ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช
  • ืชืจื•ืžื”

ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื™ืงื™ืจื™ื”ื

ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
undefined
2046
14 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 60 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื”ื‘ืช ื”' ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื ืคืœืื”
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืจืคืื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื’ื ืื ื™ ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ื‘"ื”. ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื", ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืจืคืื ื•", ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืžื•ื“ื™ื" ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”".
ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ื• ื) ืžืฉื ื” ืžืžื ื”ื’ื• ื•ืžืืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ" ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื ืคืœืื”". ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื" (ืœืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ): "ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื™ืœื” ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืกื“ ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœื ืงื‘ื™ื• ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“, ื“ืืœืžืœื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืžืช ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ื•', ื•ืื ื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžื›ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื™ื—ืœื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•, ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืจื•ืคื ื•ืœื ืœืจืคื•ืื•ืชื™ื•. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ืฉืœืžื” ืœืจื•ืคื ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืžืคืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช".
ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทืจึฐื›ึผึธื‘ึทืช ื’ึผึฐื•ึดื™ึผึธืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืœึฐืชึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ืขึธืชื•ึน ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ื ึธืชื•ึน
ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• (710)
ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
543 - ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ โ€“ ื’ืื•ืœืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ
544 - ืจื•ึนืคึตื ื›ึธืœ ื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ ื•ึผืžึทืคึฐืœึดื™ื ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช
545 - ื–ึถื” ืžึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืฉึถืืœึผื•ึน ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืžึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืฉึถืืœึดึผื™ - ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“
ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืคืœืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” ืจืง "ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืกื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ืš". ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืœื‘, ื›ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืช ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื•. ื›ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื‘, ืืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
"ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื” ื”ึทืžึผึทืคึฐืœึดื™ื ืœึทืขึฒืฉึนื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื˜ึถื‘ึทืข ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื”ึดืชึฐืคึผึทืฉึผืึฐื˜ื•ึผืช ื”ึทื“ึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืจึฐืงึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึธืึตื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐืคึดื™ ื”ึทื—ึฒืœึธืงึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืกึผึฐื“ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึตืื•ึนืชื•ึผ ืœื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืื•ึผืชื•ึน. ื•ึฐืœึดืžึฐื–ื•ึนื ื•ึน ื•ึฐื—ึดื™ึผื•ึผืชื•ึน. ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทืจึฐื›ึผึธื‘ึทืช ื’ึผึฐื•ึดื™ึผึธืชื•ึน. ื‘ึผึดืœึฐืชึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ืขึธืชื•ึน ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ื ึธืชื•ึน. ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ืจึทืง ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนื—ึท ื”ึทืฉืึฐื’ึผึธื—ึธืชึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื ึผึดืคึฐืœึธืึธื”. ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฉึนึทืžึฐืชึผึธ ืึดืชึผื•ึน" (ื›ืชืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™).
ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึตื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื
ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ืœึถืึฑื›ึนืœ ื•ึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผืœึฐืฉืึทืœึผึทื— ืžึธื ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึตื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื" (ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื— ื™ื‘).
ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื’ื ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื”' ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”' ืืœื”ื™ืš". ื•ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช "ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื• ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจืื” ืžื”ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืขืจืš ื•ืœื ืงืฅ ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืžืฉื‘ื— ื•ืžืคืืจ ื•ืžืชืื•ื•ื” ืชืื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืฆืžืื” ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืืœื”ื™ื ืœืืœ ื—ื™".
ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ืจืืช ื”': "ื•ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืจืชืข ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื™ืคื—ื“ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืคืœื” ืืคืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื“ืขืช ืงืœื” ืžืขื•ื˜ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืชืžื™ื ื“ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืืจืื” ืฉืžื™ืš ืžืขืฉื” ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ืš ืžื” ืื ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื–ื›ืจื ื•" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคืจืง ื‘).
