ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”
  • ืื•ืจื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื•ืจื•ืช
  • ืื•ืจื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
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1751
8 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืšืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื˜ื™ืืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ืคึผึฐืขึปืœึผึทืช ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืงึผึฐื“ึปืฉึผืึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึดืงึฐืœึถื˜ึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืคึผื•ึนืขึถืœึถืช ื”ึดื™ื ืชึผึธื“ึดื™ืจ, ื’ึผึทื ืึดื ื ึดื–ึฐื“ึผึทืžึผึตืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื—ื•ึผืฆึธื” ืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืขึทืœึพื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ื˜ึธืขื•ึผืช ืื•ึน ืขึทืœึพื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืึตื™ื–ื•ึน ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ืžึปื›ึฐืจึทื—ึทืช. ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื’ึผึทื ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืึธื” ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื—ึธืœึธื” ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืคึผื•ึนืกึถืงึถืช ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืฅึพืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ. "ื”ึธื™ึนื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื“' ืึถืœ ื™ึฐื—ึถื–ึฐืงึตืืœ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื“ึผึดื™ื, โ€“ ื”ึธื™ึนื”, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ". ืฉืึดืคึฐืขึทืช ื”ึทืงึผึนื“ึถืฉื, ืฉืึถื”ึปืชึฐื—ึฒืœึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ืžึฐืœึทืงึผึถื˜ึถืช ื”ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื‘ึผึตืจื•ึผืจึตื™ ื”ึทืงึผึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธืึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืฅึพืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืžึทืงึผึดื™ื, ื•ึผืžึฐืงึธืจึทื‘ึฐืชึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนื—ึธื”ึผ ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนืฉืึตืšึฐ ืึตืœึถื™ื”ึธ. ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืงึผึธืฉืึถื” ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืœึดืกึฐื‘ึผึนืœ ืึถืช ืึฒื•ึดื™ืจ ื—ื•ึผืฅึพืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืžึผึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืึถืช ืจื•ึผื—ึทึพื”ึทื˜ึผึปืžึฐืึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ื˜ึฐืžึตืึธื”, ื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ืกึดื™ืžึธืŸ ืœึดืงึฐืœึดื™ื˜ึธื” ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ืฉืึถืœ ืงึฐื“ึปืฉึผืึทืช ืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ืœึฐื—ึถืกึถื“ ืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ, ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ื™ึตืขึธื–ึตื‘ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืžึดื™ ืฉืึถื–ึผึธื›ึธื” ืœึฐื”ึดืกึฐืชึผื•ึนืคึตืฃ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึถืœึฐืฆึทื— ืฉืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึฐื”ึดืชึฐืจึทื—ึฒืงื•ึน ื•ึฐื ื•ึผื“ื•ึผ, ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึฐื’ึธืœื•ึผืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ื ึฐื“ึดื™ื“ึธืชื•ึน. ื”ึทื–ึผึธืจื•ึผืช ืฉืึถืžึผึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืฅึพืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึดื™ื ืžึฐืงึทืฉึผืึถืจึถืช ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึตืฉืึถืงึพื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ ืœึฐืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผืงึฐื“ึปืฉึผืึธืชึธื”ึผ, ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืคึดื™ึผึธื” ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืžึดืชึฐื’ึผึทื‘ึผึถืจึถืช ื•ึฐืฆึดื™ึผื•ึผืจ ื—ึฒืงึดื™ืงึทืช ืชึผึทื‘ึฐื ึดื™ืช ื”ึทืงึผึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื“' ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“, ืžึตืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ืฉืึธื ึธื”, ืžึดืชึฐืขึทืžึผึถืงึถืช ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ, ื•ึฐืขึนืžึถืง ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึทืชึพื”ึทืงึผึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉืึถืœ ื—ึดื‘ึผึทืช ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ, ืฉืึถืœ ื–ึฐื›ึดื™ืจึทืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึฒืžื•ึผื“ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืงึฐืฉืื•ึผืจื•ึนืช, ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ืžึดืชึฐื’ึผึทื‘ึผึถืจึถืช ื‘ึผึดื ึฐืฉืึธืžึธื” ืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ื™ึฐื—ึดื™ื“ึดื™ืช, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึดื™ื ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึธื” ืคึผึฐืขึปืœึผึทืช ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึธื” ืžึทืขึฐื™ึธื ึดื™ืช ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ, ืœึฐืจึดื‘ึฐื‘ื•ึนืช ื ึฐืฉืึธืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืงึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ืขึดืžึผึธื”ึผ, ื•ึฐืงื•ึนืœ ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ืฉืึถืœ ืงึดื‘ึผื•ึผืฅ ื ึดื“ึผึธื—ึดื™ื ืžึดืชึฐืขื•ึนืจึตืจ ื•ึฐืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ืžึดืชึฐื’ึผึทื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ื, ื•ึฐืชึดืงึฐื•ึทืช ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืœึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดืชึฐื ื•ึนืฆึถืฆึถืช, ื•ึฐืฆึถืžึทื— ื“' ื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ ื•ึผืคื•ึนืจึตื—ึท, ื•ึฐืื•ึนืจ ื™ึฐืฉืื•ึผืขึธื” ื•ึผื’ึฐืึปืœึผึธื” ืžึดืชึฐืคึผึทืฆึผึตืœ ื•ึผืžึดืชึฐืคึผึทืฉึผืึตื˜, ื›ึผึฐืฉืึทื—ึทืจ ืคึผึธืจื•ึผืฉื‚ ืขึทืœ ื”ึถื”ึธืจึดื™ื.

