ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช
  • ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื— - ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื‘ืžื” ื™ืคืชื— ื•ื‘ืžื” ื™ืžืฉื™ืš, ื›ืš ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ืจืš ืœืคื™ ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื. ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช: ื”ืื—ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœ.

ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื:
>> ืชืจืฉื™ื ืงืœ ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช
>> ืœื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช.
>> ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช.

ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื›ืœ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื, ืื–ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื: ืž ื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ ืคืŸ, ืข ืฅ, ื ื“ืžื”, ืฉ ื”ื›ืœ. ื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ: ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช - ืžื’"ืข ื"ืฉ. ื•ื ืคืจื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช' ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืœื—ื ื•ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื”, ื—).
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข, ืชืงื ื• ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช (ืจืž"ื ืจื™ื, ื“-ื”).
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช - 'ื”ืขืฅ' ื•'ื”ืื“ืžื”' ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื›ืœ', ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืจืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืฉื”ื›ืœ' ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื.
ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืขืฅ' ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืื“ืžื”', ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ื”ืขืฅ' ืžื‘ื•ืจืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื‘ื™ืจืš 'ื”ืื“ืžื”' ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื™ืฆื, ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืจืš 'ื”ืขืฅ' ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ืื“ืžื” ืœื ื™ืฆื. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื ืคืจื˜ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™'.
ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขืชื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื—ื“ ื ืžืฆื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืชื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉื ื™ื”ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืจืš ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื—"ื› ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืžืจืง ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืคืชื™ืชื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืžืจืง ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืชื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉื ื™ื”ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืชื—ื™ืœื” 'ื”ืื“ืžื”' ืขืœ ืžืจืง ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื‘ืจืš 'ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช' ืขืœ ื”ืคืชื™ืชื™ื (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืจืžื˜, ืงื•ื "ื ื“).


ื˜ - ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช
ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ืชื ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืชื™ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืชืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ืชื ืฉื•ื•ื”.
ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื: ื) ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืจื”, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื”. ื‘) ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’) ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื•ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื’ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจื›ืชื 'ืฉื”ื›ืœ', ื”ืฉืœื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš, ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืงื˜ืŸ.
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ืขื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื”. 1

ื™ - ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื— ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—, ื–-ื—): "ื›ึผึดื™ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึฐื‘ึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื”... ืึถืจึถืฅ ื—ึดื˜ึผึธื” ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืขึนืจึธื” ื•ึฐื’ึถืคึถืŸ ื•ึผืชึฐืึตื ึธื” ื•ึฐืจึดืžึผื•ึนืŸ, ืึถืจึถืฅ ื–ึตื™ืช ืฉืึถืžึถืŸ ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ึธืฉื". ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืฉื‘ื—, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉื ืฉืชื‘ื—ื” ื‘ื• ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ื™ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื.
ื•ืื ื‘ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ืœื” 'ืืจืฅ', ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ'ืืจืฅ' ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ: ื–ื™ืช, ืชืžืจ, ืขื ื‘ื™ื, ืชืื ื” ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ.
ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื•. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉื ืฉืชื‘ื—ื” ื‘ื• ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจื™ื, ื-ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ืจื™ื, ืœื’). 2
ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฅ - ืื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืžื‘ื•ืจืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื ื”ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื™ืงื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืคืจื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืคืจื™ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืจืš ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืืช ืคืจื™ ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื•, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืงื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. 3


^ 1. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื‘. ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 1 ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืืŸ. ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื ื–ื›ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœืœ, ืฉื”ื ืงื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืคืช ืžืงืžื— ืžื ื•ืคื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืคืช ืงื™ื‘ืจ. ื•ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื•ื‘ืœื—ื ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื’, ืื™ื›ื•ืชื•, ื™ื•ืงืจืชื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืคื™ืจื˜ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘. ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืื•"ื–, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืขืชื”, ื•ืœืชืจ"ื™ ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขืชื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื•"ืข ืจื™ื, ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจ"ื– ืกื“ื‘ื”"ื  ื™, ื˜ื•, ืฉืจืฉืื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’.
ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืืคื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืืคื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื—ื (ื’ืจ"ื– ืกื“ื‘ื”"ื  ื˜, ื–). ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืฉืขื•ืจื”, ื•ืื—"ื› ื›ื•ืกืžื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืขืœ. ื•ืื—"ื› ืื•ืจื– ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืžื‘ื•ืจืจืช (ืื”ืข"ื–, ืืžื ื ื”ืคืž"ื’ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื). ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ืฅ ืขื ื‘ื™ื, ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื•ืื ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ืื›ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื—ืคื•ืฅ (ืž"ื‘ ืจื™ื, ื™).
^ 2. ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืž, ื‘), ืœืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื. ืœืจื•ื”"ืค ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื”"ื’, ืชืจ"ื™, ืชื•ืก', ืจื"ืฉ, ืกืž"ื’, ืจืื‘"ื“, ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืžื”ืจ"ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืœืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืจ"ื—, ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืื‘ื™"ื” ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืžื, ื), ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืงื•ื“ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชืžืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืชืžืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ืืœื ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ื ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื, ื‘), ืฉื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” 'ืืจืฅ', ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœ'ืืจืฅ' ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืชืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืœ'ืืจืฅ' ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืžืจ ืงื•ื“ื. ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—, ื—): ืึถืจึถืฅ ื—ึดื˜ึผึธื” (1) ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืขึนืจึธื” (2) ื•ึฐื’ึถืคึถืŸ (3) ื•ึผืชึฐืึตื ึธื” (4) ื•ึฐืจึดืžึผื•ึนืŸ (5), ืึถืจึถืฅ ื–ึตื™ืช ืฉืึถืžึถืŸ (1) ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ึธืฉื (2)" (ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืชืžืจ). ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื” (ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื” ืฉื), ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืฉืชื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจ 'ืืจืฅ' ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงืจื‘ื” ืœืืจืฅ: ื) ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื‘) ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืž"ืž ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื‘ืชื• ืืœื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืชื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื•ืชืžืจ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื’ืคืŸ, ืชืื ื” ื•ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ.
ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ืžืžื™ืœื ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉ'ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื' ื•'ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช' ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืกืžื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืขืœ, ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื' ื•'ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช' ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื (ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื’ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ืž"ื‘ ืจื™ื, ื›ื“-ื›ื”).
^ 3. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ 'ื”ืขืฅ' ื•'ื”ืื“ืžื”', ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฉืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื”. ื•ืœื‘ื”"ื’ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื, ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืื“ืžื”, ืฉื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืžื‘ื•ืจืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื"ืจ, ื‘ื"ื— ืžื˜ื•ืช ื’, ื•ื›ื”"ื— ืจื™ื, ื• ื•ื™ื“. ื•ืœื‘ืื•"ื” (ืจื™ื, ื, 'ื•ื™"ื'), ื›ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื 'ื”ืขืฅ' ืœ'ื”ืื“ืžื”', ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื’ื ืขืชื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืงื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” (ื•ืข' ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 9).

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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