ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื—ื•"ืœ
  • ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื–ื•ื•ืขืช ืชืฉืค"ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืชืขื”. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืกืช, ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช, ื˜ื‘ื—, ืื•ื ืก ื•ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 95 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืคืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜-1929, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื›ึพ150 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื›ึพ150 ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื– ื‘ืืจืฅ (ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื—"ืœ, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื 70 ืืœืฃ).
ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ื”ืจืื™"ื”. ืจื•ื‘ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื• ืื– ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ึพ16 ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ืš. ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ื”ืขื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื“ืกื”. ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื” ืžื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืกืœื•ื ื™ื, ืื™ืฉ ื—ื‘"ื“ ื•ืจื‘ื” ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื ื• ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืจืฆื—ื•. ืœืฉืžืข ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ "ื”ืชืขืœืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื ืคืœ ืืจืฆื”... ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืจื•ื—ื• ืืœื™ื• ืคืจืฅ ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ืžืจ, ืงืจืข ืงืจื™ืขื”, ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืจืš 'ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช'" (ืจืื• ืกืคืจื™: ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ืชืฉืค"ื’, ืขืž' 72-57, 188-174).
ื”ืจื‘ ืขืžื“ ืื– ืžื•ืœ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื™ื•ื, ื”ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืœื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžืคืœืฆืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช:
ื. ื”ืฆืคืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื”, ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื”. ื”ืจื‘, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœื ื—ื–ื• ื•ืœื ืฆืคื• ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ืงื™ื•ื• ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ-ืคื™ื™ืกืœ ืžึพ1919. ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืืœึพื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ืœืžืขื˜ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืฉืงืคืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื›ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช. ื›ืขืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืจ, ืคืจืื™ ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™, ื•ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื” โ€“ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
ื‘. ืœืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื”). ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื’ื•ืจืœ 24 ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• (ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”: ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ืขืž' 72-24, 165-146).
ื’. ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืช: ื”ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื—ืœืชื ื“ื’ืื•ืœื” โ€“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืชื "ื›ื™ึพื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื”.

ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื’ื•ืŸ
ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืžืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื”ืœื ื•ื”ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงื ื•ืคืขืœ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœืชื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืขืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื“ื—ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื•ืžื ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืชืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžื‘ืจืงื™ื ืœื—ื•"ืœ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ืœืคืŸ ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืจื™ ืœื•ืง, ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื”. ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ืฉืง ื•ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ ืคืขืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
ืืš ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื ื—ืœืฅ ื”ืจื‘ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ - ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช. ืืš ื’ื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ืœืœื ืžื•ืจื ื•ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื•ืก. ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืงื ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืคืจืกื ื”ื•ื "ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ" (ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื‘ื™ืฆืจื•ืŸ ืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื‘ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื˜, ื™ื‘), ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ื•ืืฃ ื™ืชื—ื–ืง.
ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื’ื•ืืœ ืฉื ื›ืกื” ื•ื ื’ืœื”". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื•: "ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืชื›ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชื•".
ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงื‘ ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื• ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ, ืื™ืš ืฉืžื›ืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ืœื ื• ื ืฆืžื—ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืฆืขื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืœื™ื’ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ... ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื ืœื ื• ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืจื—ื‘ื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ืจื’ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืจื™ ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืฉื ื›ืกื” ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื’ืœื” ืœื ื•".
ื•ืžื–ื”, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘, "ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื—ืจื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื”, ืืฉืจ ื ืคืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื• ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื˜ืžืื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ... ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื• ื ืื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื•ืขืžืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืืฉืจ ื–ืขื–ืขื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืกื” ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืื•ืžื ื ื ื•ืจื ื•ืื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื; ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ืœื ื• ืžืื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” - ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ื’ืœื”, ื‘ืฆืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืชื—ืช ืขืจื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”" (ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ืขืž' 110-107).

ืชืงื•ืžื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืจืก
ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืขื•ืžืง ื”ื ืคื™ืœื”, ื”ื˜ื‘ื—, ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืจืก ืชื‘ื•ื ืชืงื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš โ€“ ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืขื•ื– ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืขื•ื– ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช, ื•ื‘ืœื˜ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืงื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ืขื–ื•ืข, ื•ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” โ€“ ืœืœื ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื›ื–ืจื™, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจื™ืืœื™.
ื”ืื ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื“ืง? ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื“ืง. ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืื’ืข ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื: ืžืžืฉืœ, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื—ืœื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื ืกืœื•ืจ ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืจ ืืจืชื•ืจ ื•ื•ืงื•ืค (Arthur Wauchope, ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1938-1931), ืืฉืจ ืื”ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืขืœ ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ื•ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืกื•. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืื™ืžืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30 (ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช) ืฉื•ืœืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืจืค"ื˜, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ึพ450,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ืœืคื™ 'ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•', ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, 2002). ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืคืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ื•ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”, ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1947. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ โ€“ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืืกืคื™ืœื“ โ€“ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ื™ื›ืจ, ื•ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
ืชืžื•ืจื” ืจื‘ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ, ืžืคื•ืฆืœ, ื‘ืœื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื“, ื‘ืœื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื’ื™ื•ืก ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืš ื›ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื ื” ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžื’ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™. ื‘ึพ1930 ื”ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื’ื“ืœ. ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื›ืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ึพ1936 ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื” 'ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื' ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืœืฆื‘ื ืกื“ื™ืจ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืขืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฆืœืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื™ื’ืืœ ืขื™ืœื, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜', 1982, ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, ืขืž' 213 ื•ืื™ืœืš).
ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืฉื ื›ืกื” ืฉื‘ ื•ื ื’ืœื”. ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื•ืืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ. ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื• ื’ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ื‘ืฉื‘ืข'
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