ืื• ื’ื“ืœ. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื ื”ืชืจืฉืœ ืื• ื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืื• ื”ื™ื” ืื ื•ืก ื•ืœื ืคื™ื™ืกื•, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื–ื“ืจื– ืœืคื™ื™ืกื• ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื - ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ืคืจ, ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• - ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ืคืจ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•" (ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืžื ืคื”, ื‘). ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืงืจื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• (ื‘"ืง ืฆื‘, ื).
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื—ื•ื˜ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ื—ื•ื˜ื ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคื™ื™ืก ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืขืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื•, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื˜ื ื‘ื–ื” ืขื•ื“. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื“ื ืฉื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื• ื’ื ื‘ ืžืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ื”ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื•, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉืœื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ืกืœื™ื—ืชื• ืขืœ ืฉืฆื™ืขืจื•, ื•ืจืง ืื—"ื› ื™ืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”'. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืชื•, ื™ืคื™ื™ืก ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”'. ื•ืื ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืœื”' ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคื™ื™ืก ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœื, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืคื™ื™ืก ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• (ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื“, ื™ื—). 2
ืื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืืžืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืื• ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขื• ืžืžื ื•. ื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื”ืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ืฉื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘, ื”).

ื” - ื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืกื•ืช
ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื, ื•ืื ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืœืชื• (ื‘"ื—). ืืžื ื ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฆืขืจ ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื (ืž"ื, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื•, ื’). ืื‘ืœ ื™ืชืืžืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื•ื™ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืืžืจ. 3
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื— ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ืชืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื— (ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืชืจื•, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื‘).
ืื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืก ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ืงื— ืขื™ืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื. ื•ืื ืœื ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืก, ื™ืœืš ืืฆืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ืกื” ืœืคื™ื™ืกื•. ื•ืื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืก, ื™ืœืš ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคื™ื™ืกื•. ื•ืื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืก, ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœืคื™ื™ืกื•, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืžื—ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื. ืืžื ื ืื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืจื‘ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื™ืœืš ืืฆืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืฃ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžื—ืœ ืœื• (ื™ื•ืžื ืคื–, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘, ื˜; ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื•, ื–, ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื).
ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ืคื’ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ ืžืœืžื—ื•ืœ, ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืจืฆื”, ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืจืฆื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• (ืจ"ื” ื™ื–, ื). ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื•ื˜ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉื ืื” ื•ื›ืขืก (ืจืž"ื ืชืจื•, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื˜).
ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ื™ืžื—ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื•, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืœื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ืจืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืœื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ, ืื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ืืฃ ืกื™ืคืจ ื–ืืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื, ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืœืกืœื•ื— ืœื• (ืขื™' ืจืž"ื ืชืจื•, ื, ื•ืž"ื‘ ื™ื).
ืื ื–ื” ืฉื ืคื’ืข ืžืžื ื• ืžืช, ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื•, ื•ื™ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื—ื˜ืื•, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื—ื˜ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœืืœื•ืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืคืœื•ื ื™ ื–ื”. ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื•: "ืžื—ื•ืœ ืœืš, ืžื—ื•ืœ ืœืš, ืžื—ื•ืœ ืœืš" (ื™ื•ืžื ืคื–, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื•, ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ื˜ื•).
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื”ื. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชื•ืขืœืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืžืจืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืจื•ื‘ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืขื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ืคื’ืขื• ืžื”ื, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืกืœื™ื—ื”. ืืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขืจื•ืš ืื“ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืคื’ืข ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืžืžื ื• ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืœื” (ืฉืœ"ื” ืžืกื›ืช ืจ"ื” ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื ื).

