ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”
  • ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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10 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื”ึทื”ึฒื›ึธื ึธื” ืœึธืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ ื ึดืžึฐืฆึตืืช ื”ึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึฐืึตื™ื–ึถื” ืึนืคึถืŸ ื’ึผึธืœื•ึผื™ ืื•ึน ื ึดืกึฐืชึผึธืจ, ื™ึธืฉืึธืจ ืื•ึน ืžึฐืขึปื•ึผึธืช, ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืœึผึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ึผื•ึผืช, ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึผึฐืœึทื’ึผื•ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ, ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐื—ื•ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึฐื’ื•ึนื™ึถื™ื”ึธ, ื”ึดื™ื ืžึฐื—ื•ึนืœึถืœึถืช ื“ึผึธืชื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืจึดื’ึฐืฉืึตื™-ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึธื” ืฉืื•ึนื ึดื™ื, ืกึฐื“ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึดื™ืžื•ึผืกึดื™ื, ื”ึทืžึฐืกึทื‘ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื ื’ึผึทื ื”ึตื ื”ึธืžื•ึนืŸ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ื ื›ึผึทื‘ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนื—ึท ืึตื™ืชึธืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื’ึผื•ึนื™ ื•ึฐืึธื“ึธื, ื‘ึผึฐืกึดื“ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึทื”ึทืœึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึทืคึผื•ึนืœึดื™ื˜ึดื™ืงึธื”, ืจื•ึนืงึฐืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืื•ึนืจึฐื’ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืกึตืชึถืจ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื’ึธืœื•ึผื™ ืขึฒืœึดื™ืœื•ึนืช ื ื•ึนืจึธืื•ึนืช ืœึฐืึตื™ืŸ-ื—ึตืงึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึทื”ื•ึผืช ืชึผึธืึณืจึตื™-ื—ึทื™ึผึธื™ื•. ืึตืœึผึถื” ื”ึตื ืฉืึฐืœึทื‘ึผึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผึฐื ื•ึผืขึธื” ืœึฐืฆึทื“ ื”ึทื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทืœึผึฐืžื•ึผืช ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึฐืจื•ึผืชื•ึน ื•ึผืžึฐืขื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทื”ึดืชึฐื ึทืฉึผื‚ึฐืื•ึผืช ืึถืœ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึทืžึผึฐืœึตืึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึดืœึฐืฉืึทื“ ืžึฐืงื•ึนืจึดื™ึผื•ึผืชึธื, ื‘ึผึทื”ึนื•ึถื” ื•ึผื‘ึทื ึผึตืฆึทื—.
ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื”
 ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ืื—ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ ื•ืฉืื™ืคื” ืืœื™ื•. ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืžืขืฆื ื‘ืจื™ืืชื• ื•ืžืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ืชื•.

ื™ืฉื ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื, ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช - ื›ืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ืจ - ืื•ืœื ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืฉื” ืื• ื ื•ื—ื”, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื. ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื. ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•, ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช. ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ื’ื ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (39)
ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืื‘ ืกื•ืœื˜ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'
1 - ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจืง ื‘' ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
2 - ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจืง ื‘' ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ื™
3 - ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจืง ื‘' ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“
ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื˜ืขื ื• ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช, ืขื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืงืฆื”.
ื›ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืžืื“ - ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืœื“ ื–ื• ื”ื”ื›ื ื”, ื”ื›ืœื™, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืฉืœืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ืืœื ืจืง ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ื•ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื”.
ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืชื•ื›ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืื“ื. ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื“ื ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื™ืืžืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื• ื’ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ื”ืจื‘, ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื›ื ื”. ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืชืชืžืžืฉ ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืื“ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“.

 ื”ึทื”ึฒื›ึธื ึธื” ืœึธืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ - ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื“ื: ืžื˜ืจื”, ืื•ืคืง, ื™ืขื“ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื’ื‘ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื•. ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื” ื•ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืจื ืžืคื ื™ื”.

 ื ึดืžึฐืฆึตืืช ื”ึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึฐืึตื™ื–ึถื” ืึนืคึถืŸ ื’ึผึธืœื•ึผื™ ืื•ึน ื ึดืกึฐืชึผึธืจ, ื™ึธืฉืึธืจ ืื•ึน ืžึฐืขึปื•ึผึธืช,
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื. ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช.

