ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ
  • ื‘ืœืง
undefined
14 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื‘ืก"ื“ ืชืžื•ื– ื”ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืžืคื˜ื™ืจ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืฉึฐืืึตืจึดื™ืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ (ืžื™ื›ื” ื”)
ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ึผึธืœึธืง
ืขืœื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ื•ืžื ืžืžืคืจืฉื™ ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ
ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ึผึธืœึธืง 104 ืคืกื•ืงื™ื = ืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธืŸ . ืกึฐื’ื•ึผืœึธื”
ื•ึทื™ึตึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื–ึดืงึฐื ึตื™ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ื•ึฐื–ึดืงึฐื ึตื™ ืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื•ึผืงึฐืกึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื“ึธื. (ื›ื‘ ื–) ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ: ืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ึธื ืฉึถืืœ ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื ึดืชึฐื’ึทึผื“ึตึผืœ; ื ึดืฉึฐืืึทืœ ืžึตื”ึถื ืžึทื” ืžึดึผื“ึธึผืชื•ึน. ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืึตื™ืŸ ื›ึนึผื—ื•ึน ืึถืœึธึผื ื‘ึฐึผืคึดื™ื•. ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ: ืึทืฃ ืึธื ื•ึผ ื ึธื‘ื•ึนื ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื‘ึฐึผืึธื“ึธื ืฉึถืื›ึนึผื—ื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผืคึดื™ื•. (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื)

ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืคืืจืช โ€“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื“ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื›ื™ ืจ"ืช ืชืžื•ื– (ืžืœืื›ื™ ื’ ื›ื‘) ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึผ ืชึผื•ึนืจึทืช ืžึนืฉึถืื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื—ื”. (ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืงืžื ืชื•ืจื” ืจื™ื–) ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขึตืช ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืœึทื™-ื”ึนื•ึธื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” - ืชึฐึผื ื•ึผ ืขึนื– ืœึตื-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื•ื›ืชื‘ 'ืคืจื™ ืœืฆื“ื™ืง' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจ"ื— ืชืžื•ื–) ื›ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื™ืคืš ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืžึฐื‘ึทื›ึผื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึทึผืžึผื•ึผื–, ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื—"ื’ ืคื›"ื˜) ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืกืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ื” ื•ื”ืกืคื“, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืœื™ืš ืื•ืช ื—' ื‘ืจืื™ื” ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืชืžื•ื– ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”. ื•ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกื™ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ืžื™ื ื ื“ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ืจื•ืขื ื™ืžื™ื ื. (ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช)

ืกึฐื’ื•ึผืœึธื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ
ื”ึถืŸ ืขึธื ื›ึฐึผืœึธื‘ึดื™ื ื™ึธืงื•ึผื ื•ึฐื›ึทืึฒืจึดื™ ื™ึดืชึฐื ึทืฉึธึผื‚ื ืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึฐืื›ึทึผื‘ ืขึทื“ ื™ึนืื›ึทืœ ื˜ึถืจึถืฃ ื•ึฐื“ึทื ื—ึฒืœึธืœึดื™ื ื™ึดืฉึฐืืชึถึผื”. (ื›ื’ ื›ื“)
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืขืžื“ื• ืžืฉื ืชื, ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ื ืขืฉื™ื ื›ืืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ. ืื ื ืชืงืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื• ืื ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื’ืข ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืžืžืœื™ืš ืœื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ. (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื)

ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘: ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื™ึทืขึฒืกื•ึนืง ืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืจึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื”, ืึฒืคึดื™ืœึผื•ึผ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึธื”ึผ, ืฉืึถืžึผึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึธื ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึธื”ึผ. ืฉืึถื‘ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐื›ึทืจ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ื ื•ึผืฉืึฐืชึผึทื™ึดื ืงื‡ืจึฐื‘ึผึธื ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื”ึดืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึธืœึธืง, ื–ึธื›ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึฐืึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืจื•ึผืช. ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ึผึดืชึผื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ืขึถื’ึฐืœื•ึนืŸ, ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื‘ึผึธืœึธืง ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘. (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื”:) ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืจืขื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™)
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœื‘ืœืง. [ืจื•ืช ื‘ืช ืขื’ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืง] ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืžื ื”.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืœืคื™ ืฉืืช ืž"ื‘ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื™ืฆืื” ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ืขื’ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืง ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื” ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืข"ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช.
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ื‘ืืžืจื• ื–ึธื›ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึฐืึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืจื•ึผืช, ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื•? ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืฉืžื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื™ื— ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืืฆืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ืžืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืžื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืืฆืœื”!
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ื–ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืื™ืชื• ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ 'ื™ึฐืคึทืช ืชึนึผืึทืจ' ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืคื•ืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื’ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ืžืืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื™ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื™ืœืงื— ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื›ื™ ื’ื ืขื ืžื•ืื‘ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืคื•ืฉื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืข"ื” ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืขื ืžื•ืื‘ ืžื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื” ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืจื•ืช ืžืื™ืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื’ื™ื•ืจืช ื•ืœื ื ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฉื)

ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืœึทื— ืžึทืœึฐืึธื›ึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืขึนืจ ืคึฐึผืชื•ึนืจึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื ึธึผื”ึธืจ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน ืœึดืงึฐืจึนื ืœื•ึน ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืขึทื ื™ึธืฆึธื ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื›ึดืกึธึผื” ืึถืช ืขึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘ ืžึดืžึปึผืœึดื™. (ื›ื‘ ื”)
ืžืฉื ื” - ืชึทึผืœึฐืžึดื™ื“ึธื™ื• ืฉึถืืœ ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื ื”ึธืจึธืฉึธืืข, ื™ื•ึนืจึฐืฉึดืื™ืŸ ื’ึตึผื™ื”ึดื ึนึผื ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืจึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ ืœึดื‘ึฐืึตืจ ืฉึทืื—ึทืช, ืฉึถืื ึถึผืึฑืžึทืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ื”, ื›ื“) ื•ึฐืึทืชึธึผื” ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืชึผื•ึนืจึดื™ื“ึตื ืœึดื‘ึฐืึตืจ ืฉึทืื—ึทืช ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื“ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึดืจึฐืžึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึถื—ึฑืฆื•ึผ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ื”ึถื, ื•ึทืึฒื ึดื™ ืึถื‘ึฐื˜ึทื— ื‘ึธึผืšึฐ. (ืื‘ื•ืช ื” ื™ื˜)
ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืข"ื‘ โ€“ ื‘ืœืขื ืื™ืงืจื™ ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืชื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืœืคื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื•ืจื ืœื‘ืœืขื ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื“ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื 'ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื' ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ืœืขื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื 'ืื™ืฉ ืžืจืžื”'.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ืฉืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข. ื‘ืœืขื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืœ'ืื™ืฉ ืžืจืžื”' ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขึฒืฉึถื‚ืจึถืช ืžึนื•ื ึดื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื ืงืจื 'ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื' ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืขืฆืชื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ ื”ื™ื” 'ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื' ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื”, ืฉืึถืคึผึทืจึฐืขึนื” ืœึนื ื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ืึถืœึผึธื ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐื›ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ ื‘ึผึดืงึผึตืฉื ืœึทืขึฒืงึนืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ. ื›ืขืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืœืขื ื ืงืจื 'ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื“ึธืžึดื™ื' ื•ืœื 'ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื' ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื‘ืœืขื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื“ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึดืจึฐืžึธื”. (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื”)
ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘ ืžึดืžึปึผืœึดื™. (ื›ื‘ ื”) ืžึดืžึปึผืœึดื™ ืจ"ืช ืžื•ืื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ื™ืจื—ื•. (ืกืคืจ ืงืจื ื™ื)
ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื›ึดืกึธึผื” ืึถืช ืขึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื–"ืœ ื“ื”ืจื’ื• ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื’. ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ื™ึนืฉึตืื‘ ืžึดืžึปึผืœึดื™ ืจ"ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ื™ืจื—ื•. (ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื“)

ื•ึฐืขึทืชึธึผื” ืœึฐื›ึธื” ื ึธึผื ืึธืจึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึธื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึธืฆื•ึผื ื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืžึถึผื ึดึผื™ ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืื•ึผื›ึทืœ ื ึทื›ึถึผื” ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ึทืึฒื’ึธืจึฐืฉึถืื ึผื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ืึตืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึฐึผื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืžึฐื‘ึนืจึธืšึฐ ื•ึทืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึธึผืึนืจ ื™ื•ึผืึธืจ.(ื›ื‘ ื•) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ โ€“ ื ึทื›ึถึผื” ื‘ึผื•ึน ื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ืึทื—ึตืจ, ืœึฐืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืฉึฐืื ึธื” ื”ื•ึผื: ืžึฐื ึทื›ึถึผื” ืœื•ึน ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื (ืžืฉื ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ ื’) ืœึฐื—ึทืกึตึผืจ ืžึตื”ึถื ืžึฐืขึทื˜.
ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื—ืกืจื• ืžื”ื ืžืขื˜, ื”ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื•ืชื ื›ื•ืœื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ื‘ึธึผืœึธืง ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ืึตืช ื›ื‡ึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึธึผื’ื‡ืจ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึธื ืžึฐืึนื“ ื›ึดึผื™ ืจึทื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงื‡ืฅ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ. ืงืจื ืœื”ื ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืงืจื ืœื”ื ื”ึธืขึธื.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื›ืชื•ืช, ื”ืื—ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ึธืขึธื ืฉื”ื ื”'ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘' ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื•ืžืคื ื™ 'ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ืคื—ื“ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขื ื”', ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขื ืคื—ื“ื• ืฉื”ื•ื 'ื”ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘' ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื–"ืฉ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ื‘ึธึผืœึธืง ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ืึตืช ื›ื‡ึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืœึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ึทื™ึธึผื’ื‡ืจ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึธื ืžึฐืึนื“ ื›ึดึผื™ ืจึทื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืœืง ืœืงืœืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืœืœื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”' ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืข"ื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื‘ ื’) ื•ึทืึฒื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึธื” ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผืžึฐืงึทืœึถึผืœึฐืšึธ ืึธืึนืจ, ืืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืงืœืœ ืืช 'ื”ืขื' ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื• ืขืชื”, ื•ืื•ืชื ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืœืœื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืื—"ื› ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืขึทื ื™ึธืฆึธื ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ื›ื•', ื•ึฐืขึทืชึธึผื” ืœึฐื›ึธื” ื ึธึผื ืึธืจึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึธื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื”, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืืช ื”'ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘', ื•ื™ืจื•ื™ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฆื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืื—"ื› ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืื•ึผื›ึทืœ ื ึทื›ึถึผื” ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ืคืจืฉ"ื™ ืœื—ืกืจ ืื•ืชื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืงืœืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘ ื•ืื– ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›"ื›, ื•ืื– ื•ึทืึฒื’ึธืจึฐืฉึถืื ึผื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ืฉืื—"ื› ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฆื• ื›ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ('ื›ืชื‘ ืกื•ืคืจ' ืขื”"ืช)
ื›"ื— ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื”, ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›"ื— ืงืกืžื™ื ืฉืฉืœื—ื• ืœื•, ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื›"ื— ืขืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื”, ืฉื”ื ื›"ื— ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. (ืžื’ืœื” ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช)
ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึธืฆื•ึผื ื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืžึถึผื ึดึผื™ ื ื™ื‘ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืฆืืช ืžืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ืœื” ืืช ืžื•ืื‘ ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึธืฆื•ึผื ื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืžึถึผื ึดึผื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืœืš ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืืช ืžื•ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžึดืžึถึผื ึดึผื™. (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื•ื”ืจ)

ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืœึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืคึนื” ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึทื”ึฒืฉึดืื‘ึนืชึดื™ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ืึตืœึธื™ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ืฉึธื‚ืจึตื™ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ืขึดื ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื. (ื›ื‘ ื—) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืึตื™ืŸ ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื ืฉืื•ึนืจึธื” ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืึถืœึธึผื ื‘ึทึผืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึตื™ ืึปืžึผื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืœึธื‘ึธืŸ ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ืฉึถืื ึถึผืึฑืžืจ: ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนื ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืœ ืœึธื‘ึธืŸ ื”ึธืึฒืจึทืžึดึผื™ ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื,ื›ื“ ื›ึฐึผืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ ืึถืœ ืคึดึผื™ืœึทื’ึฐืฉืื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผื”ึตื—ึธื‘ึตื) ื•ื™ืง"ืจ ื,ื™ื’).
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืคึนื” ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ืœืงืžืŸ (ื›ื‘ ื™ื˜) ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื ึธื ื‘ึธื–ึถื” ื’ึทึผื ืึทืชึถึผื ื”ึทืœึธึผื™ึฐืœึธื”. ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืœึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืคึนื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืืžืจ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ืึตืœึธื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ื”ื•ื™-ื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื™ื” (ื›ื‘ ื˜) ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนื ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื. ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืœื•ืงื™ื. ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื”ึทืœึธึผื™ึฐืœึธื”.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ื ื” ืื›ื™ืœื” ืขื™ืžื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืœืง ื™ืคืจืข ื”ื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื ึธื ื‘ึธื–ึถื” ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืคึนื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืœึดื™ื ื•ึผ, ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืงืœืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืคืกื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ืฉึธื‚ืจึตื™ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ ืขึดื ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื ื ืชืคืจืฉ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ื•, ืœื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืขื˜ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžืขื˜ ื›ืืŸ. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื)
ืœึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืคึนื” ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” - ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืื•ืชื• ื•ื’ืื•ื ื• ื ืจืื• ืœื• ืฉืจื™ ืžื•ืื‘ ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืคึนื” ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืžื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฉืœื— ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื ึธื ื‘ึธื–ึถื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื) ื•ึทืชึตึผืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืงึธื“ึตืฉื ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืœื” ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ึธื. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™)
ื”ื ื“ืืžืจ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ืึตืœึธื™ - ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื ื”-ื•ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื–ื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ืืœื ืฉื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ื›ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื•ึทืึฒืชึธื ืžึตื™ืžึทืจ ืžึดืŸ ืงึณื“ึธื ื™ึฐื™ึธ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉึตืื ึธืชึธื ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืช [ืฉื™ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืฉื™ื ืœืžื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื–:] ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืชื•, ืืœื ื›ืื“ื ืฉืจื•ืื” ื—ืœื•ื. ื•ืœื–ื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื•ืœื‘ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื”ึทืœึธึผื™ึฐืœึธื”, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืืžืจ ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ืœึธึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ืืœื ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนื ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื›ื–ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ (ื›ื‘ ื›ื) ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงื‡ื ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื ื‘ึทึผื‘ึนึผืงึถืจ. (ืฉืคืชื™ ื›ื”ืŸ)
ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” โ€“ ืžื” ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื”.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ. ืงื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ ื˜) ืึตื™ ื”ึถื‘ึถืœ ืึธื—ึดื™ืšึธ ืขื ื” ื”ึฒืฉึนืืžึตืจ ืึธื—ึดื™ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ืš. ื‘ืœืขื ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” (ื›ื‘ ื˜) ืžึดื™ ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึถึผื” ืขึดืžึธึผืšึฐ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื”ื. ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ื›ืฉืฉืืœ ืœื• ื™ืฉืขื™ื” (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืœื˜ ื’) ื•ึผืžึตืึทื™ึดืŸ ื™ึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื—ึดื–ึฐืงึดื™ึธึผื”ื•ึผ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืจึฐื—ื•ึนืงึธื” ื‘ึธึผืื•ึผ ืึตืœึทื™ ืžึดื‘ึธึผื‘ึถืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื ื‘ื™ื ืืชื” ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข. (ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื)