ื• - ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ื”, ืื—ืจ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ. ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ื”' ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ื•, ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืœ ืžืœื›ื. ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื”, ื‘), ืฉืคืขื ื’ื–ืจื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื ืขืฆืจื•, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืžืจ: "ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืœืš ืืœื ืืชื”. ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื• ืœืžืขื ืš ืจื—ื ืขืœื™ื ื•" ื™ืจื“ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ืœืจื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ืืžื™ืจืชื”.
ื’ื ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื—ืชืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' (ืจืž"ื ืชืจื‘, ื). ื’ื ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' (ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืชืจื‘, ื; ืขื™' ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ืชืงืคื“, ื).
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืืจ"ื™, ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืžื–ืžื•ืจ "ืฉืึดื™ืจ ื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืœื•ึนืช ืžึดืžึผึทืขึฒืžึทืงึผึดื™ื ืงึฐืจึธืืชึดื™ืšึธ ื”'" (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœ), ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื”' ืœ'ื‘ืจื›ื•' ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข. ื•ืœืคื™ ื ื•ืกื— ืชื™ืžืŸ (ื‘ืœื“ื™) ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืžืงืฆืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– - ืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžืจื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื”' ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข (ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ื ื“, ื“).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืจืืฉ (ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืชืจื‘, ื”; ืงื™ืฆื•ืฉ"ืข ืงืœ, ื“). ืื•ืœื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืžืฆื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืฃ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืžืขืœื”, ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช (ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจ"ื”; ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืื”"ืข ื).

ื– - ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - 'ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื•ื‘ื”' ืื• 'ืฉื‘ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”', ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืฉืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืง: "ืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืขึทื“ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึธืฉืึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื•ึนื ึถืšึธ" (ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื“, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ื•ื ืง ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื” ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืชื•ืจื”.
ื ื”ื’ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื (ืžืจื ื“ืืชืจื) ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ืฆืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ืจืฉืช 'ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ' ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื—, ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื• ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง. ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืขื, ื•ื’ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘, ื‘ืื™ื ืœื“ืจืฉื”. ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื“ืจืฉื” (ืขื™' ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืชืจื‘, ืžื; ืืœืฃ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื›ื’).
ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืจื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืžื ื—ื” ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืคื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืชืจื‘, ืžื‘). ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“, ื•ืžื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' (ืคืจื“ืก, ืจื•ืงื—, ืจ"ืŸ, ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ ืชืงื™ื‘, ืจืž"ื ืชืจื‘, ื; ืž"ื‘ ืชืงืคื“, ื“). ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืชืคืœืœื™ ื ื•ืกื— ืกืคืจื“ื™, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื• ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” (ืจื‘ ืขืžืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื, ืžืื™ืจื™, ื›ื”"ื— ืชืงืคื“, ื–-ื—).
ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ ื”ืžืชื— ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” (ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ, ืจืž"ื ืชืจื‘, ื; ืคืจ"ื—, ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื•; ืœื”ืœืŸ ื–, ื™ื˜). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื“ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืชื›ืจื™ืข ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื—ื™ื“"ื, ื’ืจ"ื). ื•ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื”.

ื— - ื›ืคืจื•ืช
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืœ'ื›ืคืจื•ืช', ืœืจืžื•ื– ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” 'ื’ื‘ืจ', ื•ื”ืื“ื ื™ื ืฆืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืž'ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจื™', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื ื”ื’ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื (ืฉื•"ืช ื, ืฉืฆื”), ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืจื•, ืžืฆื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืคืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืœืงื”ืœ ืืช ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืชืจื”, ื).
ืืžื ื ื”ืจืž"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ืชื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจ"ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืืฉื›ื ื– ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื›ืคืจื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื’: ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื–ื” ื—ืœื™ืคืชื™, ื–ื” ืชืžื•ืจืชื™, ื–ื” ื›ืคืจืชื™ ื•ื›ื•'", ื•ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ, ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื ืงื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื•ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืœื“ ื‘ืช. ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื, ื™ื—): "ืึดื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื—ึฒื˜ึธืึตื™ื›ึถื ื›ึผึทืฉึผืึธื ึดื™ื ื›ึผึทืฉึผืึถืœึถื’ ื™ึทืœึฐื‘ึผึดื™ื ื•ึผ". ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ, ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืกืœืง ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืžืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืื• ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืืชื•. ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžืฆื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืื• ื“ื’ื™ื, ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ึตืจืื” ื›ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื’, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”. ื•ืื–ื™ ื”ื•ืจื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื’.
ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื›ืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื•ืืœื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ. ื•ืืœื” ืฉื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉืฉ 'ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจื™', ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ, ืืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฆื“ืงื”, ืฉื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ื•, ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื ื”ื’, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.