ื‘ึผื•ึนืจึตื ืจึฐืคื•ึผืื•ึนืช
ื”ึทืžึฐื—ึทื“ึผึตืฉื ื‘ึผึฐื˜ื•ึผื‘ื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“ ืžึทืขึฒืฉึนึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช
ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจืคืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื”, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืœืจื’ืข ืœืคืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™. ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช. ืื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื”' ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ืฉื”' ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”ึทืžึฐื—ึทื“ึผึตืฉื ื‘ึผึฐื˜ื•ึผื‘ื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื™ื•ึนื ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“ ืžึทืขึฒืฉึนึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช". ื›ื™ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขืœื•ื”ื• ืœื’ืจื“ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื•ืŸ
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ื ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”, ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ื’ืžืจื (ืฉื‘ืช ืœื‘ ืข"ื) ื›ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื—ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืžื•ื•ืช. "ื—ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื• - ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ืชื ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืงื•ืœืจ", ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช. "ืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื ืคืœ - ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขืœื•ื”ื• ืœื’ืจื“ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื“ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ, ื•ืื ืœืื• - ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ".
ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ, ืœื”ื ืฉืžื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-8,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืžื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืื ืื“ื ื ื™ืฆืœ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ.
ื‘ื•ืจื ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ืœื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื–ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ื–ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืจืคื•ืื”. ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ ืื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื”, ืืœื ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื•.
ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื›ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”
ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื”' ื‘ืจื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื (ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื˜ึทืคึผื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ึพืชืื™ื™ื ืื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช). ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ืชืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืžื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ืื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื”ื–ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื ื–ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืจืจ ืืช ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช, ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ื“ืชื•.
ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื
ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื–ื”ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืคื•ืœืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื.
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื“ืœืชื, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื–ื”ื• ืืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ื“ืœืชื ื•ื™ื™ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื”ื. ื•ื›ืฉื‘ืื• ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ืื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฆืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื–ื”ื• ืืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ืื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ืœื—ืกืœ ืื•ืชื. ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ืฉืืœื•ืงื™ื "ื‘ื•ืจื ืจืคื•ืื•ืช". ืœื ืžื“ื”ื™ื?
ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™
ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื”. ืจืง ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ืกื”.
ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™
ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืžืชื™ื, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ื ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžื—ืœื” ืืœื™ื ื›ื–ื”, ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื—ืœื”.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืฆึทืจ
ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืฆึทืจ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” - ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ืื“ื
ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื” ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”' ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ". ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืฆึทืจ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื”". ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœื•ืงื™ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืงื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™. ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช). ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”' ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื—ื›ื. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
ืžื•ื— ืื“ื - ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืœืคื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืžื•ื— ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืงืœ 8 ืง"ื’ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื•ื— ืื“ื ืฉืฉื•ืงืœ ืจืง 1.3 ืง"ื’. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื—ื›ื ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืžื ื• ื•ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื•ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ืจ. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• 63 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ื›ืœ ืชื ืžื•ื—ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื”.
ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื›ืžืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข. ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืขื“ ืืœืฃ ื˜ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ - ื›ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ-15 ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช. ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืืชื” ื—ื•ื ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื“ืขืช", ืื• ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืฆื•ืจื ื• ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•" ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืžื•ื“ื™ื".
ื•ึผื‘ึธืจึธื ื‘ื•ึน ื ึฐืงึธื‘ึดื™ื ื ึฐืงึธื‘ึดื™ื
ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ื•) ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ื™ื ื ืงื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ืงื‘ ื”ืคื”, ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขืช. ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ, ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื ืงื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ื”ืคื”.
ื”ืขื™ืŸ - ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื›-36 ืืœืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 225 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ืž. ื›-2.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืœืžื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื "ืคื•ืงื— ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื" ืื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื ืงื‘ื™ื ื ืงื‘ื™ื".
ืคืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื–ืขื” โ€“ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืคืชื—ื™ ื”ื–ืขื”, ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ ื™ืฉ ื›-500 ืืœืฃ ืžื”ื. ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช - ืžื–ื™ืขื™ื ืžืขื˜. ื›ืฉื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” - ืžื–ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” ืž-37 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœ-40 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื”ื™ืคืจืชืจืžื™ื”" ืฉืžืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืง. ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื ืงื‘ื™ื ื ืงื‘ื™ื".