ืœึนื ืื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนืจ ืึถืช ืคึดึผื™ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึธื™ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืงึฐื˜ึทื ึธึผื” ืื•ึน ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื”. (ื›ื‘ ื™ื—)
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืงึฐื˜ึทื ึธึผื” ืื•ึน ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื”, ื•ืื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ืœืง ืฉืœื— ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืœึฐื›ึธื” ืึธืจึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืฉืขื• ืืžืจ ืœึฐื›ึธื” ืงึธื‘ึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืœืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืืจื”. ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ืœึนื ืชึธืึนืจ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึธื ืืคื™ืœื• ืืจื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ืœึนื ืื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืงึฐื˜ึทื ึธึผื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืœืง ื•ื”ื™ื ืืจื”. ืื•ึน ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืงึธื‘ึธื”. ื"ื  ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืœืง ืืžืจ ื•ึทืึฒื’ึธืจึฐืฉึถืื ึผื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ึฐื’ึตืจึทืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ื• ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื. ื•ื–"ืฉ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืงึฐื˜ึทื ึธึผื” ืœื’ืจืฉื• ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืช ืื•ึน ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ืจืฉื• ืžื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืืžืจ ืงึฐื˜ึทื ึธึผื” ืื•ึน ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ืœืง ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ืฉืงื• ืœื”ืจืข ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื"ื  ื•ึฐืขึทืชึธึผื” ืœึฐื›ึธื” ื ึธึผื ืึธืจึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืฉื™ืงืœืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืœื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืžื–ืจืขื• ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืข"ื” ืฉื™ืฉื—ื™ืช ืœืžื•ืื‘. ื•ื–"ืฉ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืงึฐื˜ึทื ึธึผื” ืœืงืœืœ ืœื‘ืœืง ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื–ืจืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืข"ื” ืื•ึน ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ืœืงืœืœ ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืœืง. (ื—ื•ืžืช ืื ืš) ืœึฐื›ึธื” ืึธืจึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืงื•ืจื ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ื•ืจื—, ืœึฐื›ึธื” ืงึธื‘ึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืงื‘ื” ืื•ืชื ืงื•ืจื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืœื›ืช ืืœ ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืื‘ ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืงืœืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื—. (ืžืœื‘ื™"ื)
ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ - ื•ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื ื‘ึผึธืœึธืง ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ. ืžึทื”ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื. ืจึธืึธื” ื‘ึผึทืคึผึปืจึฐืขึธื ื•ึผืช ื”ึธืขึฒืชึดื™ื“ึธื” ืœึธื‘ึนื ืขึทืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐืฉื‚ื•ึนื ึฐืึธืŸ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืฉื‚ื•ึนื ึฐืึดื™ื. ืฉืึถื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธืึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืœึฐื—ึธืžื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึดืขึฐื‘ึผื•ึผื“ ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ื™ึฐื›ื•ึนืœึดื™ื ืœึทืขึฒืžึนื“ ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ. ื•ึฐื–ึถื”, ื›ึผึฐืึธื“ึธื ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืžึดืคึผึดื™ื• ืœึทืขึฒืงึนืจ ืึปืžึผึธื” ืฉืึฐืœึตืžึธื”. (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื‘ืœืง ื‘)

ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒืžึนื“ ืžึทืœึฐืึทืšึฐ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืฉึฐืืขื•ึนืœ ื”ึทื›ึฐึผืจึธืžึดื™ื ื’ึธึผื“ึตืจ ืžึดื–ึถึผื” ื•ึฐื’ึธื“ึตืจ ืžึดื–ึถึผื”. (ื›ื‘ ื›ื“) ืชึผึธื ึธื: ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึฐืขื•ึนืจ, ื”ื•ึผื ื›ึผื•ึผืฉืึทืŸ ืจึดืฉืึฐืขึธืชึทื™ึดื, ื”ื•ึผื ืœึธื‘ึธืŸ ื”ึธืึฒืจึทืžึผึดื™. (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื”.)
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืฉืŸ ืจืฉืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ืืจื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืคื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื’ืณ:ื—ืณ)] ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื, ื›ื™ ืœืคื™"ื– ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืœืขื ื‘ืขืจืš ืช"ืง ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ึทึผื—ึฒืฆึดื™ ื™ึธืžึธื™ื• ื™ึทืขึทื–ึฐื‘ึถื ึผื•ึผ (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื™ื–, ื™ื) ืขืœ ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข ื“ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืœ"ื’ ืฉื ื” ื›ืฉื ื”ืจื’. ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืฉื ืงื•:) ืœึฐื“ึดื™ื“ึดื™ ื—ึฒื–ึตื™ ืœึดื™ ืคึผึดื ึฐืงึธืกึตื™ื”ึผ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึดืœึฐืขึธื, ื•ึทื”ึฒื•ึธื” ื›ึผึฐืชึดื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึตื™ื”ึผ: ื‘ึผึทืจ ืชึผึฐืœึธืชึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผืชึฐืœึธืช ืฉืึฐื ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึดืœึฐืขึธื ื—ึฒื’ึดื™ืจึธื ื›ึผึทื“ ืงึธื˜ึตื™ืœ ื™ึธืชึตื™ื”ึผ ืคึผึดื ึฐื—ึธืก ืœึดื™ืกึฐื˜ึธืึธื”.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ ื ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ื‘ืœืขื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™ ื ืชื ื‘ื ื‘ืœืขื ืชึธึผืžึนืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉึดืื™ ืžื•ึนืช ื™ึฐืฉึธืืจึดื™ื. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืฉื) ื"ื  ื“ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื”. (ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”) ื"ื  ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืจืข ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืจืŸ ืืจืฆื” ื‘ื ื™ ืงื“ื ืขื™ืจื•, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืดื’:ื”ืณ) ื•ึทืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฉึธื‚ื›ึทืจ ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืช ื‘ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืขื•ึนืจ ื•ื’ื•'. ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ื•ืฉืŸ ืจืฉืขืชื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื’ืณ:ื—ืณ) ื•ึทื™ึดึผื—ึทืจ ืึทืฃ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ื’ื•'. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื ื ื‘) ื"ื  ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืชืจื™ ื‘ืœืขื ื”ื•ื• ื•ื–ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ื ื›ื“ื• ื ืงืจื ื‘ืœืขื ืขืดโ€Žืฉ ื–ืงื ื•. (ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ - ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื˜). ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช 'ื›ืœื‘' ื›ึผื•ึนืฉืึธืŸ ืœึธื‘ึธืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืขื•ึนืจ. (ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœ"ื”)

ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึฐืชึทึผื— ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ืึถืช ืคึดึผื™ ื”ึธืึธืชื•ึนืŸ ื•ึทืชึนึผืืžึถืจ ืœึฐื‘ึดืœึฐืขึธื ืžึถื” ืขึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึดื™ ืœึฐืšึธ ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึดื›ึดึผื™ืชึทื ึดื™ ื–ึถื” ืฉึธืืœึนืฉื ืจึฐื’ึธืœึดื™ื. (ื›ื‘ ื›ื—)
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื”ืืชื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื‘ืœืขื ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขึฒืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” ื“ึฐึผื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืฉื ึดื‘ึฐืจึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืจึถื‘ ืฉึทืื‘ึธึผืช ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื”ึทืฉึฐึผืืžึธืฉืื•ึนืช. (ืื‘ื•ืช ื” ื•)
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ื˜ืขื ื”ื ืก ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ืœืขื ืžึดื™ ืฉึธื‚ื ืคึถึผื” ืœึธืึธื“ึธื ืื•ึน ืžึดื™ ื™ึธืฉื‚ื•ึผื ืึดืœึตึผื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ ื™ื) ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ืคื•ืชื— ืคื™ ื”ื ืืœืžื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืืœื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื ื—ืฉ ื•ืงืกื ื•ื™ืงืœืœื ื‘ื”ื ื›ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ื•ืงื•ืกื ื”ื™ื”. (ืžื“ืจืฉ โ€“ ืจืžื‘"ืŸ), ื"ื  ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื’ืื” ื‘ื›ื— ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•, ื›ืฉื™ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื ืžืืช ื”' ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื•ืžื• ื‘ืคื™ ื‘ื”ืžื”. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™) ื"ื  ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืœืขื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื–ื›ืจื• ื›ื™ ืžึตื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ืžึทืขึฒื ึตื” ืœึธืฉืื•ึนืŸ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜ื– ื) ื’ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืืชื•ืŸ, ื•ื›"ืฉ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื–ื”. (ืกืคื•ืจื ื•) ื"ื  ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืก ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืืชื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืœืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™) ื"ื  ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื‘ืœืขื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืืชื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื‘ื ืจืง ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื•, ื•ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื ื‘ื™ืื ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘. (ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ) ื"ื  ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื–ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื ืขืจื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ื’ืื•ื•ืชื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”'. (ืื•ื”"ื—)