ื˜ - ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื“, ื). ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืž"ื ื•ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื“, ื). ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืฉื™ืขื™ - ืžืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืขื ื” ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื™" (ื™ื•ืžื ืคื, ื‘). ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ืงืฉื” ืžื”ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืจืฆื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืจื ื•, ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืชืขื ื™ืช. 4
ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™). ื•ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื“, ื™). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืคืกืงืช. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื•ืชื ื•, ืฉืฆื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ืจืง ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ ื“ืื’ืชื• ืœื ื•, ืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืื›ืœ ื•ื ืฉืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื ื•ืœื ื™ืืจืข ืœื ื• ืžืžื ื• ืฉื•ื ื ื–ืง (ืจื"ืฉ, ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•"ื— ืชืจื“). ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืฆื•ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื’ื ืขื™ื ื•ื™, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื•ื ื’ ืœื™ื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืชืขื ื™ืช (ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜, ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืชืจื“, ื“).
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื“ื, ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืขื™ื ื•ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื•ืœื›ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœื–ื›ืš ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื›ืื—ื“, ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉืžื”. ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื”ืžื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื’ืจืจ ืื—ืจ ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ื ืฉืžื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืฉื”. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืฉืœ"ื” ืžืก' ื™ื•ืžื, ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ ืงืœื•).
ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช. ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื’ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื” ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืขืจื›ื ื• ื•ืžืขืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ื•. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื• ื’ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื”. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ืฆืขืจ ื•ื—ืจื˜ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื”. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš (ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื“, ื—; ืจืž"ืง).
ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืคืช, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืชื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืช (ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื—, ื™ื—; ื›ื”"ื— ืชืจื“, ื‘). ืืžืจ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืฉื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื›ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ (ืž"ื ืชืจื“).
ืืฃ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืขื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืœื”ืฉืืชื›ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื—, ื“; ืž"ื‘ ื™ื—).
ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉื™ืขื™ (ื’ืจ"ื, ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืชืจื“, ื”). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื’ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ื‘"ื—, ื‘ืจื›"ื™).
ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ื›ืชื‘ ืกื•ืคืจ ืงื™ื‘). ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืจืž"ื ืชืจื“, ื). ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื•ื™ืฉืชื” ื›ืžืœื ืœื•ื’ืžื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื” (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื™ื’, ื˜).

ื™ - ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ' ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื‘'ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ' ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ ืฉืคื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื“, ื‘). ืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืืคื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืœื™ืœ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™'. ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“ (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืจื“, ื‘; ืฉื›ื ื”"ื’, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื›ื”"ื— ื™ื˜). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื (ืžืืžืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ืœ' ื—ื’ื™ื ืžื“, ื“).
ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•', ื•ืจืง ืื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื• 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•', ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•' (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืž"ื ืชืจื“, ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ืฉื; ืœืขื™ืœ ื–).
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืกืคื•ื“ ืœืžืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื, ืฉืื– ืžืกืคื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื• (ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืชืจื“, ื“).
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืฆืจ (ืจืž"ื ืชืจื“, ื‘). ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืืฉื›ื ื– ืœืงืฆืจ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขื˜ ืื– ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช (ืฉืœ"ื”). ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉื™ืขื™.
ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืขืฆืžื ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื•, ื“). ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ื•ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื˜' ืงื‘ื™ืŸ (ืจืž"ื ืฉื). ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืœื—ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ื–ืจืžื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜' ืงื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ื›-11 ืœื™ื˜ืจ, ื•ื™ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืžื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืจื—ืฆื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื• (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื, ื˜ื–, 8). ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื›ืš.
ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืฉืข ืžืœืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื”ื ืœืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ื˜ื”, ื•ื”ืžืœืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœืงื•ืช, ื”ืžืœืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืคืกื•ืง 'ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ื' ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื›ื”. ื•ื”ืœื•ืงื” ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœืงื”. ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืœืงื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ืœืงื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืงื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืชืจื–, ื•). ื›ื™ื•ื ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื”.
ืืฃ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžืคืกืงืช, ืฉืžื ื™ืฉืชื›ืจ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžืคืกืงืช, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื—ืฉ (ื™ื•ืžื ืคื–, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื–, ื).
ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืœื›ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.