ื—ึฒืœื•ึผืœึดื™ื ื—ึฒืœื•ึผืœึดื™ื
ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ื•) ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื‘, ื›ืจืก ื•ืžืขื™ื™ื. ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ืื—ืช. ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกื ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื ืžื”ืจืขืœื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืžืกืœืงืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ืื ืื“ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืคืจื™ืข. ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื”' ืžื”ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ื•ืช?
ื”ื›ื‘ื“ - ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืœื ืœื—ื™ื ื. ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›-500 ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืžืคืจืง ืชืื™ ื“ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ืคืœืกืžื” ื•ืžื ื˜ืจืœ ืจืขืœื ื™ื. ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” - ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช. ืžื™ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ื•ืœืขื›ืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืจื ืœื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฆื™ืคื•ื™, ืชืื™ื ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืฉืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”-ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื. ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ื™ื "ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืš".
ื’ึผึธืœื•ึผื™ ื•ึฐื™ึธื“ื•ึผืขึท ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื›ึดืกึผึตื ื›ึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ึถืšึธ
ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ืš ื”' ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืœืœ ื›ืš, ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืชื•ืขื‘ื”. ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื: ืœืžื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืกื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ืš" ื•ืœื "ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ืš"?
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื›ึผึดืกึผึตื ื›ึธื‘ื•ึนื“ ืžึธืจื•ึนื ืžึตืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืžึฐืงื•ึนื ืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉืึตื ื•ึผ" (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืคืจืง ื™ื– ื™ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“). ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืกื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“" ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื). "ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืกื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืžืฆืื• ื ืขื•ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื“ื ืคืชื•ื— ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื“ื". ื•ื–ื” ืคืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืžืฆื“ื ื• ื”ื ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจืช ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื "ื•ึฐื™ึธื“ ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ ืœึทืžึผึทื—ึฒื ึถื” ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธืืชึธ ืฉืึธืžึผึธื” ื—ื•ึผืฅ" ื•ื›ื•' "ื›ึผึดื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึผึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืงึถืจึถื‘ ืžึทื—ึฒื ึถืšึธ ืœึฐื”ึทืฆึผึดื™ืœึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืœึธืชึตืช ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืคึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึทื—ึฒื ึถื™ืšึธ ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืจึฐืึถื” ื‘ึฐืšึธ ืขึถืจึฐื•ึทืช ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื•ึฐืฉืึธื‘ ืžึตืึทื—ึฒืจึถื™ืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’ ื™ื’). ืœื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื "ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืกื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“". ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื "ื”ืชื›ื‘ื“ื• ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'".
ืฉืึถืึดื ื™ึดืกึผึธืชึตื ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตื”ึถื ืื•ึน ืึดื ื™ึดืคึผึธืชึตื—ึท ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตื”ึถื ืึตื™ ืึถืคึฐืฉืึทืจ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐืงึทื™ึผึตื ืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ืฉืึธืขึธื” ืึถื—ึธืช
ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจ"ืž ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ (ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืกื™' ืจื˜ื–) ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ืก 'ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช', ืฉื”ืจื™ ืกื•ืชื ืืช ืคื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจ"ื“ ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•" (ืจืื” ืžืฉื "ื‘ ื• ื’). ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข "ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช". ืœื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื ืคืชื— ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ืžืชื• ื•ื ืกืชื ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื“' ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื”. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื“ื, ืฉื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื”ื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื•ื ืœืื“ื. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื" ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ".
ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื”', ืจื•ึนืคึตื ื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึธืฉึนึธืจ
ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืก ืข"ื) ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ "ืจื•ืคื ื—ื•ืœื™ื", ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ "ืงื ืฉื•ื™ื ื”ื• ืื‘ื ืœื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ืงืฆื™ืจื™" โ€“ ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ืœื™ื? ืœื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื "ืจื•ืคื ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ". ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืชืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœื•.