ื•ึทืชึดึผืจึฐืึทื ึดื™ ื”ึธืึธืชื•ึนืŸ ื•ึทืชึตึผื˜ ืœึฐืคึธื ึทื™ ื–ึถื” ืฉึธืืœึนืฉื ืจึฐื’ึธืœึดื™ื ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ื ึธื˜ึฐืชึธื” ืžึดืคึธึผื ึทื™ ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึทืชึธึผื” ื’ึทึผื ืึนืชึฐื›ึธื” ื”ึธืจึทื’ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื•ึฐืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ื”ึถื—ึฑื™ึตื™ืชึดื™. (ื›ื‘ ืœื’)
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื’ึทึผื ืžื” ื‘ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืึนืชึฐื›ึธื” ื‘ื”' ื”ื•ืœ"ืœ ืื•ึนืชึฐืšึธ, ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึฐืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœื ื•'.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ื’ึทึผื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืžื• ืฉื”ืจื’ ืื•ืชื ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืชื•ืŸ. ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ื–ื• ื”ืืชื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœืขื ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื• ืœืงื” ื‘ืœืขื, ื›ืžื• (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื› ื˜ื•) ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึฐึผื”ึตืžึธื” ืชึทึผื”ึฒืจึนื’ื•ึผ. ืึนืชึฐื›ึธื” ืœืคื™ ืฉืชืฉืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื›ื ืงื‘ื”. ื•ึฐืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืžืœื ื•' ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื” ืœื• ื•' ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ืจืืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•' ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืฉืชื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ึถื—ึฑื™ึตื™ืชึดื™ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื”. (ื”ืจื•ืงื—) ื"ื  ืจืžื– ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื’ึทึผื ืฉื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืจื’ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื ืขืจื™ ื‘ืœืขื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื˜ื• ืžืคื ื™ื•. (ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ) ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื ืขืจื™ื•. (ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™) ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืจื’ ื ืขืจ ืื—ื“, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ืœืขื. (ืžืขืฉื™ ื”'). ื’ึทึผื ืžืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื—ืžืฉืช ืžืœื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืœืขื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ืขืžื•. (ืคืขื ื— ืจื–ื) ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืึนืชึฐื›ึธื” ื‘ื”' ื•ืœื ืื•ึนืชึฐืšึธ, ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ืœืขื ื›ืขืก, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื ืขืจื™ื• ืฉืœื ืคืฉืขื• ื›ืœื•ื. (ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ)

ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” - ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืคืชืื•ื, ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ื›ื“ ื‘) ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ื‘ึดืœึฐืขึธื ืึถืช ืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ืึถืช ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืฉึนืื›ึตืŸ ืœึดืฉึฐืื‘ึธื˜ึธื™ื• ื•ึทืชึฐึผื”ึดื™ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืจื•ึผื—ึท ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื. (ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื”ืจืฆ"ื, ื–ื—"ื ืกื—: ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืžืœืš ืฉืคื™ืจื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจ"ื)

ืžึทื” ื˜ึนึผื‘ื•ึผ ืึนื”ึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืžึดืฉึฐืื›ึฐึผื ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ. (ื›ื“ ื”)
ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื” ื™ืฉ ืชืชืง"ืก ืœื•ื’ื™ืŸ. [ืž' ืกืื” ืฉื›ืœ ืกืื” ื›"ื“ ืœื•ื’ ื”ืจื™ ืชืชืง"ืก]. ื•ืืžืจื• ืจื–"ืœ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื–.) ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื ึดืกึฐืžึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึนื”ึธืœึดื™ื ืœึดื ึฐื—ึธืœึดื™ื, ื“ึผึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘: ื›ึผึดื ึฐื—ึธืœึดื™ื ื ึดื˜ึผึธื™ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื’ึทื ึผื•ึนืช ืขึฒืœึตื™ ื ึธื”ึธืจ ื›ึผึทืึฒื”ึธืœึดื™ื ื ึธื˜ึทืข ื•ึฐื’ื•ึนืณ โ€” ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืœึฐืšึธ: ืžึธื” ื ึฐื—ึธืœึดื™ื ืžึทืขึฒืœึดื™ืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืžึดื˜ึผื•ึผืžึฐืึธื” ืœึฐื˜ื‡ื”ึณืจึธื” โ€” ืึทืฃ ืึนื”ึธืœึดื™ื ืžึทืขึฒืœึดื™ืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืžึดื›ึผึทืฃ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืœึฐื›ึทืฃ ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช. ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืค"ื’ ื”"ื) ืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ื•ึผืฉึฐืืžื•ึนื ึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผืชึผึตื™ ื›ึฐื ึตืกึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึทึดื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืึทื—ึทืช ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทืช ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื”ึผ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืกึตืคึถืจ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืช ืชึทึผืœึฐืžื•ึผื“. [ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืกึตืคึถืจ] ืœึฐืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืช ืชึทึผืœึฐืžื•ึผื“ ืœึฐืžึดืฉึฐืื ึธื”. ืช"ืค ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืช"ืค ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืชืชืง"ืก ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื” ื˜ื”ืจื”. ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืœื™ืœื™"ืช ืจื‘ืชื ื•ืœื™ืœื™"ืช ื–ืขื™ืจืชื (480+480), ื“ื’ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืชืชืง"ืก. (ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืืœื•ืœ ืžืืžืจ ื ืื•ืช ื˜ื•)
ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืจืื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื ืงืจืื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” 'ืื”ืœ', ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงื‘ืข ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” 'ื‘ื™ืช', ื•ืื– ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืช [412] ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื” [21], ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช [433], ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจ ืžืขืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ืฃ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช.
ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืœื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื ืื“ื ื˜ืžื, ื ืงืจื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื“ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืื”ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื™ืชื”ืคื›ื• ืœื–ื›ื™ื•ืช. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข โ€“ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื–.)