ื™ื - ื”ืชืจืช ื ื“ืจื™ื
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื“ืจื™ื (ืฉืœ"ื” ืžืก' ื™ื•ืžื ื‘-ื“, ื—"ื ืงืœื—, ื—). ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื’ื ืืžื™ืจืช 'ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™' ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•.
ื”ืชืจื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืฉื›ื— ืฉื ื“ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืœื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืื“ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื ืฉืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ืœืชื• ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืื“ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื ื“ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ื ื“ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืชื™ืจื• ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืชื— ื•ื—ืจื˜ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื›ื—, ื™ื“). 5
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ื”ืชืจื”. ื’ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจืช ื”ื ื“ืจ (ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื›ื—, ื).
ื”ื”ืชืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื: "ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš" ืื• "ืฉืจื•ื™ ืœืš" ืื• "ืžื—ื•ืœ ืœืš". ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืกื— ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื”ืชืจื” ื•ืœื”ืชืจื” ืขืฆืžื”.
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืชืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื”ืชืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื ื“ืจ ืœืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจื›ื—, ื’). ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืฉื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชืจื”, ื‘ืขืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืœื“, ื ื–).
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื”ืชืจื” ืขื•ืžื“, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื ื“ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืชื™ืจื• ืœื›ื•ืœื ื›ืื—ื“. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ (ืžื˜ื” ืืคืจื™ื ืชืงืคื, ืžื˜).
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื ื“ืจ ืื“ื ื ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื™ืจื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืชืจื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืจื™, ื‘). ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจื”, ื™ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ื›ืฉืืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื (ืจืž"ื ืฉื). ืืžื ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื ื“ืจ ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•, ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืืช ื ื“ืจื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื”. ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื ื“ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉืžื ืื™ืจืข ืฉื ื“ืจ ื ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืฉื›ื—ื• (ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ืชืจื™ื˜, ื).
ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ื‘'ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™' ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœ'ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™'. ื•ืืฉื” ื ืฉื•ืื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœื™ื—, ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื›ืฉื™ืชื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื™ืชื™ืจ ื’ื ืœื”, ื›ื™ ืืฉืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช, ืฉืืฉืชื• ื›ื’ื•ืคื•, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ืืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืฉื•ืื”, ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืฉื” ืื• ืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืชื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืœื“, ื ื•; ื˜"ื– ืžื•; ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ื—"ื“ ืื•"ื— ืœื“).

ื™ื‘ - ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื ื“ืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“
ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื’, ื‘): "ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื ื“ืจื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื ื‘ื˜ืœ". ืืžื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” - 'ืžืกื™ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืขื”'. ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช 'ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™' ืฉื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืจืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื 'ืžืกื™ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืขื”', ืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืžื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”". ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืจืช ื”ื ื“ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืื—ืจ ืœืืžื™ืจืช 'ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™', ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช 'ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™'. 6
ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื“ื ื ื•ื“ืจ ื ื“ืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื— ืฉืžืกืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื ื“ืจื™ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื ื“ืจ ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืžืกืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื ื“ืจื™ื•, ื”ื ื“ืจ ืงื™ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื™ื, ื‘).
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ ืฉื ื“ืจ ื ื“ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ืกื•ืžืš ืœื‘ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืืœื ืื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ื) ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื ื“ืจ, ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื“ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื ื“ืจ ืชืงืฃ, ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืชื (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื™ื, ื‘). ื‘) ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื“ืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืชื™ืจื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืฉื”ื ื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืœื (ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ, ืจืž"ื ืจื™ื, ื). ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื ื“ืจ ืฉืื“ื ื ื•ื“ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื“ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจื™ื, ื“).
ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื“ื ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื• ื›ื ื“ืจ. ืฉื‘ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ืื ืœื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ "ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“ืจ", ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื• ื›ื ื“ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืชืช ืฆื“ืงื” ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื ืฉืืžืจ "ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“ืจ". ืฉื‘ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ "ื‘ืœื™ ื ื“ืจ", ืงื‘ืœืชื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื ื“ืจ (ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ืจื™ื, ื‘).
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื ื“ืจื™ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืจืช ื ื“ืจื™ื (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื’, ื‘; ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™ ืคื, ื™).
ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘'ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™' ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื”, ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš. ื•ืื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืืช ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืœืขืฆืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.