ืคึผึฐืขึปืœึผึทืช ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืงึผึฐื“ึปืฉึผืึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึดืงึฐืœึถื˜ึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืคึผื•ึนืขึถืœึถืช ื”ึดื™ื ืชึผึธื“ึดื™ืจ, ื’ึผึทื ืึดื ื ึดื–ึฐื“ึผึทืžึผึตืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื—ื•ึผืฆึธื” ืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืขึทืœึพื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ื˜ึธืขื•ึผืช ืื•ึน ืขึทืœึพื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืึตื™ื–ื•ึน ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ืžึปื›ึฐืจึทื—ึทืช. ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื’ึผึทื ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืึธื” ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื—ึธืœึธื” ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืคึผื•ึนืกึถืงึถืช ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืฅึพืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ. "ื”ึธื™ึนื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื“' ืึถืœ ื™ึฐื—ึถื–ึฐืงึตืืœ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื“ึผึดื™ื, โ€“ ื”ึธื™ึนื”, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ". ืฉืึดืคึฐืขึทืช ื”ึทืงึผึนื“ึถืฉื, ืฉืึถื”ึปืชึฐื—ึฒืœึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ืžึฐืœึทืงึผึถื˜ึถืช ื”ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื‘ึผึตืจื•ึผืจึตื™ ื”ึทืงึผึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธืึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืฅึพืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืžึทืงึผึดื™ื, ื•ึผืžึฐืงึธืจึทื‘ึฐืชึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนื—ึธื”ึผ ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนืฉืึตืšึฐ ืึตืœึถื™ื”ึธ.


ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืฉื™ืกื—ื”, ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืœืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ืจ' ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืจื–ื— ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืžืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื. ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืื– ื›ืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื™ื•, ื•ืœื ืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—.

ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืงึผึธืฉืึถื” ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืœึดืกึฐื‘ึผึนืœ ืึถืช ืึฒื•ึดื™ืจ ื—ื•ึผืฅึพืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืžึผึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืึถืช ืจื•ึผื—ึทึพื”ึทื˜ึผึปืžึฐืึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ื˜ึฐืžึตืึธื”, ื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ืกึดื™ืžึธืŸ ืœึดืงึฐืœึดื™ื˜ึธื” ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ืฉืึถืœ ืงึฐื“ึปืฉึผืึทืช ืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ืœึฐื—ึถืกึถื“ ืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ, ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ื™ึตืขึธื–ึตื‘ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืžึดื™ ืฉืึถื–ึผึธื›ึธื” ืœึฐื”ึดืกึฐืชึผื•ึนืคึตืฃ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึถืœึฐืฆึทื— ืฉืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึฐื”ึดืชึฐืจึทื—ึฒืงื•ึน ื•ึฐื ื•ึผื“ื•ึผ, ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึฐื’ึธืœื•ึผืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ื ึฐื“ึดื™ื“ึธืชื•ึน.

ืื•ืจื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (9)
ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
5 - ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
6 - ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
7 - ื”ืฆืฆื” ืืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”
ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“

ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืชืจืข"ื“-ืชืจืข"ื˜.
ื”ึทื–ึผึธืจื•ึผืช ืฉืึถืžึผึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืฅึพืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึดื™ื ืžึฐืงึทืฉึผืึถืจึถืช ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึตืฉืึถืงึพื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ ืœึฐืึถืจึถืฅึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึผืงึฐื“ึปืฉึผืึธืชึธื”ึผ, ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืคึดื™ึผึธื” ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืžึดืชึฐื’ึผึทื‘ึผึถืจึถืช ื•ึฐืฆึดื™ึผื•ึผืจ ื—ึฒืงึดื™ืงึทืช ืชึผึทื‘ึฐื ึดื™ืช ื”ึทืงึผึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื“' ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“, ืžึตืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ืฉืึธื ึธื”, ืžึดืชึฐืขึทืžึผึถืงึถืช ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ, ื•ึฐืขึนืžึถืง ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึทืชึพื”ึทืงึผึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉืึถืœ ื—ึดื‘ึผึทืช ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ, ืฉืึถืœ ื–ึฐื›ึดื™ืจึทืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึฒืžื•ึผื“ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืงึฐืฉืื•ึผืจื•ึนืช, ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ืžึดืชึฐื’ึผึทื‘ึผึถืจึถืช ื‘ึผึดื ึฐืฉืึธืžึธื” ืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ื™ึฐื—ึดื™ื“ึดื™ืช, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึดื™ื ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึธื” ืคึผึฐืขึปืœึผึทืช ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึธื” ืžึทืขึฐื™ึธื ึดื™ืช ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ, ืœึฐืจึดื‘ึฐื‘ื•ึนืช ื ึฐืฉืึธืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืงึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ืขึดืžึผึธื”ึผ, ื•ึฐืงื•ึนืœ ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ืฉืึถืœ ืงึดื‘ึผื•ึผืฅ ื ึดื“ึผึธื—ึดื™ื ืžึดืชึฐืขื•ึนืจึตืจ ื•ึฐืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ืžึดืชึฐื’ึผึทื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ื, ื•ึฐืชึดืงึฐื•ึทืช ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืœึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดืชึฐื ื•ึนืฆึถืฆึถืช, ื•ึฐืฆึถืžึทื— ื“' ื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ ื•ึผืคื•ึนืจึตื—ึท, ื•ึฐืื•ึนืจ ื™ึฐืฉืื•ึผืขึธื” ื•ึผื’ึฐืึปืœึผึธื” ืžึดืชึฐืคึผึทืฆึผึตืœ ื•ึผืžึดืชึฐืคึผึทืฉึผืึตื˜, ื›ึผึฐืฉืึทื—ึทืจ ืคึผึธืจื•ึผืฉื‚ ืขึทืœ ื”ึถื”ึธืจึดื™ื.


ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช
ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ื–ื” , ื‘ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ืื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืžื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื›ืœ ื ืฉืžื” ื™ืฉ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื”. ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื ืฉืžืชื™ ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืง ืงืฉืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืจื•ืช ื•ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืื ืื“ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืจื‘ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉ ื ืฉืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื”ืชืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื.

ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช. ื—ื–"ืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื 1 ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืช ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• "ืžืฉื” ืฉืคื™ืจ ืงืืžืจืช" 2 . ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื›ืœ ื’ื ื•ื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”' ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืชืคืจื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉื™ื’. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•. ืื ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• 3 . ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืกืชืจ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืœื ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืืš ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื›ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื, ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”.

ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื“ื™ืง
ื”ืื ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช? ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืืœื™ื•. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ - "ืืช ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ืš ืชื™ืจื - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื" 4 . ื™ืจืืช ื”' ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•. ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจื‘ื•. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ืื ืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื›ืืœืงื™ื ื—"ื•, ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ ื•ืœื ืฉื ื”, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืจืง "ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™", ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ื•. ืืš ืื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืขื ืง ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืขืžื• ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ื•.

ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง. ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืžืจื 5 . ื—ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชื™ื. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ? ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš. ื”ืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืš. ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจืงืœื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“, ืืš ืœืขื‘ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืขื ื”ืžืœืš, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ืขื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืจ. ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื. ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขืฆื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื’ื ืฉืจ, ื–ื• ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื”.

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”
ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื‘, ืฉื›ืœ ื ืฉืžื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืจื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืžื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”, "ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ื“ื—ื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื›ื•'".
"ืžืชืคืฆืœ ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜" - ื”ืจื‘ ืจื•ืžื– ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืฆืœืช ื›ืงืจื ื™ ืจืืžื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื ืคื™ื 6 .

ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉืœืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืื“ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื›ื—. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืข ืคืขื ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžืขืœืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื•ืฆืฆื” ืืฆืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ืœืื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš, ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืกืชืขืฃ ืืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืขื“ ืฉืื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืฃ, ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื• ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื—ืฉืง ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื•ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘. ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜. ืœื›ืš ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื‘ - ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื ื“ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื‘, ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืคื ื™ื. "ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื" - ื”ืื“ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื›ืš. ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆื•ื. ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”'. ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”.

ืœืœื ืžืœื™ื
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ืœื‘, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืื™ื ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ืœื‘. ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื•ืžืง ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืงืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื“ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืœื™ื, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ื™ืขื•ืจืจื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื“ื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืงืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ื ืฉืžืชื• ื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืชื•. ื”ื’ืžืจื ืื•ืžืจืช 7 - "ืื™ื”ื• ืœื ื—ื–ื™, ืžื–ืœื™ื™ื”ื• ื—ื–ื™" (ื”ื ืœื ืจืื•, ืžื–ืœื ืจืื”). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื” ืฉื ืคืฉื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืจื•ืื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื”ืœ ืžืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœื•ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ-ื”ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.

ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœืคืชืข ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืงืจื™. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืคืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืืฆืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืชืื•ืžื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื•, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ื›ืš ืงืจื”. ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช.

ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ืžืชืขืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ื—"ื• ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืืœื ืฉื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ืืช ื ืฉืžื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื–ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื. ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื“ื ื’ื“ืœ -ื’ื ื ืฉืžืชื• ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื’ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ.

ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ
ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื” ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื•.

ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘, ื”ืจื‘ ืจืขื ืŸ, ื—ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื ืกืข ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื ื—, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืขื ืŸ - ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื ื•. ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืจืฆื• ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื. ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืื– ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืขืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืจืง ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื... ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื ืืœืฅ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”. ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืจื’ืฉ. ื ืกืขื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื•ืขื ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืœื•ื“. ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืœืžืœ - "ื—ื–ืจืชื™, ื—ื–ืจืชื™, ื—ื–ืจืชื™...". ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœืžืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘, ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื— ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื•ื™ืจื ื“ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื”.

ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื. ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื™ื, ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืื™ื ื ื”. ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ 8 .


^ 1.ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” ื, ืกื“.
^ 2.ืฉื‘ืช ืงื, ื‘; ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื—, ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“.
^ 3.ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ืืžืจื™ื ืคืจืง ืžื‘. "ื•ืขื•ื“ ื–ืืช ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืžื ืฉืžืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืข"ื” ื•ืžืชืœื‘ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ืœืœืžื“ ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื•ืœื™ื“ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”' ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ื ืคืฉ".
^ 4.ืคืกื—ื™ื ื›ื‘, ื‘. ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื–, ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
^ 5.ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื’, ื.
^ 6.ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืจืžื– ืชืจืคื”. "ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ - ืžื” ืื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืงืจื ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืฆืœื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืžืคืฆืœ ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื›ืืŸ".
^ 7.ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื’, ื.
^ 8.ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืขืžื•ื“ ืงื›, ืงืœื—.
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ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืขืจื•ืฅ 7. ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืœืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืžืœืื™ื ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ.
ืื•ืจื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืื•ืจื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื“ืœื™ืงื ื• ืžืืฉ ืžืฆื•ื™ื”
    ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ

    ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื“ืœื™ืงื ื• ืžืืฉ ืžืฆื•ื™ื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืืฃ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื•
    ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ

    ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืืฃ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืื ื ืฆืจืš ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื•
    ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ

    ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืื ื ืฆืจืš ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš
    40 ื“ืง'
    ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืœืจืžื‘"ื

    ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš

    ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 5

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืœ ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืชื•ืš "ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื", ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื” ืœื”' ื•ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ืฉืขื”, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืง, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืžื“ | ื•' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืชืฉืคื– โ€“ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ - ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื
    57 ื“ืง'
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืชืฉืคื– โ€“ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ - ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื“ื•ืข ื”' ืžื ืกื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื - "ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื"
    36 ื“ืง'
    ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

    ืžื“ื•ืข ื”' ืžื ืกื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื - "ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื"

    ื”' ืžื ืกื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื“ื•ืข? ื”ืจื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

    ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• | ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” | ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ื ื ืื• ื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืื ื”ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช | ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื–ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืขืก | ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”
    ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”

    ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื
    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื—ืœืง ื'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”"ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื•ื’ื“ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช "ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”". ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืžื ื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื•' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืกื•ื“ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื
    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ืกื•ื“ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”"ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื’ื“, ื“ืŸ ื•ืืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืจืื” ืžืฉื” ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืจ ื ื‘ื•, ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื–' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžืืžืจ ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื–
    ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ

    ืžืืžืจ ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื–

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจ"ืœ
    ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"

    ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจ"ืœ

    ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื | ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉื "ื—
  • ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• โ€“ ืขื ื–ื• ื™ืฆืจืชื™
    27 ื“ืง'
    ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•

    ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• โ€“ ืขื ื–ื• ื™ืฆืจืชื™

    ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื’ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื™ ื–ืื’ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื˜
    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ

    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื˜

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื”' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื›ืื‘ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื”
    43 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ืžื›ืื‘ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื”

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื–, ื– | ืคืจืง ื—, ื-ื‘

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืชื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื˜ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื“ืจืš ืคืกืงืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืžืชื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื›ืื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื”ืžืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืื“ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื“' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”
    ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

    ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”: ืžืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
    ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”

    ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”: ืžืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื’ืžืจื ื•ืœื—ื˜ื ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉื’ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”' ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืคืจื™ื•ืŸ | ื’' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื—
    26 ื“ืง'
    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ

    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื—

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื“' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• - ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื: ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—?
    4 ื“ืง'
    ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•

    ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• - ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื: ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—?

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื™ื›ื˜ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืืฃ ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื’ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“
    ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ

    ืืฃ ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื’ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il