ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช
  • ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื•ืžื™ โ€“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช โ€“ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”






ืคึผึถืจึถืง ืฉืึตื ึดื™

ื”ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”



ืจืคื•ืืช ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช


ื1 ื—ื•ึนืœึตื™ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ื˜ื•ึนืขึฒืžึดื™ืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทืจ ืžึธืชื•ึนืง ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึธืชื•ึนืง ืžึทืจ, ื•ึฐื™ึตืฉื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื—ื•ึนืœึดื™ื ืžึดื™ ืฉืึถืžึผึดืชึฐืึทื•ึผึถื” ื•ึฐืชึธืึตื‘ ืœึฐืžึทืึฒื›ึธืœื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืจึฐืื•ึผื™ึดื™ืŸ ืœึทืึฒื›ึดื™ืœึธื”, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึถืขึธืคึธืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึผึถื—ึธื, ื•ึฐืฉื‚ื•ึนื ึตื ื”ึทืžึผึทืึฒื›ึธืœื•ึนืช ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทืคึผึทืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื‘ึผึธืฉื‚ึธืจ, ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืจึนื‘ ื”ึทื—ึนืœึดื™; ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื ืฉืึถื ึผึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื ื—ื•ึนืœื•ึนืช, ืžึดืชึฐืึทื•ึผึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืื•ึนื”ึฒื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืช ื”ึธืจึธืขื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืฉื‚ื•ึนื ึฐืึดื™ืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื•ึผืžึดืชึฐืขึทืฆึผึฐืœึดื™ืŸ ืœึธืœึถื›ึถืช ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ, ื•ึฐื”ึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐื‘ึตื“ึธื” ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืœึดืžึฐืึนื“, ืœึฐืคึดื™ ื—ึธืœึฐื™ึธื. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื™ึฐืฉืึทืขึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ื‘ึผึธืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื”ึทืœึผึธืœื•ึผ: "ื”ื•ึนื™ ื”ึธืึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ืœึธืจึทืข ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื•ึฐืœึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ืจึธืข, ืฉื‚ึธืžึดื™ื ื—ึนืฉืึถืšึฐ ืœึฐืื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืื•ึนืจ ืœึฐื—ึนืฉืึถืšึฐ, ืฉื‚ึธืžึดื™ื ืžึทืจ ืœึฐืžึธืชื•ึนืง ื•ึผืžึธืชื•ึนืง ืœึฐืžึธืจ" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื”,ื›). ื•ึทืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื ึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื”ึทืขึนื–ึฐื‘ึดื™ื ืึธืจึฐื—ื•ึนืช ื™ึนืฉืึถืจ ืœึธืœึถื›ึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื—ึนืฉืึถืšึฐ" (ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘,ื™ื’).

ื1 ื”ึทืžึผึทืจ ืžึธืชื•ึนืง - ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืง. ืฉืึถื ึผึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื ื—ื•ึนืœื•ึนืช - ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืคื’ืขื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืชื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื™ ืื ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” (ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืจื”), ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื’ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื ืคืฉื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืœึธืœึถื›ึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื—ึนืฉืึถืšึฐ - ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืืœื ื”ืขื“ืจ ืื•ืจ, ื›ืš ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืืœื ื”ืขื“ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”' ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืจืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื "ืžืกื›ื™ื" ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ "ืื•ืจ", ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ืจืช ื”' (ืžื•"ื  ื’,ื™; ื’,ื™ื‘; ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืคื”"ืž ืื‘ื•ืช, ืคืจืง ื–).

ื2 ื•ึผืžึทื” ื”ึดื™ื ืชึผึทืงึผึธื ึทืช ื—ื•ึนืœึตื™ ื”ึทื ึผึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช? ื™ึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึตืฆึถืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื, ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ืจื•ึนืคึฐืึตื™ ื”ึทื ึผึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช, ื•ึดื™ืจึทืคึผึฐืื•ึผ ื—ึธืœึฐื™ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื“ึตืขื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืžึผึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชึธื, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึทื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืจื•ึผื ืœึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื”. ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึทื›ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืช ื”ึธืจึธืขื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœึผึธื”ึถื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื ื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ึดื™ื ืึตืฆึถืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ืœึฐืจึทืคึผึตื ืื•ึนืชึธื - ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืึธืžึทืจ ืฉืึฐืœึนืžึนื”: "ื•ึผืžื•ึผืกึธืจ - ืึฑื•ึดื™ืœึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธื–ื•ึผ" (ืฉื ื,ื–).