ื•ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืง ื“ ื™ื’) ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”, ืฉื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืจืคื ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื”. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืจืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื” "ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื—ื• ืชืฉืฉ". ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืคื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ืขื ื” "ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกื ืื™ืช ืœื™ ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื ืขื“ ื‘ื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ื•ืฉืขื” ืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“" (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืžื˜ ืข"ื‘). ื™ืฉ 24 ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื™ืกื ืžื‘ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
ื•ึผืžึทืคึฐืœึดื™ื ืœึทืขึฒืฉึนื•ึนืช
ื”ืจืž"ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืคืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”' "ืฉื•ืžืจ ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•, ื•ืงื•ืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืฉืžื™". ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ื• ืก"ืง ื“) "ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ) ื“ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžื›ื— ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืื›ืœ". ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื‘ืื“ื ื•ืืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช.

ื‘ืจื›ืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืฆึทืจ - ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ
ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืฆึทืจ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” โ€“ ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืขืฉื™ื™ื”
ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ (ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ) ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ" ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื: ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ" ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”' ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื. "ื•ึทื™ึผึดื™ืฆึถืจึฉ ื”ึจ' ืึฑืœึนื”ึดึœื™ื ืึถืชึพื”ึธึฝืึธื“ึธึ—ื" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘, ื–),
ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื’ื ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• "ื–ึถึฃื” ืกึตึ”ืคึถืจ ืชึผื•ึนืœึฐื“ึนึ–ืช ืึธื“ึธึ‘ื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึ—ื•ึนื ื‘ึผึฐืจึนึคื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ืึ™ ืึธื“ึธึ”ื ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐืžึฅื•ึผืช ืึฑืœึนื”ึดึ–ื™ื ืขึธืฉื‚ึธึฅื” ืึนืชึฝื•ึน" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื”, ื). ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” "ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ" ื•ื’ื "ื•ื‘ืจื ื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ื™ื ื ืงื‘ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื". ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”. "ื•ื ืจืžื–ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ื” ื‘ืžืœืช 'ืœืขืฉื•ืช'. ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 'ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืกื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ืš' ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžื›ืกื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“" (ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื).
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืคืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืžื ืคืฉ, ื’ื ืžืจื•ื—, ื’ื ืžื ืฉืžื” ื•ื’ื ืžื ืฉืžื” ืœื ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืชืจื™"ื’ ืื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืš ืœื ืฉืžื” ืชืจื™"ื’ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืจื™"ื’ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ, ืจื•ื— ื•ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
ื•ึผื‘ึธืจึธื ื‘ื•ึน ื ึฐืงึธื‘ึดื™ื ื ึฐืงึธื‘ึดื™ื ื—ึฒืœื•ึผืœึดื™ื ื—ึฒืœื•ึผืœึดื™ื
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื ึฐืงึธื‘ึดื™ื ื ึฐืงึธื‘ึดื™ื ื—ึฒืœื•ึผืœึดื™ื ื—ึฒืœื•ึผืœึดื™ื" ืœืงื•ื— ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉืฉื ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืœืš ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉืœื. ื—ื›ื, ื™ืคื”, ืขืฉื™ืจ, ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื. "ืึทืชึผึธื”ึ™ ื—ื•ึนืชึตึฃื ืชึผึธื›ึฐื ึดึ”ื™ืช ืžึธืœึตึฅื ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธึ–ื” ื•ึผื›ึฐืœึดึฅื™ืœ ื™ึนึฝืคึดื™: ื‘ึผึฐืขึตึจื“ึถืŸ ื’ึผึทืŸึพืึฑืœึนื”ึดึœื™ื ื”ึธื™ึดึ—ื™ืชึธ ื›ึผึธืœึพืึถึจื‘ึถืŸ ื™ึฐืงึธืจึธึคื” ืžึฐืกึปื›ึธืชึถึ™ืšึธึ™ ืึนึฃื“ึถื ืคึผึดื˜ึฐื“ึธึžื” ื•ึฐื™ึธื”ึฒืœึนึ—ื ืชึผึทืจึฐืฉืึดึฅื™ืฉื ืฉืึนึ™ื”ึทืึ™ ื•ึฐื™ึธึฃืฉืึฐืคึตึ”ื” ืกึทืคึผึดึฃื™ืจ ื ึนึ”ืคึถืšึฐ ื•ึผื‘ึธืจึฐืงึทึ–ืช ื•ึฐื–ึธื”ึธึ‘ื‘ ืžึฐืœึถึจืื›ึถืช ืชึผึปืคึผึถึคื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื ึฐืงึธื‘ึถึ™ื™ืšึธึ™ ื‘ึผึธึ”ืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐื™ึฅื•ึนื ื”ึดื‘ึผึธืจึทืึฒืšึธึ– ื›ึผื•ึนื ึธึฝื ื•ึผ".
ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืชื•ืคื™ืš ื•ื ืงื‘ื™ืš" ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืฃ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื ื—ืœื•ืœ. ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ืžืชืจื’ื ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื "ื—ึฒืœึธืœึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผื ึฐืงึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื“ึฐืึดื™ื ื•ึผืŸ ืฆื•ึนืจึฐื›ึธืŸ ื“ึฐืœึธื ืึถืคึฐืฉืึทืจ ืœึธืšึฐ ื“ึฐืชึดืชึฐืงึทื™ึตื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืœึธื ื‘ึผึฐื”ื•ึนืŸ". ื—ืœืœื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ืžืœืš ืฆื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืชื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ ืœื”' ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืืกื•ืŸ. ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืœืš ืฆื•ืจ "ื‘ึผึถืŸึพืึธื“ึธึกื ืึฑืžึนืจึฉ ืœึดื ึฐื’ึดึจื™ื“ ืฆึนึœืจ ื›ึผึนึฝื”ึพืึธืžึทึฃืจื€ ืึฒ-ื“ึนื ึธึฃื™ ื”ึ—' ื™ึทึฃืขึทืŸ ื’ึผึธื‘ึทึคื”ึผ ืœึดื‘ึผึฐืšึธึ™ ื•ึทืชึผึนึ™ืืžึถืจึ™ ืึตึฃืœ ืึธึ”ื ึดื™ ืžื•ึนืฉืึทึงื‘ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดึ›ื™ื ื™ึธืฉืึทึ–ื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืœึตึฃื‘ ื™ึทืžึผึดึ‘ื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธึคื” ืึธื“ึธืึ™ ื•ึฐึฝืœึนืึพืึตึ”ืœ ื•ึทืชึผึดืชึผึตึฅืŸ ืœึดื‘ึผึฐืšึธึ– ื›ึผึฐืœึตึฅื‘ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดึฝื™ื" ืข"ืฉ ื›ื™ "ืขื ื•ืฉ ื™ืขื ืฉ".
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื™ืฉ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืคืœืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืืœื•ืงื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื”ื•ื“ืื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืคืขืœื™ื ืžื—ื›ืžืชื ื•ืžื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื’ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื›ืคื™ืจื”.
ื•ืžืคืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช - ื”ืคืœื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื "ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ืžื”' ืื• ืœื›ืคื™ืจื” ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-20 ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฆืจืคืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืกื™ืŸ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืืจืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื™ืฉ 50,000,000,000,000 (ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ) ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื“ื "ื, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืจืฉื•ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• โ€“ ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืœืคื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘-3,000,000,000 ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช (ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื). ืื ื‘ื“ืฃ ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš ื™ืฉ 3,000 ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ-1,000,000 ืขืœื•ื ื™ "ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš" ืื• ืœ-1,000 ืกืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ื™ ื›ืจืก, ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ื•ื 5 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ (ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ - ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ).
ื”ื”ืชืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื
ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืชื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ื, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื“ืข, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ืœืง ืœืืจื‘ืข, ืœืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืœืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ึดืชึฐืžึทื™ึผึฐื™ื ื•ึผืช. ื—ืœืง ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื—ืœืง ืชืื™ ืžื•ื—. ื—ืœืง ืชืื™ ืœื‘ ื•ื—ืœืง ืชืื™ ืขืฆื. ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ืœืง ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฆื ื•ื—ืœืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœื”. ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื•? ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื— ืฉืžื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจืœืžื•ืกื™ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื— ืฉืžื ื•ื•ื˜, ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื ื“ืจืœืžื•ืกื™ื”? ืžื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื? ื”ืจื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
ืœืžื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ื•.
ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐืšึธ ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึตืฉื‚ึถื‘ ื•ึฐืขึตืฉื‚ึถื‘ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืžึฐืžื•ึผื ึถื” ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืžึดืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืฉืึฐืžึธื›ึผึถื” ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืœื•ึน ื’ึฐื“ึธืœ
ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืฅ ื•ืฆืžื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื•ื— ืฉืžื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื–ืข. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื” ื•ื—ืœืง ืคืจื™, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฅ. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื. ืžื™ ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ?
ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืžื— ื•ืฆืžื— ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืฅ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ "ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐืšึธ ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึตืฉื‚ึถื‘ ื•ึฐืขึตืฉื‚ึถื‘ ืžึดืœึฐืžึทื˜ึผึธื” ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืžึฐืžื•ึผื ึถื” ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืžึดืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืฉืึฐืžึธื›ึผึถื” ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืœื•ึน ื’ึฐื“ึธืœ". (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—ืœืง ื ื“ืฃ ื˜ื•/ื).
ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืœืืš ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืฉืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืžื—, ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืžืœืืš ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื. ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื— ืžืฉืžื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ: "ื“ืจื™ืฉ ืจ' ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืจ ืคืคื ืื•ืชื• ืžืœืืš ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืžื•, ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื˜ืคื” ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื˜ืคื” ื–ื• ืžื” ืชื”ื ืขืœื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื—ืœืฉ ื—ื›ื ืื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขื ื™? ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจืฉืข ืื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ืœื ืงืืžืจ. ื›ื“ืจ' ื—ื ื™ื ื ื“ื"ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ืš ืฉื•ืืœ ืžืขืžืš ื›ื™ ืื ืœื™ืจืื” ื•ื’ื•'" (ื ื“ื” ื˜ื– ืข"ื‘). ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื ืžืกืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืงื™ื
ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคืขื ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืคืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ: "ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืจื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื". ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื“"ืจ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก, ืžืจืืฉื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ (Project Human Genome) ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื™ืจืื” ื•ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืขื“ ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืจืง ืœืืœื•ืงื™ื".
ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืคืขื ื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื• "ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื•ื ื— (ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•) ืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื•". ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื•ื•ื”, "ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืคื—ื•ืช".
ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื”ืžื“ืข ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืคืœืื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจืกื™ ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื. ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืคืจืกื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืœื”' ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ืฉืœื
ื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ืฉืœื". ื”ื ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ, ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื”. ื”ื ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”, ื’ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ื•ื’ื ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง. ื”ื ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ื”ื ืื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ.
ืคืขื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื– ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืืžืจ: ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ื? ืคืขื, ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืช ืœืจื•ืคื ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื›ืื‘ื” ืœืš ื”ื™ื“, ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ื”ืจืืฉ, ืื• ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืจื•ืคื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ, ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืš ืžืจืฉื ื•ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ืืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจื‘ ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ืื—, ื ืื ื— ื”ืจื‘, ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”, ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื•ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื–ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”?

ืจื•ืคื ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืžืคืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืื•ืจื™ ื•ืœื™ืจื– ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžืžื‘ื•ื ื“ื•ืชืŸ: ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื”. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“. ืคื ื™ื ื• ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ. ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืฉื”, ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ืœื”.
ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื—ืช ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื—ืจืช ืืช "ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื—ืœืง ื’'. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืขื ืข ืืช ื™ืœื“ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืจื’ืข, ืงืจืืชื™ ืฉื ืขืœ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžืžื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ. ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืืฉืชื™ ืื ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื ื• ืžื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืŸ. ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ืœื“ื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื, ื•ืจืื” ื–ื” ืคืœื, ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืขื” ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžืžื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ. ืื›ืŸ, ืจื•ืคื ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืžืคืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.


ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”
ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™? ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ื–ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฆื•ืช.

ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“. ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ืคื ื™ื. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื• ืจื‘ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžืœืืš ื”' ืฆื‘ืื•ืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ. ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื• ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืœื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื ืžื‘ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.


ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ . ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื“ื ืฉื—ืœื” ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช?
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื ื™ืขืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื“ื ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืš ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“.





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ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆืคืช. ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ.
ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื•ืฉืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื•ืฉืŸ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il