ืื•ืœื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื” - ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืœึผึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ึผื•ึผืช,

ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึผึฐืœึทื’ึผื•ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ, - ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกืงื™ืจื”: ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคืœื’ื”, ื›ืฉื ืชืคืœื’ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืœืงื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœ'ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช', ืœ'ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช-ื”ืื“ืžื”' ื•ืœ'ื’ื•ื™ื™-ื”ืืจืฅ'. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืื• ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืขื•ืช,

 ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐื—ื•ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ - ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื. ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช-ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื—ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
 ื•ึฐื’ื•ึนื™ึถื™ื”ึธ, - ื•ื’ื ืœืื•ืชื ืขืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

 ื”ึดื™ื ืžึฐื—ื•ึนืœึถืœึถืช - ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ:

 ื“ึผึธืชื•ึนืช - ื”ื›ื ื” ื–ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื“ืชื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืจืฉ ื›ื-ืœื”ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื•, ืชืคื™ืกืชื•, ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื-ืœื”ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืขืฆืžื•.

ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ, ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ: ืžืฉืจืช, ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉืžืืŸ, ืจื•ืคื ืืœื™ืœ - ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื™ืงืจื ืื•ืชื• ื ืฆื™ื’.

ื•ึฐืจึดื’ึฐืฉืึตื™-ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึธื” ืฉืื•ึนื ึดื™ื, - ืœื”ื›ื ื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืง ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื, ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ื”ืจืงืข ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœื”.

ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ื - ืกึฐื“ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึดื™ืžื•ึผืกึดื™ื, - ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ืช ืื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืจ, ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื (ืœื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื) ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•. ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืืกื•ืจ, ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ื“ืื™ - ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ื ื™ืžื•ืก' ื‘ืื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช - ื ื•ึนืžื•ึนืก, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื’ื ื”ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื, ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™. ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœ-ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช.
ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื -
ื”ึทืžึฐืกึทื‘ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื ื’ึผึทื ื”ึตื - ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœ -
ื”ึธืžื•ึนืŸ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ื ื›ึผึทื‘ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนื—ึท ืึตื™ืชึธืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื’ึผื•ึนื™ ื•ึฐืึธื“ึธื, ื‘ึผึฐืกึดื“ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึทื”ึทืœึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึทืคึผื•ึนืœึดื™ื˜ึดื™ืงึธื”,
ืžืขืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืคื” ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื— ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืขืžื•ืง ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื”ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืœืื™ื. ืœืžืขืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืชืžืฆื ื‘ืื“ื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœืกืชื•ืจ. ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืชื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ืžื”ื. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ืžืกื’ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื“ื”.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื ื‘ืขื• ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™.

ืจื•ึนืงึฐืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืื•ึนืจึฐื’ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืกึตืชึถืจ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื’ึธืœื•ึผื™ ืขึฒืœึดื™ืœื•ึนืช ื ื•ึนืจึธืื•ึนืช ืœึฐืึตื™ืŸ-ื—ึตืงึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื
ื”ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืง ืžืขืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ื. ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช-ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื - ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™, ืœื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ื•ืื– ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื ื‘ื”. ืจื•ืงืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืจื’ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืกืชืจ, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืข ื›ื–ื” ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืืฃ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื• ืœืกืคืจ.
ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื. ื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ืจื•ื— ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื™ืœืื™ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืขืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื ื›ืกืคืช ืœืขื™ืœืื™ ื•ื”ื ืืฆืœ ืชืžืฆื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืฉืจืช ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉืชืžืฆื ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืฉืฉืžื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืขื ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืคื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึทื”ื•ึผืช ืชึผึธืึณืจึตื™-ื—ึทื™ึผึธื™ื•.
 ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื—ืกื“, ืืžืช, ืขื ื•ื•ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื”ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™: ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ, ื‘ืคื—ื“, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื• ืคืกื™ื‘ื™, ื’ืœื•ื™ ืื• ื ืกืชืจ, ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื• ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื•ืง.

ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”: ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืขื•ึผื‘ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ? ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืื• ื“ืชื™ื™ื? ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ, ื ืจืงื ื•ื ืืจื’ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ืชืืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืคืจื˜, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืขื.

ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ืชื™ื•ืช
 ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช 1 , ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉื 'ื“ืช'. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข, ื‘ื ืชื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืžืกื“ ืฉืœ 'ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ', 'ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”' ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื 'ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ'. ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”'ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื' 2 , ืฉื ื—ื ื•ื˜ "ื”ืืœื™ืœ", ื•ื’ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื’ืžื™ื.
ื”ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™-ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ื”.
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื ืชืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ ืื• ืœื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ 3 . ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 4 ืื• ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” 5 ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžืจื›ืกื™ื–ื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ืงื‘ ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ 6 , ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžืจื›ืกื™ื–ื ืื• ืœื, ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” - ื”ืื ื–ื• ืืžืช ืื• ืœื ืืžืช - ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื•ืขืœืชื”. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืคื™ืจื” ืื• ืœื. ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฆื ืŸ ืืช ืœื”ื˜ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช.
ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื”ื™ื“ื—ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ 7 , ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื™ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉืกื•ืœืง ืžืฉื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืžืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ (ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื• ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช) ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช: ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ืŸ 8 ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
ืœืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื ืงืฉืจื• ืชืืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืื•ืžื ื•: "ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื", "ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืขืžื™ื". ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืžื•ื—ืื™ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื—ืœืงื ื ืคืœื• ืžืชืขืœืคื™ื, ื•ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืกืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืžืชื™ืจ ืœืงื”ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืืงืกื˜ื–ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœ ืคื—ื“ ื•ืžื•ืจื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื.
ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื.
ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื˜ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช. ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฆืฆื• ืฉื ื›ืžื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ืฉื, ื•ื ื’ื“ืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืืกื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื“ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื“ืช, ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ืงืจื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืจึดื™ืง ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ืœื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช.

ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื˜ืจื ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช 9 ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืื•ืื™ื–ื 10 , ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื. ืืš ื’ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื• 11 ื•ืฉื™ื ื ื• ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืกืคืจื•. ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืžืื•, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืœื›ื”, ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืืžืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื ืœืžื“ื• ื•ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื• ื›ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ื•ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.

ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงืจื” ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื. ื’ื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื‘ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™-ื“ืชื™, ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื“ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช. ืœื“ืช ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ - ื›ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžืžืขื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช. 12 ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืื™. ื”ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื˜ืจื•ื-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”'ื•ืœื”ืœื”' 13 , ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. 14 ื’ื ืœืฆืœื‘ ื”ืงืจืก ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืคืื’ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช.
ื’ื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื - ื•ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช. ืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืจืก ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.

ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื›ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœื“ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” 'ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”', 'ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง' ืื• 'ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื'. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืื•ืชื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”. ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืœื“ืช ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืืžื ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœ, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ ืืœื• ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืจืงืข ื•ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืžืกื“ ื”ื“ืชื™.

ืžื”ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ "ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช" ืฉื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื?
ืึตืœึผึถื” ื”ึตื ืฉืึฐืœึทื‘ึผึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผึฐื ื•ึผืขึธื” ืœึฐืฆึทื“ ื”ึทื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทืœึผึฐืžื•ึผืช ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึฐืจื•ึผืชื•ึน -
ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื›ืœ ืžืื•ืจืข, ื›ืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืืจ - ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื. ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื”? ืžื”ื• ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืข ื•ืžืชืงื“ื, ืžืชืคืชืœ ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืข? ืžื”ื• ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืœื ื•ื”ื•ืœืš, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช? ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ.
ื”ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช, ืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื ืกื—ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื™ืคื” ื•ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืœืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื›ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื›ืœืœืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื’ื ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืจื”. ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ, ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืžืจืืฉ. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื-ืœ, ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™.

ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึฐืจื•ึผืชื•ึน ื•ึผืžึฐืขื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทื”ึดืชึฐื ึทืฉึผื‚ึฐืื•ึผืช ืึถืœ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึทืžึผึฐืœึตืึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึดืœึฐืฉืึทื“ ืžึฐืงื•ึนืจึดื™ึผื•ึผืชึธื, ื‘ึผึทื”ึนื•ึถื” ื•ึผื‘ึทื ึผึตืฆึทื—.
 ืžืœืื•ึผืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื? ื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืชื• ื‘ื-ืœื”ื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื-ืœื”ื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ืช, ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืœืฉื“ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืชื. ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ื ืฆื—, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื™ื.
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื-ืœื”ื™ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ, ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื, ืืœ ืžืœืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืœื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ื”ืชืžืœืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ ืœืฉืœื‘, ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืœื“ืจื’ื”, ืžื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ. ื’ื ืชื•ืš ื›ืื‘.