^ 1.. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื• (ืกื‘ืจืช ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืฉืื˜ืฉ; ื›ื”"ื— ื˜). ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืฉื•"ืข, ืฉืื ืขื‘ืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืจืืฉ.
^ 2.. ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–, ื•: "ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืฉื‘ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื“ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื— ื•ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”... ื•ืื ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ื›ื—ื• ื—ืœืฉ ืžืœืชืงื ื, ืž"ืž ืืœ ื™ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื ืžื—ืœื™ื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืชืงืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘... ื•ืž"ืž ืืœ ื™ื ื™ื— ื™ื“ื• ืžืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื—ื˜ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืื•ืžืฅ ืจื•ื— ืžืื•ื“...". ืฉื ื™, ื•: "ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ืžื—ื˜ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื‘ืชืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ... ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืœื–ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”. ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืฅ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื”ืฆืžืื” ืืœื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื•ืื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•"
ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื, ืชืชื›ื–: "ืืข"ืค ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืžื›ืœ ื—ื˜ื... ื•ืง"ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื–ืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื•... ืž"ืž ื’ื ื›ืฉืœื ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•... ืžืฉื•ื ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขืจื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืขืชื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“, ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ ื•ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉืงื™ื• (ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืžืžื ื•), ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ืืข"ืค ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง..."
^ 3.. ืœื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“, ื™ื‘, ืžื™ ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื’ื ืื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื• ื•ืœืคืจื˜ ืžื” ืืžืจ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืชื• ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืœืžื“ ื–ืืช ืžืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’, ืจื–. ืžื ื’ื“, ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืœื ื˜ืจ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืกืคืจื•, ื›ื™ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืคื’ืข ืžื›ืš, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื˜ื ืขืœ ืคืฉืข, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืกืคืจ ืœื• ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฆืขืจื•. ื•ืœื›ืš ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืจ' ืื”ืจืŸ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง (ืคืจื— ืžื˜ื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืขืž' 187). ื•ื›"ื› ืจืฉื–"ื (ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื’, ื•). ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืœื• ื ื–ืง ืžื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ื ื•ืชื•, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืจื˜ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื ืื™. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืžื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื•ืจืง ื”ื ื™ื–ืง ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื›ืš (ืื– ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ื–, ืก). ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื, ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืกืœื™ื—ื”.
^ 4.. ื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื›ื–): "ื‘ึผึถืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึนืจ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทื›ึผึดืคึผึปืจึดื™ื... ื•ึฐืขึดื ึผึดื™ืชึถื ืึถืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื", ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ืฉื ืœื‘): "ื•ึฐืขึดื ึผึดื™ืชึถื ืึถืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐืชึดืฉืึฐืขึธื” ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื", ื•ื”ืœื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™? ืืœื ืฉื‘ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื”. ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืขื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืชืฉื™ืขื™.
^ 5.. ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื ื“ืจ ื‘ืœื ืœืคืจื˜ื•, ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืชืงื ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื ื“ืจื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจื˜ื•, ืฉืžื ื™ืชื™ืจื• ื ื“ืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืื ืœื ืคื™ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ื ื“ืจ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื - ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื”, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื›ื—, ื™ื“). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื”ืชืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ืจ"ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืจืง ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืžืžื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืชืจื™ื (ืชื•ืก' ืจื™"ื“ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื’, ื‘; ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜ ืฉื™ื–; ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื; ืืœืฃ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื˜"ื ืชืงืคื, ืงื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืชืจื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื”ืชืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืชืจื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ, ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืชื™ืจื• ื ื“ืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ (ืžื”ืจ"ืฉ ืงืœื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืœืฉื•"ืข ืจื›ื—, ื™ื“, ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ืฉื; ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื˜ื” ืจืฉื–"ื. ืขื™' ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™' ืขื˜, ื).
ืžื”ืจ"ืฉ ืงืœื•ื’ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืชืจื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืคืชื—, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื ื“ืจื™ื• ื‘ืจ"ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”), ื—ืจื˜ื” ืœื‘ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืงื”. ื•ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืืคืจื™ื (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืกื™' ื˜ื–) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืชืจื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื’ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืคืชื—, ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืชื—ืจื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื“ืจ (ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™ ืขื—, ื–).
^ 6.. ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื ื“ืจื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืชืขื ื”, ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช. ืืžื ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— 'ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™' ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ื–ืืช, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื ื“ืจื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il