ื2 ื•ึดื™ืจึทืคึผึฐืื•ึผ ื—ึธืœึฐื™ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื“ึตืขื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืžึผึฐืœึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชึธื - ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฆื•ึทืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–,ื’). ื•ึผืžื•ึผืกึธืจ ืึฑื•ึดื™ืœึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธื–ื•ึผ - ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ.

ื‘1 ื•ึฐื›ึตื™ืฆึทื“ ื”ึดื™ื ืจึฐืคื•ึผืึธืชึธื? ืžึดื™ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ื—ึตืžึธื” - ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ืœื•ึน ืœึฐื”ึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน, ืฉืึถืึดื ื”ึปื›ึผึธื” ื•ึฐืงึปืœึผึทืœ ืœึนื ื™ึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉื ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ, ื•ึฐื™ึตืœึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ื–ื•ึน ื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืžึฐืจึปื‘ึผึถื”, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืชึผึตืขึธืงึตืจ ื”ึทื—ึตืžึธื” ืžึดืœึผึดื‘ึผื•ึน.

ื‘1 ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ื—ึตืžึธื” - ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื,ื1. ืœึนื ื™ึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉื ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ - ืœื ืฉื™ืฉืชื•ืง ื•ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืขืก ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื•, ืืœื ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืชึผึตืขึธืงึตืจ ื”ึทื—ึตืžึธื” ืžึดืœึผึดื‘ึผื•ึน - ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื›ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืœื”ืชืืคืง, ื›ืฉื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื™ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื“. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื’ืจืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.

ื‘3 ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืงึทื• ื–ึถื” ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืึธืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืช: ืึดื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืจึธื—ื•ึนืง ืœึทืงึผึธืฆึถื” ื”ึธืึถื—ึธื“ - ื™ึทืจึฐื—ึดื™ืง ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ืœึทืงึผึธืฆึถื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™, ื•ึฐื™ึดื ึฐื”ึนื’ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืžึฐืจึปื‘ึผึถื”, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึทื—ึฒื–ึนืจ ืœึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึดื™ื ืžึดื“ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึตื™ื ื•ึนื ึดื™ืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื“ึผึตืขึธื” ื•ึฐื“ึตืขึธื”.

ื‘3 ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืงึทื• ื–ึถื” ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืึธืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืช - ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื”, ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื›ื•ืคืฃ, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื™ื™ืฉืจ (ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจืื” ืžื•"ื  ื’,ืžื”; ื’,ืžื˜).

ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื›ืขืก


ื’1 ื•ึฐื™ึตืฉื ื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึธืกื•ึผืจ ืœื•ึน ืœึธืึธื“ึธื ืœึดื ึฐื”ึนื’ ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึตื™ื ื•ึนื ึดื™ืช, ืึถืœึผึธื ื™ึดืชึฐืจึทื—ึตืง ืขึทื“ ื”ึทืงึผึธืฆึถื” ื”ึธืึทื—ึตืจ. ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ื’ึผึนื‘ึทื”ึผ ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘, ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืึธื“ึธื ืขึธื ึธื• ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึทื“, ืึถืœึผึธื ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืฉืึฐืคึทืœ ืจื•ึผื—ึท, ื•ึฐืชึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืจื•ึผื—ื•ึน ื ึฐืžื•ึผื›ึธื” ืœึดืžึฐืึนื“, ื•ึผืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ื ึถืึฑืžึทืจ ื‘ึผึฐืžึนืฉืึถื” ืจึทื‘ึผึตื ื•ึผ "ืขึธื ึธื• ืžึฐืึนื“" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘,ื’), ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ึถืึฑืžึทืจ 'ืขึธื ึธื•' ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึทื“; ื•ึผืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ืฆึดื•ึผื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื: ืžึฐืึนื“ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื”ึฑื•ึตื™ ืฉืึฐืคึทืœ ืจื•ึผื—ึท, ื•ึฐืขื•ึนื“ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ, ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทื’ึฐื‘ึผึดื™ื”ึผึท ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน - ื›ึผึธืคึทืจ ื‘ึผึธืขึดืงึผึธืจ, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื•ึฐืจึธื ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึถืšึธ, ื•ึฐืฉืึธื›ึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ื™ื™ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—,ื™ื“), ื•ึฐืขื•ึนื“ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ: ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึทืžึฐืชึผึธื - ื“ึผึฐืึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึตื™ื”ึผ ื’ึผึทืกึผื•ึผืช ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึท, ื•ึทืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ืžึดืงึฐืฆึธืชึธื”ึผ.