ื”ืจื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘: ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœึฐืฆึทื“ ื”ึทื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทืœึผึฐืžื•ึผืช, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื›ืŸ 'ื›ืœ ืžื” ื“ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืจื—ืžื ื ืœื˜ื‘ ืขื‘ื™ื“' 15 . ืœ-ื˜ื‘, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืื‘, ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื“. ืืš ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืฅ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ืœื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช 'ืื—ื™ืฉื ื”' ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช 'ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืชึผึธื”ึผ'. 16 ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืœื ืคื•ืกืงืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช. ืืฃ ืฉื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชืœืช ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘, ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืื›ื–ื‘ื”. ื•ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื‘ื•ื.

^ 1. ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื. ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœืฉื‘ื™ืงื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืก"ื’ (1903). ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœืžืขื ื”. ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ืก, ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื–ื ืœื ื™ืŸ. ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงืžื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
^ 2. ื”ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื (ื”ืงื‘ืจ) ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื’ื•ืคืชื• ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืงืจืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘'ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”' ืฉื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืคืงื“ื• ืืช ื”ืืชืจ.
^ 3. ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช. ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื "ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ", ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืจื•ืžื ืฉื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข, ืฉืจื™ื“ ืžื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”.
^ 4. ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”'ืชืจืœ"ื˜-ื”'ืชืฉื˜"ื• (1955-1879). ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืื‘ื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช.
^ 5. ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1950 ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ื. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ื ืœื™ืกื ืงื•, ืฉื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื”, ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948 ืœื’ื•ืฉืคื ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžืชื” ืœื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ.
^ 6. ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ (ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ) ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื”'ืชืจื˜"ื–-ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื˜ (1939-1856). ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”'ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”' ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืช ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ืกื•ืชืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื.
^ 7. ื™ื•ึนืกึดื™ืฃ ื•ึดื™ืกึทืจึดื™ื•ึนื ื•ึนื•ึดื™ืฅ' ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™: ื’'ื•ึผื’ึทืฉึฐื•ึดื™ืœึดื™, ื”'ืชืจ"ืž-ื”'ืชืฉื™"ื’ (1953-1879). ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจื• ื•ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื• ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืžื•ืชื, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช "ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ", ื•ืžืŸ "ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช" ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข. ื—ื™ืกื•ืœื™ื•, ืฉื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืคื—ื“ ื•ืื™ืžื”.
^ 8. ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ' ืœื ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื•. ื. ืื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘, ื”'ืชืจืœ"ื-ื”'ืชืจืค"ื” (1924-1870).
^ 9. ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื: 'ืงื•ึนื ึฐืคื•ึผืฆึฐื™ื•ึผืก', ื’'ืจ"ื˜-ื’'ืจืค"ื (479-551 ืœืคืกื”"ื ). ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ืงื•ึผื ึฐื’ ืคื•ึผ ื“ึฐื–ึทื”', ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•: 'ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื•ึผื ื’'. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืงื™ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืœื”ื™ ืืš ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœ ืœื ืชื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืœืืฉืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช.
^ 10. ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ื˜ืื•' ืื• 'ื“ืื•' ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ื“ืจืš, ืฉื‘ื™ืœ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื‘ื˜ืื•ืื™ื–ื ื ืชืคืจืฉื” ื›ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื• ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื–ื• ืชื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ืช ื˜ืื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ, ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ 'ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ' ื•ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื.
^ 11. ืžืื• ื˜ืกื” ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื”'ืชืจื "ื’-ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื• (1976-1893). ืžื”ืคื›ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืจื•ื“ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื”ืืจื•ืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื’ืœื•, ื ืืกืจื•, ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืื• ืžืชื• ื‘ืจืขื‘ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื”ืœื›ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
^ 12. ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืืš ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™.
^ 13. ื•ืœื”ืœื”. ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืœืกื”"ื , ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื›ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘.
^ 14. ืจืื” 'ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื' ื›ืจืš ื™ื’, ืขืž' 45, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉ"ื.
^ 15. ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืก ืข"ื‘.
^ 16. ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืก, ื›ื‘. ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื— ืข"ื.

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ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืื‘ ืกื•ืœื˜ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'

ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื”.
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    ื›ืจืš ื'

    ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”

    ื›ืจืš ื' ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื˜"ื–

    ืชืฉืก"ื”
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    ื›ืจืš ื‘'

    ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื

    ื›ืจืš ื‘' ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’'

    ืชืฉืก"ื”
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    ื ื—

    ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ื—

    ื›ืจืš ื' ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘'

    ืชืฉืก"ื”
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    ืœืš ืœืš

    ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช - ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•

    ื›ืจืš ื' ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื“'

    ืชืฉืก"ื”
ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
     ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
  • ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืฅ (ื›ืฆืœ'ื”)
     ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืฅ (ื›ืฆืœ'ื”)
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืžื“
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il