ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื—ื ื•ื›ื”
  • ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื’
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช
undefined
3 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื•ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืึดืชึผึธื ืึถืช ื‘ึผึดื ึฐื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืœึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึตื™ืชื•ึน ื”ึธื‘ึตื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื•ึผื˜ึฐื‘ึนื—ึท ื˜ึถื‘ึทื— ื•ึฐื”ึธื›ึตืŸ ื›ึผึดื™
ืึดืชึผึดื™ ื™ึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทืฆึผึธื”ึณืจึธื™ึดื (ืžื’ ื˜ื–)

ืจืžื– ืœื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื 'ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ื”ื›ืŸ'. ื— ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ื‘ื— ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื›ืŸ- ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’"ื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืขื— ื‘ ืื•ืช ื’)

ื. ื‘ืจื›ืช ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”
ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืœืžื“ื ื• "ืžืื™ ืžื‘ืจืš? ืžื‘ืจืš ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”".
ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื ื•ืกื—: 'ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”'. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ, ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช'.
ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืœื‘ืจืš 'ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง'- ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื›ืžื” ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ.
ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื"ืฉ- ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืœื™ืง, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ 'ื›ืื™ืœื•' ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช 1 .
ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•- ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”' ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื 'ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”'.
ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”' ื›ืš: "ื›ื™ ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื ืจ ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ื ืจื• ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช" 2 .

ื‘. ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”
'ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ'- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื”.
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื (ื•ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ).
ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ 'ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื'. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื“.
ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกืง ืจืž"ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” 3 .

ื’. ื”ืื ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”?
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ืก ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื ืก ืคื— ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื, ื ื’ืžืจื” ื’ื ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—.
ื—ื–"ืœ ืชืงื ื• ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืœื–ื›ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื” ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœ, ื•ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” (ื–ื›ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—) 4 .
ืื•ืœื ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื”, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืžืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ื–ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื—, ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืžืŸ) ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื 'ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœืœ' ื•ืœื 'ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื”' 5 .
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืœื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื, ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืกืขื•ื“ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” 6 .

ื“. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื
"ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืชืคืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ื" (ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืจืคื‘ ืกืข' ื) 7 .
ืฉื›ื— ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”: ืื ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื ื–ื›ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”- ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจ.
ืฉื›ื— ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ: ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” (ื›ื“ืœืขื™ืœ) ื—ื•ื–ืจ.
ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืœื“ืขืช ืจืž"ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืจื—ืžืŸ- "ื”ืจื—ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ื ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”" ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืชื™ืชื™ื”ื•" ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ 8 .

ื”. ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื”?
ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืฉืืœื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื›ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”? ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” "ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืžืื“" (ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื) ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ 9 ?
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœื ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ื“ ืฉืฉืžืข ืžืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืฉื‘ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื›ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืกื›ืช ื–ื• ืื‘ื“ื” 10 .
ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืช"ื ืกื•ืคืจ- ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื” ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืขืจื‘, ืืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืง ืžืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื•ืจืื”. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” 11 .
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื, ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืกื“ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืกื“ืจ ืœื” ืžืกื›ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช 12 13 .

ื•. ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืื›ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”
ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื ื”ื’ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ืžื ื”ื’ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื—ืœื‘, ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ (ืœืคื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื) ื›ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ืจืชื” ืืช ืจืืฉื• 14 .
ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืงืจื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื ืก ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืืš ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื• ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” 15 .
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืื›ืœื™ ื—ืœื‘: ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžืื›ืœื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืžืฉืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืฉ ื•ื—ืœื‘, ื’ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืš 16 .
ืžื ื”ื’ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ, ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” 17 . ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ.
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