ื’1 ื’ึผึนื‘ึทื”ึผ ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘ - ื’ืื•ื•ื”, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืžึฐืึนื“ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื”ึฑื•ึตื™ ืฉืึฐืคึทืœ ืจื•ึผื—ึท - ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•, ืืœื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ืฉื™ื”ื ื ื›ื ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืœืืžืช (ืœืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืจืื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื’,ื˜). ื›ึผึธืคึทืจ ื‘ึผึธืขึดืงึผึธืจ - ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”', "ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื•" (ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื,ื•), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื” ืžืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืจืง ืœื”' ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช. ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึทืžึฐืชึผึธื ื“ึผึฐืึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึตื™ื”ึผ ื’ึผึทืกึผื•ึผืช ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึท - ืชืจื’ื•ื: [ื™ื”ื] ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ื™ (ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื–,ื‘) ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ืกื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— (ื’ืื•ื•ื”).

ื’2 ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึทืขึทืก - ื“ึผึตืขึธื” ืจึธืขึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืขึทื“ ืœึดืžึฐืึนื“, ื•ึฐืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืœึฐืึธื“ึธื ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืชึฐืจึทื—ึตืง ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื” ืขึทื“ ื”ึทืงึผึธืฆึถื” ื”ึธืึทื—ึตืจ, ื•ึดื™ืœึทืžึผึตื“ ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึดื›ึฐืขึนืก, ื•ึทืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืฉืึถืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืœึดื›ึฐืขึนืก ืขึธืœึธื™ื•. ื•ึฐืึดื ืจึธืฆึธื” ืœึฐื”ึทื˜ึผึดื™ืœ ืึตื™ืžึธื” ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึธื ึธื™ื• ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึผึตื™ืชื•ึน, ืื•ึน ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฆึผึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจ ืึดื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืคึผึทืจึฐื ึธืก, ื•ึฐืจึธืฆึธื” ืœึดื›ึฐืขึนืก ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึทื—ึฐื–ึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึฐืžื•ึผื˜ึธื‘ - ื™ึทืจึฐืึถื” ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื›ึผื•ึนืขึตืก, ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืœึฐื™ึทืกึผึฐืจึธื, ื•ึฐืชึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน ืžึฐื™ึปืฉึผืึถื‘ึถืช ื‘ึผึตื™ื ื•ึน ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืŸ ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน, ื›ึผึฐืึธื“ึธื ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึฐื“ึทืžึผึถื” ืึดื™ืฉื ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึทืช ื›ึผึทืขึฐืกื•ึน, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื›ึผื•ึนืขึตืก.

ื’2 ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึทืขึทืก ื•ื›ื•' - ื”ื›ืขืก ื‘ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืจื’ืขื™ืช ื‘ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื•. ื”ื›ืขืก ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืขื™ืช ืœื ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ืื“ื ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืขืก ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืขืก ื‘ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ืžืœืœ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื“ื ื—ืกืจ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื›ืขืก ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ 'ื”ื›ืขื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื™' ื‘ืžืงื•ื 'ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœื›ืขื•ืก'. ืคึผึทืจึฐื ึธืก - ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืฉืœื ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื—ืžื•ืจ ืจืื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื”,ื; ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’,ื™ื’). ืœึฐื™ึทืกึผึฐืจึธื - ืœืœืžื“ื ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืœื—ื ืš ืื•ืชื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืขืกื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ื”ื›ืขืก ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืขืก ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ (ื”ืฉืœื ืœืขื™ืœ ื,ื“2). ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื›ืขืก ื”ืืžืชื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื. ืžึฐื“ึทืžึผึถื” ืึดื™ืฉื - ืžื—ืงื” ืื“ื ื›ื•ืขืก.

ื’3 ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึดื™ื: ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืขึตืก - ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื‘ึตื“ ืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึธื” ื–ึธืจึธื”. ื•ึฐืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืขึตืก: ืึดื ื—ึธื›ึธื ื”ื•ึผื - ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธืชื•ึน ืžึดืกึฐืชึผึทืœึผึถืงึถืช ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ; ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื - ื ึฐื‘ื•ึผืึธืชื•ึน ืžึดืกึฐืชึผึทืœึผึถืงึถืช ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ. ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœึตื™ ื›ึผึทืขึทืก - ืึตื™ืŸ ื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ื”ึถื ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื. ืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ืฆึดื•ึผื•ึผ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐืจึทื—ึตืง ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึทืขึทืก, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ืœึดื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึทืžึผึทื›ึฐืขึดื™ืกึดื™ืŸ, ื•ึฐื–ื•ึน ื”ึดื™ื ื”ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื”. ื•ึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทืฆึผึทื“ึผึดื™ืงึดื™ื: ื”ึตืŸ ืขึฒืœื•ึผื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืขื•ึนืœึฐื‘ึดื™ืŸ, ืฉืื•ึนืžึฐืขึดื™ืŸ ื—ึถืจึฐืคึผึธืชึธืŸ ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืžึฐืฉืึดื™ื‘ึดื™ืŸ, ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึดื™ื ืžึตืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืžึตื—ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื™ึผึดืกึผื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ - ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: "ื•ึฐืึนื”ึฒื‘ึธื™ื• ื›ึผึฐืฆึตืืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึถืžึถืฉื ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื‘ึปืจึธืชื•ึน" (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”,ืœื).