ืžึทื” ื˜ึนึผื‘ื•ึผ ืึนื”ึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืžึดืฉึฐืื›ึฐึผื ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ. (ื›ื“ ื”)
ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ื•ึนื—ึธื ึธืŸ: ืžึดื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ึธืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืจึธืฉืึธืข ืึทืชึผึธื” ืœึธืžึตื“ ืžึธื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน. ื‘ึผึดื™ืงึผึตืฉื ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ื›ึฐื ึตืกึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึธืชึผึตื™ ืžึดื“ึฐืจึธืฉืื•ึนืช โ€“ ืžึทื” ื˜ึผึนื‘ื•ึผ ืึนื”ึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘. ืœึนื ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืจึถื” ืฉืึฐื›ึดื™ื ึธื” ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื โ€“ ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึฐื ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึทื‘ึผึธื ื‘ึผึทืจ ื›ึผึธื”ึฒื ึธื: ื›ึผื•ึผืœึผึธื ื—ึธื–ึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึดืงึฐืœึธืœึธื”, ื—ื•ึผืฅ ืžึดื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ื›ึฐื ึตืกึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผืžึดื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ืžึดื“ึฐืจึธืฉืื•ึนืช, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: ื•ึทื™ึทึผื”ึฒืคึนืšึฐ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื”
ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐึผืšึธ ืึถืช ื”ึทืงึฐึผืœึธืœึธื” ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืึฒื”ึตื‘ึฐืšึธ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ. ืงึฐืœึธืœึธื”, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืงึฐืœึธืœื•ึนืช. (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื”:)
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืฉืชื™ืฉืืจ ืœืขื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ืื—ืจืช.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืืžืจื• ืจื–"ืœ (ืข"ื– ื”.) ืžึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ืฉืึถื”ึดืชึฐื ึธื” ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืขึดื ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช, ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ: ืึดื ืžึฐืงึทื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ืŸ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” โ€” ืžื•ึผื˜ึธื‘, ื•ึฐืึดื ืœึธืื• โ€” ืึทื—ึฐื–ึดื™ืจ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ืœึฐืชื•ึนื”ื•ึผ ื•ึธื‘ื•ึนื”ื•ึผ. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช. ืชืœื•ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื˜ืœื• ืœืขื•ืœื. (ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื”) ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจื—ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืงื•ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ื•ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื, ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืจื–"ืœ (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื˜:) ื”ื‘ึธึผื ืœึดื˜ึธึผื”ึตืจ โ€“ ืžึฐืกึทื™ึฐึผื™ืขึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื”"ื‘. ืฉืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื•ื™ืฉื˜ื—ื• ืชืคื™ืœืชื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืจื•ื ืฉื™ื›ืคืจ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ืชืฉืชื›ื— ืชื•ืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. (ื”ืจื™"ืฃ , ืžืขื ืœื•ืขื–) ื"ื  ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžื—ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฆื” ื“ืžื™ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•.) ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ืจืชื ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื“ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืืžืจื• ื›ึผื‡ืœ ื”ึทืงึผื•ึนื‘ึตืขึท ืžึธืงื•ึนื ืœึดืชึฐืคึดืœึผึธืชื•ึน โ€” ืึฑืœึนืงื™ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื‘ึผึฐืขึถื–ึฐืจื•ึน (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•:) ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืœืชืคืœืชื. ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื‘ืœืง ื•ืฉืจื™ื• ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื›ืš ื—ื–ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœืงืœืœื” ื•ืจืง ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื•ืืžืจื• ืžื” ื”ืคืจืฉ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื? ืœื›ืš ืœื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื‘ื” ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื•ืœื. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข โ€“ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื”:) ื"ื  ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืฉืชืฉืืจ ืœืขื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ืื– ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื™ื— ืฆื“ืงื ื• ื•ื ื’ืืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืงื‘ืœ ืขืฉืจืช ืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื. ืœื›ืš ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืข"ื” (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื›ื–) ืึทื—ึทืช ืฉึธืืึทืœึฐืชึดึผื™ ืžึตืึตืช ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืึฒื‘ึทืงึตึผืฉื ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ื›ื‡ึผืœ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึทึผื™, ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืžืขื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื. (ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• โ€“ ืฉื) ืงึฐืœึธืœึธื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ืงึฐืœึธืœื•ึนืช. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงืœืœืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืœืœื” ืื—ืช ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ืฉื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงืœืœืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืงืœืœื•ืช. (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื)

ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ืคึดึผื™ื ึฐื—ึธืก ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงื‡ื ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืจึนืžึทื— ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื“ื•ึน. (ื›ื” ื–) ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ - ื•ึฐืึดื™ื ื•ึผืŸ ื‘ึทึผื›ึฐื™ึทื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืงึทืจึฐื™ึทื™ืŸ ืฉึฐืืžึทืข ื•ึฐืงึทื™ึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึดึผืชึฐืจึทืข ืžึทืฉึฐืื›ึทึผืŸ ื–ึดืžึฐื ึธื.
ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืžืงืจื ืฉืงืจื• ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื™ืงื•"ื– (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื™ื•"ื“ ื›ื”:) ื“ึดึผืงึฐืจึดื™ืึทืช ืฉึฐืืžึทืข, ืึดื™ื ื•ึผืŸ ืจึฐืžึท"ื— ืชึตึผื™ื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืขึดื ืึตืœ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื ึถืึฑืžึธืŸ, ื•ึผื‘ึฐื’ึดื™ืŸ ื“ึฐึผืœึธื ื™ึทืขึทื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผืŸ ื”ึทืคึฐืกึธืงึธื” [ืœื•ืžืจ ืืœ ืžืœืš ื ืืžืŸ], ืชึทืงึดึผื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืžึถื”ึฐื“ึทึผืจ ืฉึฐืืœึดื™ื—ึธื ื“ึฐืฆึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจึธื ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื ืึฑืžึถืช. ืขื›"ืœ. ื ืฉืžืข ืžื–ื” ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืง"ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืœื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืืžืจ ืึตืœ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื ึถืึฑืžึธืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืจืž"ื— ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช.
ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืžื– ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงื‡ื ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึธื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื“ื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจืž"ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉ"ืฅ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื ืึฑืžึถืช, ืžืฉื"ื› ืคื ื—ืก ืฉืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™, ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืจึนืžึทื— ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื“ื•ึน ืชืฆืจืฃ ืจืž"ื— ืœื™"ื“, ืจืžื— ื™ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืึตืœ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื ึถืึฑืžึธืŸ (262), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืึตืœ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื ึถืึฑืžึธืŸ, ื•ืœืจืžื– ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืจึนืžึทื— ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื“ื•ึน. (ืื’ืจื ื“ืคืจืงื, ืื•ืช ืจื ื–)

ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืœึธืงึธื—ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืึฒืฉึดืื™ื‘ึถื ึธึผื” ืœึนื ืจ"ืช ืœืžืคืจืข ืืœื•ืœ (ื›ื’ ื›-ื›ื), ื•ืกืžื™ืš ืœื™ื” ื•ึผืชึฐืจื•ึผืขึทืช ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผื•ึน ืจืžื– ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจ"ื— ืืœื•ืœ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืœึนื ื”ึดื‘ึดึผื™ื˜ ืึธื•ึถืŸ ื‘ึฐึผื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืจ"ื— ืืœื•ืœ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืขืžื•ืก ื’ ื•) ืึดื ื™ึดืชึธึผืงึทืข ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ื‘ึฐึผืขึดื™ืจ ื•ึฐืขึธื ืœึนื ื™ึถื—ึฑืจึธื“ื•ึผ. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื)
ืคืจื“ืจ"ื - ื•ึผื‘ึฐืจึนืืฉื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืึฑืœื•ึผืœ ืึธืžึทืจ ืœื•ึน ื”ึทืงึธึผื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึธึผืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื“, ื™ื‘): ืขึฒืœึตื” ืึตืœึทื™ ื”ึธื”ึธืจึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ึถืขึฑื‘ึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ื‘ึทึผืžึทึผื—ึฒื ึถื”, ืฉึถืื”ึฒืจึตื™ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืขึธืœึธื” ืœึธื”ึธืจ ืฉึถืืœึนึผื ื™ึดื˜ึฐืขื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ืึทื—ึทืจ ืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึทืช ื›ึผื•ึนื›ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึทื–ึธึผืœื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐื”ึทืงึธึผื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึธึผืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ื ึดืชึฐืขึทืœึธึผื” ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื‘ึฐึผืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ, ืฉึถืื ึถึผืึฑืžึทืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืžื–, ื•): ืขึธืœึธื” ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึดึผืชึฐืจื•ึผืขึธื”. ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึตึผืŸ ื”ึดืชึฐืงึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ืฉึถืื™ึดึผื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืชึผื•ึนืงึฐืขึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผืฉึผืื•ึนืคึธืจ ื‘ึฐึผืจึนืืฉื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืึฑืœื•ึผืœ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึฐืฉึธืื ึธื”. (ืคืž"ื•)

ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื•ืช ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”
ืœืข"ื  ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช [email protected]

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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