ื’3 ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื‘ึตื“ ืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึธื” ื–ึธืจึธื” - ื”ื›ื•ืขืก ื—ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื•ืžื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื• (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืคื”"ืž ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘,ื˜). ืึตื™ืŸ ื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ื”ึถื ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื - ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืžืœืื™ื ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืขืœ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื. ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉื - ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื™ืฉ. ืขึฒืœื•ึผื‘ึดื™ืŸ - ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืขืœื™ื‘ ("ื ืขืœื‘ ืžื”ืŸ" ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”, ื™ื2), ืืœื ืฉืจื’ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื (ืขื™ืŸ ืื™"ื” ืฉื‘ืช ืคื—,ื) ื—ึถืจึฐืคึผึธืชึธืŸ - ืฉืžื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื (ืœืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื™ืฉื™ ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจืื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื–,ื™ื’5). ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืžึตื—ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื™ึผึดืกึผื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ - ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ื”' (ืžื•"ื  ื’,ื™ื–). ื”ึทื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: "ื›ึผึตืŸ ื™ึนืื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ื›ึธืœ ืื•ึนื™ึฐื‘ึถื™ืšึธ ื”', ื•ึฐืึนื”ึฒื‘ึธื™ื• ื›ึผึฐืฆึตืืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึถืžึถืฉื ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื‘ึปืจึธืชื•ึน" - ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ืš, ื›ืš ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื”', ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืืฃ ื™ื—ืกื ื”ืจืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื.

ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ


ื“1 ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื™ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืชึดื™ืงึธื”, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืึถืœึผึธื ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถืฆึผึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึธื”ึถืŸ ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื’ึผื•ึผืคื•ึน. ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืจึทื‘, ืชึผึทืœึฐืžึดื™ื“ ืจึทื‘ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืฉื‚ึธื— ืฉื‚ึดื™ื—ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื˜ึตืœึธื” ื›ึผึธืœ ื™ึธืžึธื™ื•, ื•ึฐื–ื•ึน ื”ึดื™ื ืฉื‚ึดื™ื—ึทืช ืจึนื‘ ื›ึผึธืœ ืึธื“ึธื. ื•ึทืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืฆึธืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ืœึนื ื™ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ืึธื“ึธื ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื. ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื–ึถื” ืฆึดื•ึผื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ: ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื - ืžึตื‘ึดื™ื ื—ึตื˜ึฐื; ื•ึฐืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ: ืœึนื ืžึธืฆึธืืชึดื™ ืœึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืึถืœึผึธื ืฉืึฐืชึดื™ืงึธื”.

ื“1 ืจึทื‘ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื - ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื”. ืฉื‚ึดื™ื—ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื˜ึตืœึธื” - ืฉื™ื—ื” ืกืชืžื™ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืœื ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื”, ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ: ื”ื™ืืš ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” (ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืื” ืคื”"ืž ืื‘ื•ืช ื,ื˜ื–). ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื - ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.

ื’ื ื‘ืช ื“ืขืช


ื•1 ืึธืกื•ึผืจ ืœึฐืึธื“ึธื ืœึฐื”ึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื—ึฒืœึธืงื•ึนืช ื•ึผืคึดืชึผื•ึผื™, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืึทื—ึทืช ื‘ึผึทืคึผึถื” ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทืช ื‘ึผึทืœึผึตื‘, ืึถืœึผึธื ืชึผื•ึนื›ื•ึน ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจื•ึน, ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืœึผึตื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืคึผึถื”. ื•ึฐืึธืกื•ึผืจ ืœึดื’ึฐื ึนื‘ ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ึผื•ึนืช, ื•ึทืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™.

ื•1 ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื—ึฒืœึธืงื•ึนืช ื•ึผืคึดืชึผื•ึผื™ - ืืžืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ืคื” ื•ืฉืงืจ ื”ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช (=ื—ืœืงื•ืช) ืœืฉื•ืžืขืŸ. ืชึผื•ึนื›ื•ึน ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจื•ึน - ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชื• (ืœื—ืจื™ื’ ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”,ื–3). ืœึดื’ึฐื ึนื‘ ื“ึผึทืขึทืช - ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืจืžื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื•ืœืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื™ื—,ื). ื•ึทืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ - "ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื: 'ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ื“ืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืช ื”ื’ื•ื™', ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ื™ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื, ืฉืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืฉื’ื• ืœืื“ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ื“ ื™ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžืŸ, ื ืขืฉื• ืขื ืžื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื•ึน 'ื›ื™ ืชื•ืขื‘ืช ื”' ืืœื”ื™ืš ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืœื”, ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื•ืœ' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”,ื˜ื–)" (ืคื”"ืž ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื‘,ื–).

ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”


ื–1 ืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ืฉื‚ึฐื—ื•ึนืง ื•ึฐื”ึถืชึถืœ, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืขึธืฆึตื‘ ื•ึฐืื•ึนื ึตืŸ, ืึถืœึผึธื ืฉื‚ึธืžึตื—ึท. ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื: ืฉื‚ึฐื—ื•ึนืง ื•ึฐืงึทืœึผื•ึผืช ืจึนืืฉื ืžึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืœึดื™ืŸ ืœึธืขึถืจึฐื•ึธื”; ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผื•ึผ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึฐื”ึตื ืึธื“ึธื ืคึผึธืจื•ึผืฅ ื‘ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐื—ื•ึนืง, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืขึธืฆึตื‘ ื•ึผืžึดืชึฐืึทื‘ึผึตืœ, ืึถืœึผึธื ืžึทืงึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืœ ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐืกึตื‘ึถืจ ืคึผึธื ึดื™ื ื™ึธืคื•ึนืช.

ื–1 ื”ึถืชึถืœ - ืจื•ื— ืฉื˜ื•ืช. ื•ึฐืื•ึนื ึตืŸ - ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ, ืฆื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืžึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืœึดื™ืŸ ืœึธืขึถืจึฐื•ึธื” - ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช. ืžึทืงึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืœ - ื‘ื ืœืงืจืืช.

ื–2 ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ื ึถืคึถืฉื ืจึฐื—ึธื‘ึธื”, ื ึดื‘ึฐื”ึธืœ ืœึทื”ื•ึนืŸ, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืขึธืฆึตืœ ื•ึผื‘ึธื˜ึตืœ ืžึดืžึผึฐืœึธืื›ึธื”, ืึถืœึผึธื ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ืขึทื™ึดืŸ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ืžึฐืขึทื˜ ืขึตืกึถืง, ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืกึตืง ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ื•ึฐืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื”ึทืžึผึฐืขึทื˜ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื—ึถืœึฐืงื•ึน - ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืžึทื— ื‘ึผื•ึน. ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ืงึฐื˜ึธื˜ึธื”, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ืงึดื ึฐืึธื”, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ืชึผึทืึฒื•ึธื”, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืจื•ึนื“ึตืฃ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื”ึทื›ึผึธื‘ื•ึนื“; ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื: ื”ึทืงึผึดื ึฐืึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืชึผึทืึฒื•ึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึผึธื‘ื•ึนื“ ืžื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึดื™ืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื. ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ: ื™ึตืœึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื“ึผึธื” ื”ึทื‘ึผึตื™ื ื•ึนื ึดื™ืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื“ึผึตืขึธื” ื•ึฐื“ึตืขึธื”, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืžึฐื›ึปื•ึผึธื ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธืึถืžึฐืฆึธืขึดื™ืช. ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึถืฉึผืึฐืœึนืžึนื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: "ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึดื›ึผึนื ื•ึผ" (ืžืฉืœื™ ื“,ื›ื•).

ื–2 ื ึดื‘ึฐื”ึธืœ ืœึทื”ื•ึนืŸ - ืจื•ื“ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ. ืขึทื™ึดืŸ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื” - ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื• (ืคื”"ืž ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘,ื—). ืžึฐืขึทื˜ ืขึตืกึถืง - ืžืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื. ืžื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึดื™ืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื - ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึถืฉึผืึฐืœึนืžึนื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ:"ืคึผึทืœึผึตืก ืžึทืขึฐื’ึผึทืœ ืจึทื’ึฐืœึถืšึธ [=ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืš], ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึดื›ึผึนื ื•ึผ [=ืฉื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืืžืช]".

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” - ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืข.
ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”

ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”
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ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื”: ื”ืœืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™, ื“"ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืงืืจื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ื˜ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ ืจื•ืขื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืงื™ืŸ
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